Butcher's Watch Pocket Cameras User manual

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I


FII
I                                       r   Warch_Poc ke
            f\-   uarDtne                    -t  -   LameraF
         Nos.6,7 €)S.

           CHAPTER  I
    THE wATa" ooa*ui .ARBTNE .AMERA.
     T  is a truc saying that there is a Carbrne lor everv         f
         I    tasle and pocket, and the Watch pocket Carb,nl               r',t appeil to a larger community- than perhaps any
       orner^.r- camera. I here areexpensive, and there     .h"uper
       models-, but the worLmansi.,ip and care    a"t"ii"r"    i, ii"
     same throughout, and a more fascinatins and"t  at th. ,rr.
       ttmepractrcal.lrttle  photographrc instrument is not to be
      tound the world over.  lts completeness and its size are
     a vrsibie challengg to the old ,"ying,   , y;can't  do two
       thrngs at once, for here is the smallest of cameras with
      as complete a range of movements as one expects to find
       rn the most complicated outfit,  The small'camera has
      at last come into its own. for fitted wrth a good lens,
     any prcture will be worth enlargrng, and thui beautiful
       pictorral  results are obtained whrci o"therwrse would never
    have b-een attempted. Its very p"rt"Uil;iv opens uD a
      freld of opportunriy whrch wouid'il;;;r[i;  ilf   ;     ouu{y canlera to the average person. The-*ill finish and
      9ua]jty of- tle Watch PoJlret' Carbine      .or*.na
        itself to all who love a beautiful prece of ,..hun,r..
       The camera is fitted wrth three types of shutters    :
    Model 6 with Lukos il.  speeds t/25'-itiO i/i6.

Model 7 with LuLos lll., speeds one second to  l/l00th.;
 and- Model 8 with A"*" ,hutt"r, speeds one second to
  l/300th.

          .noo]_uR  rr.

     THE CAMERA DESCNiNPO.
                           The camera con-
                                          sists of a metal bodv
                              rounded at the endi.
                                 This body contains two
                              chambers for the film.
                            and a winding key is
                                        fitted at one end which
                          engages in the film
                              spool. The bellows of
                               the camera connecting
                                    the lens plate and body
                            are made of  leather.
                           The front of the camera
                                 is closed by a  base
                       board which. when           Fig  t                                    open,  . is held in posi
                                              t$t';when ctosed, the baseboard  i, ,.""t':; olt" .lii.lunners are fitted to the baseboard, on which the cast
 U.shapcd front travels. The lens plate, which carries
the lens and shutter. is fitted to the front. This olate
garries tfie view finder, which folds up when the .urn.i"
is. closed, and rnay be turned .id"iuy, fo, horizontal
prctures.  I he tront can be moved up or down by the
screw at the top. The carria.qe is f,tted with' two
finger grips, one of which also acts as a catch, both
when the front is closed or when it is pulled out to
infrnity. A  radial focussrn.q attachment^ is fitted to
one side and a release holder to" the other.

end oDens outwards and that a                           small roller is fitted along the     'l
                      side. Two pegs are fitted to
                     form a bearinq for the film.
                   TaLe a new film and insert it
                            in the holder with the pointed
                     end of the paper towards the
            .       €    roller, then close the end of
       Fig.s.          the holder. Breal< the oaoer
rhe paper used for searing, il:i*|; iillr,*m":l
the forefinger and thumb, insert it into the camera -qently
 (taLe care that the film does not loosen itself). wii'h the
roller to the top (f rgs. 5. 6, 7).  Take hold of the loose
paper end of the film and draw it acrossthe roller towards
the other chamber, where
there is an empty film
spool. In  this spool
there is a slot larser on
one side than the other.lf there is no emptyspool, @
remove spool holder
by pulling' out winder                   Fig' o'
(fig. 4), and insert one.
By means of the winder, turn the large slot up and insert
the paper in it (fig. 8).  Give the *;nd.r two or three
turns, and replace the back. This should be done by
putting  it on slightJy lower than its proper position and
pushing  it up until the catches indicate that it is securely
                                       fastened (fig.9). At
                                    this point press the
                                  concealed catch iust
                            under the windin.g
                                 key, open the base-
                             board and turn the
                               winding Ley slowly
                                           (fig. l0).  The film
                                    will be observcd
                                    through the little red
                             window in the back

