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C-3 Graflex User manual
User manual for C-3 Graflex. 82 pages in English. Read the original PDF, download or print a copy without registration.
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- Brand
- Graflex
- Model / document
- C-3 Graflex
- Document type
- User manual
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 82
- File size
- 10.8 MB
- Category
- Film cameras
- Document date
- Not specified in catalog
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Page 4 · Read text
RE9TRICTED Sections l-ll
T: 6. No. to-loBD-4
e sECTlOlr I rlrrRoDucTlolr
l. This Technical Order, 10-108D-4, is issued as the Numbers AC-42-XXXX and later. Cameras bearing
basic Handbook for the equipment involved. serial numbers AC-4I-XXXX and earlier, are covered
by T.O. No. 10-10-22.
2. The purpose of this Handbook is to give complete 3. The Typ" C-3 Ground Camera described in this
information regarding the Operation, Maintenance, Handbook is manufactured by the Folmer Graflex
and Overhaul of. C-3 Ground Cameras bearing Serial Corporation, Rochester, New York.
SECTTOil TI
DESCRIPTIO]I s
I. GENERAI. (3) RANGE FINDER.- Kalart model E-1, with
a. The complete C-3 ground camera outfit, shown in focuspot attachment. (See figure 7.)
figure 1, can be packed in the carrying case illustrated. (4) FLASH SYNCHRONIZER. - No. 37 Graflex
The over-all dimensions are approximately 20 x 9 x IL flash synchronizer (3'cell), with one 7-inch reflector
inches. The weight of the outfit packed in this manner and one 5-inch reflector. (See figure 12.)
is approximately 24 lb. (5) LENS SHADE AND FILTER HOLDER COM-
b. The C-3 ground camera (figure 2) is a hand BINATION.-One Kodak Series VII. (See figure 13.)
camera of the "press" type, with a spring back accept-
(6) FILTERS.-'W'ratten filters, gelatin cemented ing film holders and film pack adapters for film 4 x 5
in glass (figure 13) as follows: inches. It is equipped with a focal-plane shutter, a 63/s-
inch focal length lens in frbnt shutter, flash synchro- (a) Purcbase Order No.42-8834-P: Some outfits
nizer, ground-glass focusing screen, focusing scales, with No. 5 (Aero 2, yellow), No. 11 (XI, green), No. 12
coupled range finder, wire frame and tubular view (minus-blue, yellow), No. 15 (G, orange), and No. 25
finders, a rising and shifting front, drop bed, and (A, red); some with No. 8 (K-2, yellow) and No. 25
double-extension bellows. Although designed primarily only.
for use in the hand, it may also be mounted on the (b) Contract No. 26613 and' Purcbase Ord'er No.
tripod supplied. Filters and a combined lens shade and 43-4230-AF.'No. 8 (K-2, yellow) and No. 25 (4, red).
filter holder are also provided, as well as accessories (7) FIIM PACK ADAPTER.-One Graphic all-
for holding film. Complete details are in paragraph 2., metal. (Seefigure 3.) this section. I (8) SHEET FILM HOLDERS.-Six 4 x 5 Graphic. Note
The following wide angle lens mounted on a (See figure 4.)
lens board with Graphex synchronizer at- (9) TRIPOD.-One crown No. 1, with rubber feet.
tached can be requisitioned from depot sup- (Seefigure 14.)
ply, when requirements show the need f.or a (10) CARRYING CASE.-One special black lens shorter than 63/s-inch focal length. leather, to accept complete C-3 outfit: stencilled "C-3
c. The following differentiates between the equip- Ground Camera." (See figure 1.)v4
i' ment furnished under the three contracts mentioned in
i , paragraph 3. of section I: 2. DETAItED., t
(1) CAMERA.-4 x 5 Speed Graphic with Graphic a, T}{E CAMERA.-The basic picture-taking mech-
back. (See figures 2 and 9.) anism of this outfit is illustrated in figure 2, which
shows the standard 4 x 5 Speed Graphic set up for use (2) LENSES AND SHUTTERS.-One of the fol- with the 63/e-jnch lens. lowing lenses, mounted on a lensboard with No. 3
(1) The camera (figures 2 and 9) consists essen- Graflex synchronizer tripper permanently attached, is
supplied with each C-3 outfit: 6t/a-inch Kodak anas- tially of a case (A-100), bed (4-300), bellows (A-400),
tigmat F4-5 inch No. 3 Supermatic shutter; 6/s,-inch camera front (A-500), and back (A-600).
