Another scan User manual

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   I  Sqj{, F.ilrl.x*ex1}d}srn re Lr:rq{ex
  Move tab on mid-
   dle dial until its
   arrow is opposite
  proper exposure
   index (film speed)
   on outer dial.


     Z, I lsffng Moter rqil.fir trIc]ort




J Point meter at
a  scenevalue andof liehtread.
    indicated.


          b  If no reading is obtained
                            (or reading is very low), open hinged
                       cover at front of hood and read value
                             of light indicated.

H*posure Meter
3 lJsing Meter with





    Yhg" no._reading. is obtained with hood on, remove     the Food (by bending toward you) and point the meter
      at the camera, from the subject, and read ligt,t value      indicated.
           & Set Cslculatmr
                         Set proper arrow on
                               outer dial opposite val-
                         ue of light on calcula.
                                          tor.
                      -6 Read f*stop emt{
                   T'ime


Any combination of
/-stop and time ap-
 pearing opposite each
other will give proper
exposure.

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  Outdoor Seenes
    The meter is read when pointed toward the subject
   from the camera position, in the same manner as you
   point your camera. This technique is satisfactory  for
    practically  all outdoor scenes. The main exception is
   where the brightness in the background, as viewed by
   the meter, is widely different from that of the principal
   subject. Examples of such scenes are backJighted sub-
    jects and dark subjects against light backgrounds. For
   these scenes, the exposure should be measured by tak-
   ing a close-up reading on the actual subject or a similar
   substitute subject.
     In mnking a close-up reading, the meter is actually
   held as near to the subject as convenient. (Be careful
   not to measure the shadow cast by the meter.) Although
   the brightness of a subject is independent of distance,
   the meter can indicate that brightness so long as it sees
   only the particular subject; hence, it is held close to
   small subjects, but may be held proportionately  farther
   from larger surfaces.
    As a substitute of corresponding  reflectance, the palm
   of the hand is often convenient. A close-up reading, with
   the meter held about four inches from the hand, will
   give dependable exposure for average scenes. If  the
   subject is in a shadow, the hand is held in the shadow
   of the body.
     Sometimes  it is necessary to determine exposure on
   the basis of reading from the eamera position. The ex-
   posure is then simply doubled for side-lighted subjects
  and redoubled for back-lighted subjects.
 fndoor Scenes
    With daylight illumination, use daylight exposure
   index; with photoflood illumination, use tungsten ex-
   posure index. A close-up reading of the most important
   part of the subject will give dependable exposure.

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   fneident Light
       Measuring the light that actually falls on a subject
     is especially valuable for determining the exposure
    under dim-light conditions. To do this, the hood is
    snapped ofr, and the meter is held near the subject
     with the cell pointed toward the camera. The exposure
      is then dialed, using the HOOD OFF arrow on the
     calculator. The meter then gives,. the best average
     exposure for the measured illumination.
          If, outdoors, the meter cannot conveniently be held
    near the subject, the incident light can be measured
    from an.y position where the illumination is the same.
    For example, at dusk when the light may be dim but
     uniform, the incident light can be measured from the
    camera position.
      This method (incidentJight method) of measuring
    exposure is highly dependable.  It gives correct exposure
     for hhe middle tones in a picture regardless of the
     brightness of the scene or Lhe predominant  brightness
     of unimportant parts of the subject.  If the important
     parts of the subject should be unusually dark, the ex-
    posure can be increased rZ J-sLop; if unusually light,
    the exposure can be decreased L/z J-stop.
    The Typ: DW-68 meter can be used to measure
     incident Iight, under all light conditions, by extending
     its range with multiplying masks. A set of four such
   masks is available with multipliers of 10, 40, 100,
    and 400. The masks may be obtained at photographic
     dealers.
       After the illumination has been measured, the value
    of the Iight reading is set opposite the proper arrow
   on the calculator.
          MASK       ARROW
              None           Hood Ofi
              10x             Spade
             40x            Cover Open
             100x           Diamond
             400x            Cover Closed

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      Color photography  requires the exact measurement
    of exposure in order to obtain faithful reproductions.
    Close-up reading on the principal parts of the subject
     usually gives the most accurate exposure.
     The lightness or darkness of a color transparency  is
     controlled by the exposure, but within the film's lati-
    tude the color reproduction  is largely determined by the
     color of the light. Direct sunlight plus skylight between
   9 a.m. and 4 p.m. is the best source of light to get
    accurate results with daylight color film. Illumination
    from a blue.or gray sky or that in the shadow areas
    usually imparts a bluish binge to the picture. Direct.
     sunlight is more reddish in the early morning and latt'
     afternoon.
     Most color film of the indoor-roll type is color-
    balanced for photoflood illumination, but some sheet
     film is made for use with 3200 K lamps.
   Fill-in Lishting
      People often squint their eyes unbecomingly when
    facing the sun, and usually prefer to pose looking away
   from it. While the blue sky is likely to lend a bluish
     tinge to the picture, the color can be corrected by reflect-
    ing white light onto the face from white cloth, news
    paper, white cardboard, a white adjacent wall, or with  a,
    metal-foil reflector. The reflector should preferably be
    held somewhat above the head of the subject so as to
     reflect light downward onto the face in a  natural
    direction. The exposure is measured by a close-up
    reading on the face with the reflector in its operating
    position.
     Blue photoflood lamps may be used to supplement
    daylight illumination for taking indoor pictu-es. Flash
   lamps may sometimes be convenient for lighting shad-
   ows in outdoor pictures. There are several publications
   on this subject that your dealer can recommend.