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       slowly movine. After
       about a dozen turus. a
       hand, or other similar
      mark will appear; this
       is a warniri.q of  the
      approach of No.   I,
       which will appear after
      a few more turns. Do
       not turn quickly or the
      number will pass the
       w.indow unnoticed. and
      once past, there is no               Fis. s.
        bringin.g  it back.  If
                                           the camera is not required
                                  tor use at once it   is
                                  advisable to leave the
                                      film at safety, that is t<r
                             say, with  the hanci
                                showing at the windou,,
                                      then should thc shutter be
                                       inadvertently released no
                                harm will rlsult. Neoer
                               turn the film oith  the
                                 camera closed.
                     Fi:;' 9.
          CHAPTER IV.

     THE CAMERA
         IN USE.
       Open the camera by
     pressing the concealed
     catch under the winding
      key, taLe hold of the base-
     board and press it down
       until the side struts clip'  into     position (fig.  l0).   Be
      careful to see that this is                Fis. ro.                                                                             i
15l

                                                                                                                                                                                  I

accomplished  satisfac-
                                    torily.' Take hold of
                                   the iinger grips on the
                                    carriage and draw out.
                         The left-ha'rd .qrip will
                           move inwards releasin.g
                              the catch which holds
                            bacl, the carriage.
                       Draw the flont alons
                                   the runners as far as it
                                      will go and release the
                                  finger grips (fig.  I l).
                          The front is now fixed         Fie ll                                    at inf inity, i.e.. fol pic-  '
                                     tures over 30 ft. n*ay.
     Focussin!           -A secnscaleon(fig.      l2)  will be
the rrght rndrcating valrous
drstances, from twenty-five
to frve feet. Thrs is for
focussing on near obiects
and when the sub ject  rs
nearcl than trvcnty.five fect.
There is a  small stud on
the rrght of the scale. and
tbis rs for movrng thc lront
                                  Fig 12

                         forwards for the nearer
                           objects. To operate thrs.
                            press down the stud and
                             push forwald until ol,posite
                           the distance requirccl (fig.
                              l3).  After use. this stud
                           must always be returned to
                                    its oriqinal position at in.
   www.butkus.us                             f inity. When focussrng on
                    any  particular drstance,
         Fig  l3            maLe sure that the stud has





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                               fallen into the proper position.
                         Thrs will be noticeable bv a
                               definite clrck.
                                  'The'llising Front (Iig.
                         l4).-A   small screw will be
                             seen at the top of the U.shaped
                     standard This ouer.ates the
                                   I   lensr€lts board.Doaro. n'oui,,.gnrovlll.g ittt  uPup
                                   I    or down at will       lt  should
                  be  renremlrered that  the A                                     cdlilcracanrera IIIU5Imust alwa\always be sr;uare
                         with the object to be plroto
glaphed, especially when the larter is a building.  if  th"
cameracamera rsis pointedpointed upwards,upwards, rhethe toptop ofof thethe buildin.gbuildin.g  u,illu,ill
appear to be fall;ng                                                    the cimera                     -- inwards, and iic" oersa ifrs pointed down  To overcome this the rising front
attachment is fitted, which allor.r's high buildingi to b.
photographed. without distortion. To"thoroughl! under.
stand this, take-a piece of frosted o, grounigiuss and,
with the bacl, off, place it over the squir" hol""revealcd.
then focus gpon some building Having done thrs, ol)er.ate
thc l<nob ofihe rising front ind r:ote the"change of posrtion
oror ulcUre oultolngDulldilro onon
the ground glass.
Once this movement
is well understood
rt  will be found
mos t  useful in all
kinds of work.
Alu,ays see that the
two white dots are
opposite each other
before clo:ins the
camera.
    'lhe Vieto Fin-
der (fig. l5) is col.
lapsible and nray be
turnecl to the Ieft for
horizontal pictures.