Graflex Optar F4-5 inch No. 3 Graflex shutter. A 7ys- (2) The body (A-100, figure 2) is of thoroughly-
inch cable release, adaptable for operating the focal seasoned V<-inch mahogany reinforced with metal in-
plane or the between the lens shutter, is also included. serts and covered with black morocco leather. Exposed
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Section ll RESTRIGTED
Porogroph 2 T. O. No. lO-lOgD:4
metal parts have a durable black matte finish to reduce between the body and front to prevent fogging of the
the possibility of reflections. The mechanism of the film.
focal-plane shutter is in the rear of the body, and the (5) The camera front (A-500, figures 5 and 6) con- ^
tubular view finder (A-150), range finder (B), and sistsptincipally of the U-shaped ftont standard (A-!08), It
focuspot (C) are attached to the outside of the body. and the lensboard frame (A-501) which is attached to
(3) The bed (A-300, figure 2), hinged to the lower the standard and catries the lensboard (4-708), sbutter --,
. front edge of the body, follds up tike a-door to protect and lens' E
the lens, front shutter, and bellows from dirt and dam- (6) The camera back (figure 9) is a metal frame U
age when the camera is not in use. On the bed is the attached to the case (A-100). The focusing frame is
track or "yoke" mechanisrn (A-334) used for focusing connected to the back (A-601) by two leaf springs
adiustments of the camera front (A-500) which rides (A-634 and A-638), which pemit it to be. separated
on lt. from the body for the insertion of a film pack adapter
(4) The bellows (A-400, figure 2), rnade of leather, or 6lm holdet'
is attached to the lensboard frame and the rear of the &, LENSES. - Highly corrected anastigmat lenses
case (A-100). It forms an elastic, Iighttight connection having a focal length of 67s-inches mouqted in either
ry
Digitally signed by mike butkus
DN: cn=mike butkus, mike o=orphancameras, ou=29,
email=mike@butkus.org, c=US
Date: 2017.04.07 01:19:05
-04'00' butkus
t
Figure 2-The C'3 Ground Comero, Front View
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RESTRICTED Section ll
T:rc. No. |O-IOBD-4 Porogroph 2
a Graphex (figure 5) or a Supermatic (figure 6) shutter of the focusing knobs (A-349, figures 2 and 8) causes
with an iris diaphragm, have an angular field coverage the sliding track (A-334) to move, carying with it the
of approximately 43 degrees. front (A-500) and lens.
fe e c. SHUTTERS.-The C-3 ground camera is provided One of the following methods can be used for
with two types of shutters: the focal-plane shutter focusing the C-3 ground iurn"ru, the focusing scales,
mechanism which is located in the camera body; and the ground glass, the rarige finder, the focuspot, and
the between-the-lens (front) shutter (figures 5 and 6) the hyperfocal distance. Flowever, only two of these
attached to the camera front. The lenses are mounted methods, ground glass and hyperfocal distance, can be
in the front shutter. used with the normal or a wide-angle lens.
(1) The focal-plane shutter has a curtain, incor- (1) The focusing scales (A-36L and A-706, figure
porating a number of rectangular slits which pass across 8) are calibrated in feet to indicate the distance from
the film at a predetermined rate ro cause the exposure. the focal plane to the subject on which the 6t/e-inch
The value of the focal-plane shutter lies in its efficiency lens is sharply focused, and are of the vernier type with
in producing exposuresof short duration (1/lO0-second one scale (A-706) on the sliding track and the other
or faster) such as would be used to photograph objects (A-361) on the fixed bed.
in rapid motion. (See figure 22.) (2) The ground glass (A-630, figure p) is incorpo-
(2) The between-the-lens shutter consists essen- rated in the focusing frame and, when there is no
tially of a group of "leaves" or "blades" lying between film holder in the camera, it lies with its matte (rough) I
the front and rear cells of the lens and operated by the side in the focal plane. It is the best means of accu-
mechanism of the shutter; these leaves are arranged to rately determining the field of either lens, and is the
open and close in a manner similar to the iris dia- preferred means of focusing when conditions permit.
phragm of the lens. The value of the between-the-lens (3) The range finder (B, figures 2,7, and 16) is shutter lies in the fact that it is efficient and accurate an optical device for quick, accurate focusing of the in producing long exposures (slower than L/IDO- 63/s-inch lens, operated by movement of the sliding second), and in that it lends itself well to use with a track or yoke (A-334). It contains a pivoted mirror flash synchronizer. (B-L32, the lower one) coupled with the range finder
(3) Instructions for operating the shutters will be arm (,4.-709) and a fixed semimirror (8-127, the upper
found in section IV, paragraph 3. one). \7hen the operator looks through the extension
(4) BET\r/EEN-THE-LENS SHUTTERS. eyepiece (A-703, figure 7) of the range finder he sees
(a) Tbe Grapbex sbutter (figure 5) is of the two images of the object at which the camera and
preset type. It must be cocked for all exposures, includ- range finder are directed. The primary image, which
ing time and bulb, and incorporates a "press-focus is viewed directly through the (upper) semimirror
lever" (5) for the same purpose as the press-focus but- (B-I27) fills the entire visible field; the secondary
ton of the Supermatic shutter. image, which is reflected by both mimors, occupies a
(b) Tbe Supermatic shutter (figure 6) must be smaller, brighter circular field in the center of the
cocked for all exposures, including time and bulb; larger area. Focusing movements of the track (A-334,
it incorporates a delayed-action mechanism and has a figure 2) cause the arm (A-709, figure 29) to rotate the
press-focus button (5) ("blade-arrestor") to hold the pivoted mirror (8-132)'so that its (the secondary)
image moves vertically in the smaller circular field. o shutter open for focusing on the ground glass without rU7hen the front is in position tightly against the in- setting to "TIME.1' The No. 1 size is similar in appear-
ance and operation to the No. 3 size illustrated. finity stops, coincidence of the primary and secondary
(5) THE FOCAL-PLANE SHUTTER.-This shut- images in the field of the range finder indicates that
the 63/s-inch lens is focused on the object of which ter consists essentially of a durable, lighttight cloth
the images coincide. The range finder cannor be used curtain (A-209, figure 22) havins five rectangular open-
for focusing the wide-angle lens. ings or slits, a chosen one of which passesin front of
the film or plate in making an exposure. The portion (4) The focuspot (C, figures 2 and 10) is an attach-
of the curtain which is not covering or exposing the ment to the range finder for use when the illumination
negative is wound on rollers above and below the of the scene is not sufficient to permit visibiliry of the
picture aperture and, in making the exposure passes object to be photographed. It incorporates a lamp, and
from the top (gear) roller (A-212) to the bottom (ten- a mirror and lens that project the image of the illumi-
sion) roller. (See A-257, figure 22.) The exposure time . nated lamp filament on the mirrors of the range finder.