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    Sinee the movie camer& really takes a series of rapid
  still pictures, the measurement  of exposure for movies
  is the same as for still cameras.
    'Ihere is one difrerence, however, in that the shutter
 speed is fixed and the exposure is controlled by adjust-
 ing the /-stop on the lens. The dot next Io Lhe 1/25
 second on the shutter-speed dial (see page 2) indicates
 1130 of a second, which is the most common amateur,
 silent-motion-picture shutter speed (16 frames per
 second). Therefore, when the exposure has been
 measured and the dial adjusted, the proper/-stop setting
  will be found opposite the dot. Some movie cameras,
 hov'ever, do not have a shutter time of I /30 second at
 normal speed. To determine the normal shutter speed
 of your camera, refer to its instruction book.
   Some movie cameras are designed to run at several
 speeds. Slow camera speeds, of course, make the action
   f aster or can be used in poor light. High camera speeds
 are used for slow motion. The fact to be remembered  is
 that a change in camera speed changes the effective
 shutter speed. Examples are: 16 fps:1/30  second; 8
 fps :  I /15 second; and, 32 fps :1 /60.
   Nlovies can generally be made only in bright and
 medium light. It is not practical to take movies in dim
 Iight where the G-E meter must be used with the hood
 ofr. Indoors, where possible, a close-up reading should
 be made.
   Telephoto and wide angle lenses are frequently used
 with movie cameras. From the standpoint of exposure
 no special problems are presented, and the exposure
 should be measured in the normal rn&nner.
   The G-E meter can De used to give accurately ex-
 posed movie titles. With color films or reversible black-
 and-white film, the meter reading should be made on a
 neutral gray card such as a gray blotter or ordinary
 cardboard  if the title background is blrck or white.
 With positive films, the exposure index given is based
 on a meter reading from a white card.

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     The Type DW-08 becomes a lightmeter when the
    hood is removed. Its angle of acceptance is then
    approximately 180 degrecs, and it  measures light
     intensities directly in footca.ndles.
     The lightmeter has nrany uses in the factor,y', store,
      o{Iice, arrd home in deternrining tht' proyrer illurnination
    required for difrerent activities. 'I'ht follon'ing table
    gives recornmendations that, expericrrr.e lr:rs shorvn,
    provide adequate protection for the eycs.
       ACl'IVTTIES            RE('0\I }I]}NDI}I)
        Factory                    Itoo'l'('ANDLlIS
         Rough Work.  . ...                     l()         Fine-Work.....::::::        50-100
         Stores.                         15-20
          Offices                         30-50
         Drtfting Rooms                 30-50
         Schools.                        20-50
                      I Iorrre
           il;;ifis:Sewing.  ::::::::::::.       50-6025-:t5
      Illumination values lower than those recornmended
   are likely to cause cyestnrin. fligh  illunrination  is
     d':sirable  if the sorlrce of light is rrot conccntratetl.
   Nhere indirect or fluoresct nt lighting is ernployed,
     hight'r interrsities lrave llet'orne common. lltnl'   nerv
    installations provitlc nrore th:ln 50 footcantlles for
    office n'ork. When being used to nreasure  liglrt, the
     nrt'ter should bc' held tt  t-he place on which thc ivorker's
    eyes are norrrrally focused, and thc cr:ll shorrltl lre held
     p:rrallel to the lvork. l,'or cxamplt', in nrt'lsuring the
     light requiretl for dr:rfting, the nrctt'r is plirt'crl on the
    drawing bo:lrd in the center and etlge of the working area.
     The Type DW-68 with hood on nre2rsures brii1htncss.
   One standartl unit is the footltnrlrt'rt.  'fo  find the
    brightness in footlanrlit'rts, mulLipl.y the instrunrent
     s<'ale retr.ding as follows:
      \Yith hood on, cover open, multiply by 8. (Meter
        reading X 8 :brightness in footllrrrberts.)
      With hood on, cover closed, multiply by 80. (Meter
         reading X 80 :brightness in footllrnberts.)
                                                                     ll

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                                   ff your exposure meter
                         beeomes damaged and fails
                               to operate, return it to your
                           photosraohic-              dealer.                                    If n]ot-convenient  to re-
                            turn to the dealer, it should
                    be mailed directly to the
                         General Dlectric Company
                           Federal St., West                   -40Lynn 3, Mass., or (West of
                     Rocky Mountains) to 1098
                               Ilarriion St.. San Francisco
                        3. Calif. If- a resident of
                        ianada, send to Canadian
                         General Electric Company
                       LLd.,212 King St., West,,
                                'l'oronto. Canada.
                       When- returning an ex-
                       posure meter for repairs,
                            attach an identification tag
                           bearing the sender's name,
                         address. and the instru-
                          ment's ierial number.
  To avoid further damage during shipment,-make-surecarefullypack the meter in a stifi,iturdy Eox;            that
sufficient padding is around the instrument to absorb
the shock of handling.
     #fia{CI @w{,w                      "Veeortbe  General Electric has made available                                           for your use its
Photo Data Service Bureau and Sensitomeiric Labora-
tory.
  The purpose of this Bureau and Laboratory is to
offer assisbance in solving your problems dealing with
exposure, lighting, and the use of the G-E miter in
the darkroom. Address all correspondence relevant to
these subjects to:
  GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPAI{Y
            Photo Data Service Bureau
           Meter und Instrument Diaisiont
        40 Federal St., West Lynn 3, Mass.
       M€{ER AH E  1l fl 5 lr ft !J M rt ! T irlV1|SSll)tS
      GHilt EfrA Lt@ ELECITRte
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11-50                       Bupersedes GEJ-1136
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