The Shutter.-This is the 'exposer, or method
by whrch an cxposure is made lt curii.. the lens and  is
fiited to the front of the canrera. Model Vl   is fitted
with the Lukos ll.. Model Vll, wrth Lukos lll,  and
Model VIll  wrth Acme.
@Lukos ll

     Luhos /1.-This  is a shutter fitted with three speeds
and time and bulb movements. The three spceds are
 ll25th, l/50th and l/lO0th of a second. and are used
accordin.g to the light and type of sub,iect. Time is used
for lon.g exposures and interiors, and bulb for instantane
ous exposures over l/25th sec.
     Luhos IIL-This  shutter is similar in every resl)ect
to the l,ukos II., but in addition has three more speeds,
namely, l/5th, [/2 and I  sec., which will  assist io
makrng accurate slorv exposures,





                            Acnre.




                                   U

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     Aeme Shutter-This  is a thoroughly sound shutter,
  .qrvrng speeds.from I to l/300th ,..., .io.L;ng on a system
  ol gear wheels.  lt is surtable for all types oT *orL.
                                                    i-s used to control the light for      , 'Thz lris Diaph.ragm
  various subjects, arrd the following should serve as a
 gutdc -.lU and arrytlrirrg Iarger, for portraits and near
 vtews ;  / I l  for average views ; l16, for distant views;
 f22 and 132, sea and lloud pictuies      iJeriors wher" long exposures can be given.  ' It must"ndalways b" ,"."r.
 bered that each smaller stop doubles the exrrosurc. For
 t.n)!1n:., takin.g a view at /l  I rcquires                o[  l/50th sec. The same view at/16 would "nrequire"*po.ur"ll25tb.
      'lhe Flexo Reletse  is supplied with all these cameras.
 When in use it is screwed into'the hole on the side of the .
 shutter.  It, -h ruld generally be used for time and bullr
 expcsures when the camera is resting on a table or stand,
 and it is a .good pr.actice to ur"" it for any exposure,
 Always replace  it in the holder aftcr use (fig. i7)  .'
                                             being loadcd and., l\o.#,,1i:g1 rn Jrcsition,on.6xposure.-Theexamine the subjectcameracar.efully                                                   and
 havrng retelred to the exposui.e table, decide what exposure
 to g;v:;. (First atterpPts'shcruh.l be made in thc open'air in
 a good lrght, wrth thc shutter set at l/50, and the diaphraem
 scalc at thc..lar.gest aperture. M^L" t*o           und".these        corrdrtrous. then close the diaphragm--'r-----o-"*porur".to  /l  Iand   make
two  nrore.
Again close
 it  to /16
and, expose
the last two
sections of
the soool.                Fie u'
The development  of th,is film will serve as an examirle of
the drtterence made by using different sizes of the dia_
p.hragm). Then decido whaistop to use and adjust tfai.
Attach the Flexo release, and hoving done this, ;rag.,in close pictures actually pace out," the distance of" vou.",

subiect from the camera, and set the focussing lever
   accordinplv. Then having assured yourself that all you
   wish to ii.lude is shown in the finder, look at your subject
   and press the release with a st-^ady pressure. Do not jerk
   or th'e picture will be blurred' Thehs e*posureexposure beingtrelng made'maoe,
                                                           cn-                               immediateln                                     uind
                                                        position:Mike Butkus   Digitally                                                  DN:email=mike@butkus.org,Date:cn=Mike2024.12.04signedButkus,by14:04:45Mikeo, ou=Butkus.org,Butkusc=US-05'00'                                      other film into
                                mal*e a habit of doing
                                this immediately  af t-'r
                             exposure.  It  is very
                                      annovins to find that two
                                          1r:ctures.have"ttl     treen made
                               on on3  f llm.
                          To close the Cont,'
                            era.-Take hold of the
                                       fiuger grips. pressing the
                                        left hand one inwards,
                Fig. 18.
   and push thc front along
    the iunners towards the
   body of the camera un-
     til ii finallv stops. A
    definite clicL sliould be
   heard when the front
     is right home. Place
    both thumbs on the side
     s'-ruts near the body, the
     fin.qers behind the body
   unJ pt.tt down the
    struts. The boseboa''d
   mav then bc folded up
    and finally closed.