is governed by the width of the slit used and the speed These images of the lamp filament are reflected forward
at which it moves across the film. Settings for the along the lines of sight of the range finder and, when
various exposure times are made according to the table the two images are brought into coincidence on an
on the shutter-speed plate (A-160) on the top of the object by movement of the track and mirror, the lens
body. (See figure 9.) will be focused on that object.
d. FOCUSING.-The lens is focused by movement (5) The hyperfocal distance is the fifth method of
toward or away from the film or ground glass. Rotation focusing. This factor is based on the depth of the field
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I -{
Section ll RESTRICTED
Porogroph 2 T. O. No. lo-loBd-4
of the lens: this refers to the fact that a lens will nor- g. FLASH SYNCHRONIZER (D). I
mally give a sharp image of objects lying both nearer (1) The flash synchronizer (D,figures 5,6,and 12)
to the camera and farther from the camera than the is an accessory device for firing flash lamps simultane-point on which the lens is most sharply focused. The ously with the operation of the front shutter, in such t
depth of field is greater for greater distances from the a way that the peak of illumination of the lamp coin-
camera, and is greater with smaller diaphragm aper- cides with the maximum opening of the shutter.
nnres. In this type of focusing which is useful when (2) The synchronizer consists of a combined bat-an emergency does not permit use of any of the four tery czrseand lamp socket (D-100); a 7-inch reflectormethods of focusing mentioned above,, the front (D-200) and a 5-inch reflector (D-300, figtr* 12), both(A-500) is extended to the infinity stops (A-352 and attachable to the socket end of the battery case; one A-356, figures 5 and 6) with the track in the infititl tripper (solenoid release) (D-400) monntd perma-position, and the lens is closed to the smallest possible nently on each lensboard; and a special cable (D-600,aperture. A table of hyperfocal distances, and instruc- figures 5 and 6) for connecting the tripper to the bat-tions for this method of focusing, are given in section tery case. This cable may be plugged into the tripper fr/, pnragraph 4.e. and either of the two holes in tbe frort of the battery
e. Adjustments of the bed and the front are nor- case immediately below the socket. \fhen the battery
mally unnecessary. However, under certain conditions . case and tripper are thus connected, the shutter and
it will be necessary to depart from the normal pro- lamp will be actuated when the red button of the main Icedure: notably when photographing with the wide- switch (D-153, figure 12) on the rear of the battery case
angle lens, when using either lens at extremely close is pressed. The tripper causes the shutter to operate at
distances, or when photographing objects that lie above the proper time to zrssurethat the maximum opening 'ofor below the horizontal when it is desirable not to tilt the shutter occurs simultaneously with the pak of
the camera up or down to include them in the field illumination of the lamp. The switch has a red button,
of the lens. Full information and instructions are in mounted on a knuded collar attached to a pivoted
section IV, paragraph 5. arm. Vhen the knuded collar is unscrewed, the arm
f. VIE\7 FINDERS.-Since the range finder is used and collar swing to either side to give access to the
only to determine the focus of the lens and its field is series outlet under it. This series outlet is intended for
much smaller than that of the lens, it will not indicate use with a focal-plane shutter synchronizer or for
the total extent to which the scene is included on the remote control, and hence cannot be used with the C-3
negative. Sometimes time will not permit use of the equipment as supplied.