                                                         been          'lo  unloail Spool.-The sixth film having
    exposed, turn the winder about a dozen ttmes and remove the
   bu"L. Pull the winder outwards and remove spool holder.                                                             'r"pla"e    Transfer empty spool from the other holder ind
    in wind"r eid. 'Re-load as described in " Loadiir.g."

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          CHAPTER V.

          PICTURE COMPOSITION.

                                          Anybodv
                                       with utiinu.y
                                                comntol) sense
                               can take a
                                       photoglaph,
                                      but rt rs not
                                                ever'yone who
                                       'without   a
                                   thought cau
                     -t  '*-     'rf 's'da       " make a pic-
                                          ture."  We
                                                       jt                                                             h:lP   rook at pictures o.o,u""rl[ilJlL",11:"#     photography. as a mear)s of prod_y-cing pictur.cs  is anl,thing
     but automatic and mechanical. W" oit.n hear our fric,,df
     the budding and would-be  artists, denouncir:.q  rr.rtL .ll  the
     vigour of their ignorance the lack of real"art in r,hoto-                                                                                                                 '     graphy, and that a camera is a thins without a soul.                                            So is
     the palette arrd brush before thc soil gcts bchirrrl it.    lt  ;,
    thc same with a camera.: it gcts its soul frorrr thc plroto-
    grapher. As we see the palnto.'s nrastclpiccc  n,i,l th"
    wooden, stiff photograph, *  also rio ,r.  ,.t the bcautiful
     photo.graph .and the wooden, soullcss painting. In other   words.  the



    grapher. The  [\'\]i'1qrri;
    composition of F\J+.-   a plcture re-
   qurres more
    care than any-

thing else. The photo-   r-
graph is either made or
ma.red by composrtion,           I
and a little extra patience
and thought beforehand
-ill  often turn a dull sub.
ject intoa pictorial success.
    The particular points
to be studied in landscapes
are:   l.   Foreground.
      2.  BacLground.
      3.   Lighting.
      4.  Position  of     t//,-1,:,.*.--           .  !r              objects.           !^r'-
      5.  Position  of                                '-U.rv4Ls-.    +  --  +             photo.qrapher                         _
The general'f^ult     No. I is tha.t too, much,foreground
is given, maLing objects"'iih   unnecessarily flat and irrdistinct
InIn No.No. 22 thethe bacLsroundbacLground andand distancedistance cancan vervvery oftenoften b,be
             aa                       alterationalteration inin thethe positionposition ofof thethe camera.camera.imorovedmproved bvby                    sli.qhtslisht
                             t'                               t.                               r YAJ regards lighting effect, this is most important and| has|
a g."ut effect on thi photograph. Heavy shadows should
be avorded as far as possible.
      Porlraits and Groups.  As everyone knows snapshot
                                      portraits are nearly always
                           more pleasing and truer to
                                       life than the studio typc,
                                      an.l much can be don"^by
                                   the errtcrplising amateur  itt
                            obtarning striking like
                            nes-er. Any attempt at
                               pos ng is to be avoided:
                    a  little uatience.  dis.
                                criminatiin as regards the
                            best moment, and study
                            of the lighting conditions
                                  prevailing,  rvill generally
                         repay the photographer
                         with the adrniration  tne
                                    resulting porFait receives.

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 NI                                        N!
 N  DEVELOPING
 N   A.'zdPRINTTNG
 N                       i.)- N     ALEC                                         NI                         J_//'/ONES
           REQU  I REMENTS.
  f-lRs'f   of all you must arrange a room that can be
  l-   made quite dark.  It does not in the ieast matter
 -:    what room it is, but absolute darkness is essential,
 Naturally a Beth Roorn rs convenient b".uur" th"r" i, I
 wate.r supply, and also a little splashin.q on the floor wiii
 not do any damagc. Still,  if _this is n-ot conv.nient you
      quite easily use. a Sitting Room in thc evening, tak"ing 11ay the natural precaution to spread two or three newspapers
 on the                     I suggest                           this                                 natural because                                is                                                                [ [op"
 you      realrse.tlratllbl:;    any,                        success.                              Photography                        with                                           must                                                                  start
 wltn creanllness and end with cleanliness, and cleanliness
 must environ you all,throu.gh. There is another importanl
 factor to be observed in all your operations-do not hur.y-
   The noxt requisite is a Ruby Lamp ; you can buv
 one {rom 2/.. qrwards. You n,uit, h;;;"i,-   b"-;;il;
 caretul, as all l(uby Lamps are not what they seem. The
 L'est.plan is to pay a fair price to begin with-and obtain a
                          in,the long-run.                                                         It is important$old.:n:l.it,that rt rs lrght-trght,ir.cheaperor.rather                                                    you                                ,.white "  light_tiglit:
            scewllt easrly              the                        trrst                     trme                      you                                   try                                                        it.if                                         white                                                                light                                    _anyreaKs       our,,.and                        so,.                  you                        must                      lr                              stop                                    the                                       leaks                                                 discard                                         or,,u.p,.                                                      the         . I he. remaining. re<luirements are two or threede.vetoprng- d.rshes, . a glass. measure and a washing tank.
The size of the dishes should conform to the size-of tho
plates in use, those intended for the d"r;l;p";   ;;;
preferabiy of xylonite, but a large one of porcelu;ln ;, th"
most convenient for the Fixing Sblution. if you ur" ,rirr!
smallnplates  this dish ."y  u"ry well be larie enougn to
take tour ot them.

@l@l Hg
L.-Procure two xylonite dishes and one borcelain dish
2.-Aluays choose a lamp  tttittt an adjustable shade
3,-Primus  " Eaerseen "  tneastlres are uisible in the dimtnat
         l.isht.

   A Thermometer will be found of grtat service to
test the temperature of the solution'
   A Dish Cover of some kind should also be provided.
This may consist of the lid of a card-board bo*, a little
larger thin the Developing Dish.  It is really .important
to have a Dish Cover so as to prevent the plate being
exposed to the full rays of the t?.uby Lamp all the time the
developmcnt is taking place.

          DEVELOPERS
    There is a bewildering variety of developers. T!t.
action of all is similar and the results pretty much the
same. The most popular are Pyro Sodi (P.S'), Metol
Quinol (M.Q.)    A"ol.   lt is-best to commence withPyro Soda and later"ni  on you may try the others' These
developers may all be purchased ready mixed. requirina
onlv the addition of water. The " Primus " Pyro Soda
is supplied in two bottles, and full directions for the
mixir\q is printed on them. Metol Quinol is supplied in
the same form, whereas A"ol is in a single solution, and
all will Leep almost indefinitely.

                                                                          in     'l'he two former developers-    are also supplied
powdcr form in packets, but  beginners are advised to
lo.*"n."  with the liquids - they a-re very economical and
save a lot of trouble.

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 /w

      4.-Always hantlla plates, wet or dry, by the edgcs.
       5,-Ahta)ts pour on the deael.oper with one sweef

          FIXING SOLUTION.
      Is made with Hypo and water. There are two
 valieties of Hypo, Ordinary Hypo and Acid Hypo-the
  latter rs the best for all purposes (except for Self-Tonin.g
 p"1r"rs). The Solution  ii made by mi*ine 4o"s. of Acii
 Hyln wrth 20 ozs. water.  It dissolves ,eadiiv in warm water
 but the solution must not be used warm. You must allow
  it to cool down. In v"ry cold weather  it may be slightly
 warmed_above  the tap-water temperature but io not ris"  it
 above 60o or 704 Fihr.

            PROCEDURE.
 _  You will already know that the side of the plate that the picture will be on is the one with the         film on
 it which is called the " Emulsion "  side.  "r"".y
    The plate must be placed in the dish with this side
 uppcrmost,
    - First of all prepare the developer and have it ready in the measure. Mix up sufficient, don't be mean with
 it, about lL or 2 ozs. are necessary for a j  plate.
    Then pour the Fixing Solution into the china dish
and have it ieadv at the side.
    Place the exposed plate in the developina dish,
taking care all the time to keep it as fur from,the litht as
you possibiy can, only just near enough to enable you to
see what you are doing.