ground glass, so a view finder is required for quickly (3) The magnetic ripper has a knurled bcad (D-411, s"framing" the picnrre. There are two types on the C-3. figures 5 and 6) held in position by a formed spring,
which serves as a means for adjusting the time-delay Note
between the closing of the electrical circuit and the View finders, in general, should not be relied
opening of the shutter. No change in the adjustment of upon for giving very acc,urate indication of
the tripper should be made until it is certain that the the exact limits of the scene to be rdcorded on
synchronization is no longer correct. Instructions will the negative, since the amount of scene visible
be found in section V, paragraph 2.e. Before leaving through a finder depends upon the position at
the factory each tripper is adjusted to operate the which the observer holds his eye-a condition t shutter, to which it is attached, with a timedelay of which differs between individuals and which
approximately 21 milliseconds; this is proper for most varies if the user wear:s glasses. IThen very
lamps intended for synchronization. with between-the- accurate composition is necessary, place the
lens shutters. I.5-volt dry cells, size "D" (U. S. Signal camera on a tripod and use the ground glass.
. Corps BA-30 or the equivalent) may be inserted in the
(1) THE TUBULAR VrE\r FINDER (A-150).- case zrsinstructed in section Y, paragraph2.e.
The tubular view finder (figures 2 and 10) is a direct (4) The 7-inch reflector (D-200, figure 12) is ad-optical finder with adjustments for parallax and field justable vertically so that it can be centered for any sizeof view, as well as three close-up centering dots for of standard-base lamp. The 5-inch reflector (D-300,determining the center of the field at 48 inches, 36 figure 12), inco4>orating its own socket, is precenteredinches, and 18 inches. Instructions for its use are in for the bayonet-base lamp.section IV, paragraph 6.
(5) Instructions for use of the synchronizer are in (2) THE \ZIRE-FRAME FTNDER (A-525).-This €) section lY, pangraph 7.finder (figures 2 and 9) attached to the front standard,
and the rear peep sight (A-&Y attached to the camera ,. LENS SHADE AND FILTER HOLDER.- ThiS .]
body, can.be raised and used as a view finder to permit piece of equipment (figure 13) serves the double pur-
observation of the scene full-size from eye level. This pose indicated by.its name. It consiss of two parts: the
finder is especially suitabie for following moving ob- 38-mm adapter ring which slips over the froirt cell of
i"cts. Instructions for its use are in section lY, pan- the lens and incorporates the threaded adapter-ring in-
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RESTRICTED Sections ll-lll
T. O. No. lO-tOBD-4
adapter ring with the insert removed. Instructions for (3) Instructions for use of these accessories are in
use are in section IY, paragraph 8. section III, paragraph 6., and section IV, paragraph 10.
i. FILTERS.-The filters (figure 13) are thin sheets &. TRIPOD.-The tripod (H, figure 1'4), furnishedw of gelatin cemented between discs of high-grade glass. as part of the C-3 ground camera, is construcred of well-
The edges are sealed to exclude moisrure, and are pro- seasoned wood and lacquered brass. For portability
tected by chromium-plated metal rims on which the each of the three legs detaches from the top, making
designation of the filter is engraved. They should be four pieces in all. Instructions for use are in section
handled with the same care that would be given a lens, IY, paragraph 11.
and may be cleaned with a soft cloth. Handle the filter l. TIJE CARRYING CASE.-The carrying case is
discs by only their rims. Instructions for fitting the approximately 20 inches long, 9 inches wide, and 11 filters are given in section IV, paragraph 9. inches deep. It is covered on the outside with heavy
i. FILM HOLDERS.-Two types of film-holding de- black grained cowhide and on the inside wi.th cordu-
vices are supplied with the C-3 ground camera: a fiIm roy; its four lower corners are equipped with riveted
pack adapter (G, figure 3) and six sheet-film holders metal reinforcements. The self-hinged lid has a carry-
(F, figure 4). ing handle, two clamp-locks, and an offset surface lock
(1) The adapter holds one 4 x 5 inch (nominal with key. The interior is divided into five compart-
film dimensions) film pack of 12 exposures. ments and one subcompartment.a (2) Each sheet film holder accommodates two 4 x 5 fnstructions for stowing the equipment are given
inch sheet films, one on each side. in section IV, paragraph 15.
F-ll6
F-102
F-rt0
t-r04
F-l2l
III
I
Figure 3-Ihe Film Pock Adapler Figure 4-fhe Sheef Film Holder
sEcrlor lll
PREPARATTON FOR USE
l. Before taking the camera to the scene to be photo- served for those occasions when moving subjects must
graphed, the film pack adapter and/or sheet film hold- be photographed in poor light. Photographs showing
ers should be loaded as directed in paragraph 6., this the greatest amount of detail are usually made on the
section, and a check made to be sure that fresh batteriet slower films.