6.-Itottr on deueloper and cover ub,thanutaittheestimateLl   tine,
 7,-The result toill be a sparhlhrg negati,ae, correctly deueloped,

    Then pour the developer cn carefully but quickly,
 and be rut" ihut it covers tire whole su.fu""  .,f tlie plaie
 at once, or irregular markings may result.
     Place the cover over the dish and rock it gently
 underneath. If the cover is large enough you will fini
 thrs quite easy-don't rock violently or y-ou will upset the
 developer, just gently so as to keep the'liquid in'motion.
 After about one minute look at it and see if there is any
 sign of darkening. The image soon appears, and if you
are satisfied that something really is ioming on, replace
the dish cover and continuelhe gentle rocking-.
    . The, time occupied to develop a negative greatlyvarres.  lt depends on-
        l. 'The speed of the plates (rapid plates take longer
             than slow ones).
    2. The temperature of the solution. In warm
  .          weather  it acts more rapidly than in cold.
    3.  There is also a valiation in the time occupied
          by different dcvelopers.

   On again examining the plate, watch carefully to see
if the image is coming out fairly clear and then turn the
plate so that you can look at the back, and when the
image shows clearly through, taLe the plate out and put
it in the Fixing Solution.


                                  l6

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   8.-Fix t'our plates in a lead-linecl t,nh lor preference.
   9.-Waslt undel the tap unti all tlaces o/ ht,bo disafpear,

                  ,  DENSITY.
    One of the little difficulties that beginners experience
 is.,to judge when-a negative is s'.:fficieitly dense. The
 drtfercnt makes of plates vary very- much in respect to
 showrns-the rmage through the emulsion, and the only
 sure guide is " Experience." Af ter you huve d"velopei
 a ferv plates you will sogn lee horv long you should .give them, and do not be mislead if vou see the whol" ,u.Fu".
 covered. In most subjects  it sh;uld be covered all over.
lncline to rather over than under develop. Most
 beginners are in too much hurry and thinL the'density i;
 sufficient before it really is ro, rnd then rvhen they talie  it
out             fixing    of the                are                       horribly                                 disappointcd- '       to f;nd theirnegative         very                thin                and                     miserable.

                 FIXING.
   . -When the developed plate is placed in the fixingsolutron any- remairrs-  of                                        - the crcanry film n,ill rapidlydisappear.  It is dissolved out. But aeain, do not te in
a hurry-let the plate remain in the sclition not less than
 15.minutes to make quite sure-longer  r.r'ill not matter,
and may be an a{vantage particuluriy in cold weather,
                                                             thebecause althou$r 7ou rnuy not be able to see any- ofunexposed emulsion, a little will still be there.    If vou
remove the plate too quicLly you r,r'ill l-re sorry oft"r*u.dr,
so again err on the side of caution and leavc- the plate in
for at least 15 minutes or more.

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I3.-Stilt in the darh room, loch tlte llates irtto the tanh'
!1.-The tleueloper can be poru'etl in in dayligli' Nole'-Dr'r'ring
       deuelopntent,   t eaet'se tank occasiortally
Ll.-Remouc  llucleuelofer' artd lhert rel-lace uith fixing solutdon'

end to make it easier to hold and should be introduced into
,1" a"u.tor.r underneath the centre prong of the trident'
ii"un th"n^b" drawn back and forwaid thlough its whole
lensth until development is comprlete. You must re'
;;;f;t    that as only part of th" film is in the developer
;i-r"itt- tuL. -u"h iong"r thu.t a plate, as you u'ill be
.levelopins sav si* e*poirres atonce, and so you must allow          -          IJ  d"ul;i.tg with films the side with thef;    lilr.
.."rtti." on musl be ilac"d downwards, so,that therc  is
;;;h^;.;   of abrading it by contact with the surface of
the trident r,r'eight.
   The fixing is conducted in the same manncr as
olates. excerrt ihat vou require cither a larger dish or you
                                              a pair of;;;-;J   t#  negatives off ^at their margins with
 scissors.
     Films are dried by pinning them along the edge of a
 shelf with glass push pins'

 PRINTING \rITH SELF-TONING PAPER.
                                                         using   A printing frame is required and if you are
 films it ,i.,urt holu" a piece of gl"srin it to suPl)ort the film'
 S"ii-toni"s papgr prints oui," that is, the image, can be                         '                  It must be printed.rather decper than you clearly ."itt.
                                                             the *iqttitt *t  necessary, as ii will lose considerably in
 fil<-ir;;. In all priniin.g operations .great cieanliness  is

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                                                        IB     tu
 16.-Separate  lilm from the fafer backng.
 17.-Deuelop roll. films in tlrc lertgth by using a Tridcnt weight.
 18,-Or a Carbine l;ihn Dish,

again a desideratum, dirty or greasy fingers will mark
 the prints and ruin the results. The prints should be
 washed in a few changes of water and then transferred to
a Hypo bath, which should always be quite fresh. MaLe
up a new dose of solution for each batch of prints.
For S,lf-toning paper do not use Acid Hypo.' Thc
bath should be composed of:
            Hypo ordinary, 4 ozs.
                 Plain water,  20 ozs.
About 15 mtnutes will suffice for fixing, but do not allow
the prints to sticL together. Keep them moving and wash
well in a few changes of water.   It  is even more
necessary to well wash the prints than the negatives, as if
any traces of Hypo is left in them they will soon fade.
At least a half-dozen changes of lvater are necessary and
thethe timetime consumedconsumed,h.;fi"fl:'$JJlliffi[""".':""tf,:lshould be about half an hour. They
may be drieci o'n specral blotting paper which is soli
for the purpose, or they may be squeeged down on to a
Primus Glur"r or F"rrttvp" plate,'anJleft till they arc
bone dry, when they *ill      come off .                              "isily
                                                                       .
       GASLIGHT PRINTING
    The next important process is called Gastight, and it
rs one of the most satisfactory as the prints can [.,e rapidly
made and, more important, ihe work'can be done in the
evening, as the exposures are made by artifrcial light.

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        19,-If one exposure reLluired special treatment,
     ,_ 20.-The l'rimus det'elopirg  clifs preaent cuiling,
       21,-To dry, hang lilms ub by clips on a line.

 The Gaslight papers are coated with an emulsion
 similar in constitution to that on the plates, but it is rrerr
 muclr slower and may be exposed io  guslight o" u.{
 weaL daylight without any risL of fogging. They yield
 very pleasing black and white prints, and if brown tones
 are desired they can be easily toned with one of the many
 Toners whrch are sold ready made. Gaslight papers do not
 print out, the image  is invisible and it must be developed in a
 similar        _manner to a plate. The most suitable d.v"loper
 is the M.Q. and the solution is stronger than that ur"dior
 plates. Remember that Pyro Soda will not do, as it will
 stain the paper brown, but there are many other
 developers, such as Serchol, Amidol, etc.  Still the
 beginner is advised to commence with M.Q.   You will
also require some Bromide of Potassium. This is an
absolute necessity and without its use you will never
obtain clear whites. Either buy some from vour dealer
ready made or maLe up a little into what is culied  l0%                                     ^                                                                     tosolution. This consists of I oz. of Potassium Bromide
2$ozs, water. It lasts a long time as only about 8 or l0
drops are necessary for 2 oz, developer.

                 FIXING.
    Use Acid H5po for fixing always fresh-throw
away any old bath aftor using it.

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22.-Before Printing, clean glass side ol negatiae.
23.-Lav in btinling.t'ranrc lilm up' and place a sheet of fafer'
        se4sit ised surJ ace dozan.,'in cont act.

             EXPOSING
   At first this prescnts a little difficulty, but if the
directions are careful)y followed and a little intelligence
empioyed you wiil u"iy ,oon find out how to go to work
ond nlt waste many prints' The paper--   must be placed
in a printine frame ri',tlt the smooih  side towards the
                                   must then be cxposed         sidE of the negiitive'"employed It                                             is usually cither candle,"tulrirnto the light.  . The light
gas or electric, which ever you iave -avartable. The
Iength of the exposure depends on three things  : -
           l.  The density of the negative.
      2.  The power of the light.
      3.  The distance the frame is held from the light.
 It is obvious that a candle will be the slowest, and that
the electric will be the quickest.

               DENSITY.
     Pick out a few negatives, look through them and
 sort into two or three batches according to what you think
 are about the same density, so that similar exPosures may
 be given to those that are alike.

              DISTANCE.
    The distance the frame is to l-re placed from the light
 is easily dealt with by making a mark on the table, say at


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