are in the flash equipment. The choice of film should 2. Since the C-3 ground calmera is to be used either
be made with due regard to the subject to be photo- hand-held or on the tripod, no other mount or holder
graphed and its illumination, whenever these factors is supplied with the outfit. Vhen long exposures neces-
are known. The extremely fast emulsions should be re- sitate the use of the tripod, care should be taken that
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Seclions lll-lV RESTRICTED
T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
the tripod rests firmly on a surface which is not moving After the last tab (number 12) has been pulled, therelative to the subject to be photographed. In this con- exposed film pack may be removed from the adapter. II
nection, it is important to avoid platforms which shake b. Loading or unloading a sheet film holder (figure
with the movements of the photographer, or which 4) should be done only in total darkness. In order to }
vibrate because of disturbances (machinery running, acquire the necessary skill to do this, however, the
for example) in the viciniry. Also, when working on operator m y practice in the light with a piece of
soft ground, see that the legs of the tripod are placed exposed film.
on boards or stones large enough not to sink or slip. (1) To load a film holder, withdraw the slide
3. If, after arriving at the scene to be photographed, (F-116) about 2 inches, or remove it entirely. Then,
it is evident that ground-glass focusing or long expo' while bending the bottom retaining flap (F-104) of the
sures must be resorted to, it is usually preferable to set holder out from the position which it occupied when
up the tripod and fasten the camera securely to it the slide was in place, slip the piece of sheet film under
before opening the camera. the edges of the septum (F-102) so that the emulsion
4. lf the flash synchronizer is called for, first open the side will face the slide when it is reinserted. After the
camera; then slip the battery case on the mounting film has been slid as far as it will go into the holder, the
plate, attach the cable to the battery case and magnetic retaining flap (F-104\ can be returned to its normal
tripper, and attach the reflector, checking that the position and the slide pushed home. Make sure that
lamp and reflector are centered. it engages the slot in the flap. Rotatable slide hooks I (F-121) are provided for preventing the unintentional 5. If the field to be photographed requires the wide-
angle lens, fasten the camera to the tripod by using the withdrawal of a slide. The reverse sequence is used in
unloading the holder.front screw hole in the tripod top and depress camera
bed in accordance with the detailed procedure given in (a) To find tbe emulsion side of a piece of sheet
section lY, paragraph 11. film in tbe dark, note the position of the notches cut
along one of its shorter edges. The emulsion side will6, TOADING THE ADAPTER AND HOIDERS. be facing the operator when the unnotched short side
a. The film pack adapter (figure 3\ can be loaded of the film is nearer him and the notches are in the
or unloaded in full daylight, but the direct sun should upper right hand corner. Alutays band.le tbe film by its
be definitely avoided because deep shade becomes more edges and, neaer toucb tbe front surface,essential the higher the speed of the film used. Always (b) A convenient loading technique is developedmake sure that the slide is inserted before the adapter with the holder held open-side-up in the left hand is removed from the camera. (with the retaining flap away from the operator and
(1) To load the film pack adapter (figure 3), open held out by the left forefinger) and the film inserted
its hinged cover (G423) by first depressing the two with the right hand while held by the upper right-
chromium-plated cover-release studs (G-101) located hand corner with the notches lying under the right
at the edge nearest the tab-slot (the edge from which forefinger.
the slide (G-128) can be withdrawn). Then insert the
7. FITTINGTHE IENS.SHADE.metal film pack so that its tabs protrude through the
slot in the adapter when ttie hinged cover is closed, and The narrow collar of the adapter ring is slotted so
so that the aperture in it faces the aperture in the that it may be easily widened or narrowed by pushing front of the adapter. Close the cover, making sure that on the collar sections, thus permitting a proper fit I
it catches on both sides. (Save the paper and metal despite slight possible variations in the size of either
foil in which this film pack was wrapped so that it the lens mount or the adapter ring. Take care to attach
may again be protected from light as soon as it is re- or remove the assembly by pushing or pulling it
moved from the adapter.) Before the first exposure can straight on or off, so as not to damage the finish of the
be made, the outside tab of the film pack, bearing the lens.mount. Full instructions are in section IV, para-
number 0, must be withdrawn and torn from the pack. graph 9.
sECTrOlrlv
OPERATIOl{
I. ADJUSTINGTHE CAMERA. user when the bed-releasebutton (A-115) is depressed; CF. a. T'o open the camera, the prefered holding posi- using the forefinger of the right hand for this purpose
tion is with its back resting on the left forearm, the allows the fall of the bed to be cushioned by the palm
viewfinder at the top, and the thumb of the left hand of the right hand. Continue firmly but gently to bring
inserted between the carrying strap (A-I24, figure 9) the bed down until the spring actuated bed braces
and the camera body (A-100). Held in this manner, the (A-328 and A-331, figure 2) lock the bed in its hori-
bed (A-300) naturally opens downward toward the zontal position.
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RESTRICTED Section lV
T. O. No. I O-| OBD-4 Porogrophs | -3
b. To draw out the front (A-500, figures 5 and 6) (2) To cock a Graphex shutter, move the cocking
which carries the lens and. between-the-lens shutter, lever (2) clockwise until it catches; this must be done
ffi move(A-5I4) theso ring-shapedthat it points enddirectlyof thetowardfront-lockthe frontleverof for all(3) exposures,To releaseincludinga Graphex"TIME"shutter,and move"BI-JLB."the re-
the bed. Vith the lever in this position the front can lease lever (3) gently counterclockwise or press a cable
be slid along the track until it comes into mesh wirh release inserted in socket 14) or fire the flash synchro-
th'e springs of the infinity stops (A-352 and A-356). nizer as directed in paragraph.7.b., this section.
(1) The correct picture-taking position of the front (4) "TIME" and "B{.JLB" exposures are made in
is with the lower edge of the front standard-resting the same way as with the Supermatic shutter, as in-
firmly against the infinity stops. A spring-clip on each structed in paragraph 3.b.(4), this section.
stop holds the front standard in this position while (5) Ground-glass focusing, without opening the
lock (A-5L4) is moved to either side to lock the front. shutter on "TIME" or "BLJLB,': is obtained by use of
\Zhen the front is extended and locked in this manner, the press-focus lever (5). After setting the shutter at
and the tracks moved as far back into the camera as any speed and cocking it, the lever (5) is moved down
possible, the 6t/e-inch lens will be focused on infinity. (clockwise) until the blades are open; after focusing,
the blades may be closed by moving (5) back to its
2. IENSES. original position and the exposure made in the regu-
€ The only required adjustment of the lenses is to set lar way.
the diaphragrl"a aperture. This is accomplished by mov- ,. SUPERMATIC SHUTTER. (Figare 6.)
ing the diaphragm lever (7, figures 5 and 6) to a posi- (1) To set a'supermatie shutter, rotare the speed
tion opposite the desired f / - number on the diaphragm dial, on which are engraved the speed pointers (1),
scale. until a pointer of the same color is immediately adja-
cent to the desired speed on the shutter-speed scale.
3. OPERATING THE SHUTTERS. The slower speeds (below 1/25), in red, are used with
a. GRAPHEX SHUTTER. (See figure 5.) the red pointer and require that the camera be on a
(1) To set a Graphex shutter, rotate the outer rim tripod or other firm support. The black speeds (1i25
in either direction until the desired marking is adja- through 1i400) are ser against the black pointer, and
cent to the speed pointer 1; this may be done before are generally safe for hand-held exposures. This shurter
or after cocking the shutter. may be set over the entire range before or after cocking.
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0-401
0.401
D-424 n-424
0-4ll D.4l1
F500 0-500
0-400 0-400
0-503 D-503
t-514 A-514
A-352
A.519 t-51
A-356 A-356
D-600 0-600"-'
Figure 5-fhe Graphex Shutter Figure 6-The Supermalic Shutfer
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Section lV R.ESTRICTED
Porogroph 3 T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
(2) To cock a Supermatic shutter, move the cock- be found easier to set to a higher tension before wind-
ing lever (2) clockwise until it catches. This is required ing to a narrower slit.
"TIME" and "BI-ILB." exposures, includingfor all CAUTION U (3) shutter, To release a Supermatic curtain slits passes in front move the Because one of the
release lever (3) gently in a counterclockwise direction, of the picture aperture every tirne the curtain
or press a cable release inserted in the socket (4\ or is moved either by winding the key (A-250) or
fue the ffash rynchronizer as directed in paragraph 7.b. allowing it to unwind by actuating release
of this section. lever (A-255), it is necessary to protect any
film in the camera while the focal-plane shut- (4) "TIME" and "BIJLB" exposures require the
ter is being set; otherwise, injurious foggingspeed scale to be set at "T" or "8" respectively, and
of the film is liable to result. Alutays keep tbethe shutter to be cocked. Pressure on the release lever
sli.d.e in tbe film bold.er or film pack ad.apter, (3) allows the shutter to open at both settings. Vhen
except utber an exposure is actually beingset for "BIJLB" the shutter closes as soon as (3) is m.ad.e.
released, but when set for "TIME" a second Pressure (2) Vhen the shutter has been set in accordanceon (3) is required to close the shutter.
with the above directions, the exposure is made by
(5) Ground-glass focusing without opening the carefully pressing shutter release (A-255) or the
shutter on "TIME" or "BfJL[l," is obtained by use plunger of a cable relsase (A-710, figure 2) screwed Iof the press-focus button (5) ("blade-arrestor"). The into lug. (See A-227, figwe 7.)
shutter is set at alny desired speed, and cocked. Before
it is released.the button (5) is depressed and held down
as the release lever (3) is depressed. The shutter blades
are caught and held open. Vhen focusing is completed
recock the shutter; the blade-arresting mechanism dis-
engages itself so that the exposure may then be made $-106
in the normal way.
t-703
(6) Delayed-action release at any setting is secured
by cocking the shutter with (2) moving the delayed- t-704
action lever (6) clockwise until it catches, and releasing
with the regular release lever (3). The shutter will B-108
operate after 12 to 15 seconds. t-705
c. REMOVING THE FRONT SHUTTER.-Re-
moval of the shutter from the camera is accomplished B-101
by taking our the entire lensboard to which the fens,
250shutter, and synchronizer tripper are attached. The
slide-lock (A-503, figures 5 and 6), which is the long t-701plate near the top of the front standard, is slid up
and to the left by pressure to the left on the turned- t-702out extension at its left end; the lensboard is lifted t
out at the top, and then up until it is free. The opera- 227
tion is reversed to replace the lensboard.
t-249
d. FOCAL-PLANE SHUTTER.
(1) The shutter speed table (A-160, figure 9) on t-255
the top of the camera gives approximate exposure
times, in fractional parts of seconds, obtained with t-290
the curtain slits O, A, B, C and D in various com- ,.-215
binations with the tension numbers "1" through "6."
The slit letters are changed progressively from "O"
to "D" in the upper window by turning the winding
key (A-250, figure 7) counterclockwise, and the tension
numbers are changed from,"l" to "6" in the lower
window by turning the knuded tension knob (A-29O)
counterclockwise. In so doing, progressively smaller
slits and higher tensions (higher speeds) are made avail-
able for the exposure. To reverse either operation and
return to a wider slit or lower tension than indicated,
lever (A-255\ or (A-275) respectively is moved to allow
the mechanism to unwind, one notch at a time. It will Figure 7-The Focol-plane Shutfer Conlrols
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RESTRICTED Section lV
T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4 Porogrophs 3-4
(3) To make a time exposure with the focal-plane
"T" (Time), until the curtain release or shutter, wind
tension Set the window. at "L"1 SSt€Sts*s €"^$ *** upper in the appears
rest the camera upon a rigid support, open the shuttere with one pressure uPon release (A'25r, and terminate
the exposure by a second Pressure.
CAUTION
Wben using tbe focal-plane shutter, be sure
that the between-the-lens shutter is set ^t
"TIME" and is open. Conversely, be sure that
the focal-plane shutter is set at "O" (full open-
ing) and locked when using the between-the-
lens shutter.
(4) The focal-plane shutter can be locked oPen
("O" in the upper window) or closed ("T" in the
upper window) by pressing button (A'249, figare 7)
G towardagain eitherthe backby pushingof the camera.(A-24D forward,It may beor unlockedby ttrrn-
ing the winding key (A-250).
e. THE CABLE RELEASE-The cable release
(A-710) described in section II, paragraph 2.b.(2) and shown in figure 2, may be inserted in either the cable- I
*S **o *S **= **o oS release socket (4) of. the front shutter (figures 5 and €s +s$ S *s *."s**' 6), or in the cable release lrug (A-227) for the focal-
plane shutter. (See figure 7.) It permits oPeration
of the shutters without the risk of cr-era movement Figure 9-The C-3 Ground Comero, Reor View
when mounted on a tripod, and is especially valuable
for "TIME" and "BLJLB" exposures. a. Focusing scales (figure S) are carried on the
camera bed; the distances marked are from the focal 4. FOCUSING. plane (the ground-glass or film) to the obiect in sharp-
The focusing adjustment is made by turning either est focus. The scales are of the vernier type, and the
of the focusing knobs (A-349, figure 8), which in turn distance is read off as that for which correspondingly
move the track carrying the front standard and lens. numbered lines on both scales coincide: 15 feet in the
Lever (A-303) in figure 11 is the track (yoke) lock, illustration. The scalescan be used only when the front
which may be swung outward to secure the tracks has been pulled out fumly against the infinity stops-
against unintentional movement after critical focrrsing
has been accomplished; it should be returned to its Note
forward position before attemPting to change the Since there are no distance scales for use w-ith
focus or close the camera. the wide-angle lenses, focusing with them isa carried out on the ground glass by furning
focusing knob (A-34D as above, but with the
bed dropped as shown in figure 11 and dis-
cussed in paragraph 5.b., this sectio't.
6. Ground-glass focusing must be done with both
shutters open, and preferably with the camera on a
tripod and the lens set at its maximum aPerture.
(1) In order to focus or to compose on the ground'
glass, open the lens to its full aperture by moving
control (7, figures 5 and 6) as far as it will go to the
left (clockwise); oPen the between-the-lens shutter on
"TIME" as directed in paragraph 2.a.(4'l or b.(4),
this section; open the focal plane shutter by placing
"O" in the upper window, and finally open the panel
protecting the focusing screen by depressing catch.
(See 4-629, figure 9.)
(2) \fhen actually focusing, shield the ground
glass from as much light as possible so the image will
Figure 8-The Focusing Scoles be distinct. Rack the lens in and out with the focusing
RESTRICTEDView original page 12Page 13 · Read text
Section lV RESTRICTED
Porogrophs 4-5 T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
knobs (A-349, figure 8) until the object to be photo- sharp focus when the lens is focused on infinity. The
graphed is sharp. Then close the back panel (A-62I, hyperfocal distance varies with the aperture at which
figure 9) and close whichever shutter is to be used the lens is set, and differs for lenses of different focal
for making the exposure. lengths. o (1) At small diaphragm apertures the hyperfocal c. To use the model E-l range finder, the photog-
rapher looks through the extension eyepiece (A-703, distance of. a particular lens lies nearer the camera than
at the larger apertures; similarly, a lens of shorterfigure 7) and locates the subject in the visible field.
focal length will have a shorter hyperfocal distanceThe entire field contains an image, and in the center
than a lens of greater focal length set at the same is a smaller, brighter, circular area containing a second
diaphragm aperture.image..'$fhen the range finder and lens are focused on
the subject, a single image will be visible in the central CAUTION
field; when they are out of focus two images will be The front standard must be properly engaged
seen. Focusing the lens by means of the focusing knobs in the infinity stops and the focusing scales
(A-349, fi.gure 8) will cause a shift in the position of must be set at infinity for this type of focusing.
the central image, and when it is brought into coinci- (2) TABTES OF HYPERFOCAL DISTANCES.
dence with the inage in the larger field the lens will (in feet)
be focused. It is helpful to focus on a portion of the (a) For the 6t/s,-inch lens*:
subject containing sharp lines that have good contrast
Distonce Aperlure Tand run at right angles to the axis of the range finder, Focused on tf4.S r/s.6 tl$ r/rr r/rc i/22 i/32
so that exact coincidence of the images will be easier Infinity 151 r2r 85 62 42 3r 2I
to detect. It is essential that the smaller bright field *based on a circle of conJasion of tlzoo inch,
be centered. in the larger field.
(b) For the 88- and 90-mm lenses**:
d. FOCUSPOT FOCUSING.-PIug the connecting Dislonce Aperlurc
cord (C-200) into the receptacle on the battery case, Focused on r/6.8 t/8 jlrr J/r6 tl22 tl32
(figure 10) and onto the two terminal pins (C-110) at Infinity 3 0 2 6 1 9 1 3 1 0 7
the rear of the focuspot housing; snap on the switch *'i'corrrl)uted, for 89-ntm, so as to serte taitb sufficient accuracy
(D-I34) on the battery case; and direc the camera for both lensesl based' on a circle of conlasion of 7/200 incb.
toward the subject. Focus the lens until the two fila- (c) For example: if the 6t/s-lnch lens is focused
ment images coincide as explained in section II, on infinity and the aperture ser at f /16, everything
parcgraph 2.d.(4) and snap off the light as soon as more than 60-feet distant from the camera will be
possible to minimize drain on the battery" The camera acceptably sharp in the negative. Likewise, with the
is best held at the chest for use of the focuspot and, 88- or 90-mm lens at f /16 the sharp field when focused
if the illumination, is not sufficient for use of the on infinity will extend from about 13 feet to infinity.
tubular view finder, the exposure may be made from (3) A sort of "universal focus" is possible on the
'Whenthe same position and the light from the focuspot used a lens is set at basis of the hyperfocal distance.
to indicate the center of the field. Otherwise, the the hyperfocal distance for the aperture in use, every-
regular view finder may be used, with the camera at thing from infinity up to one-half the hyperfocal dis-
eye level. tance will be acceptably sharp in the negative.
e, Hyperfocal distance is defined as the distance (a) For example: if the $3/g-inch lens is focused I
from the focal plane to the nearest object in acceptably on 60 feet with the aperture set at f /L6, the depth of
the dharp field will extend from 30 feet to infinity.
(4) The practical application of the hyperfocal
distance is that, when a picture must be made in a
hurry, the lens can be set at infinity and the aperture
adjusted to bring the subject into focus; when the
subject is closer to the camera than the closest hyper-
focal distance permitted by prevailing conditions, the
lens may be set at the hyperfocal distance for the
particular aperture that must be used.
r-l5i CAUTION
A-I5t| It must be borne in mind that variations in the
0-l3l aperture require corresponding adjustments in
c-20|J the exposure time (shutter-speed setting).
A-lb
5. SPECIAT ADJUSTMENTS
OF THE BED AND FRONT.
These are sometimes required, as outlined in section
Figure lO-The Focuspof and Tubular Yiew Finder II, paragnph 2.e.
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RESTRICTED Section lV
T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4 Porogrophs 3-4
(3) To make a time exposure with the focal-plane
shutter, wind or release the curtain until "T" (Time),
appears in the uPper window. Set the tension at "1"1 SSt€Sts*s +$ $ **'
rest the camera uPon a rigid suPport, open the shutter f
with one pressune upon release (A-255'), and terminate
the exposure by a second Pressure.
CAUTION
Wben using tbe focal-plane sbutter, be sure
that the between-the-lens shutter is set ^t
"TIME" and is open. Conversely, be sure that
the focal-plane shutter is set at "O" (full open-
ing) and locked when using the between-the-
lens shutter.
(4) The focal-plane shutter can be locked oPen
("O" in the upper window) or closed ("T" in the
upper window) by pressing button (A-249, frglre 7)
toward the back of the camera. It may be unlocked
(A-24D forward, or by rurn-c again either by pushing
ing the winding key (A-250).
e. THE CABLE RELEASE-The cable release
(A-710) described in section II, paragraph 2.b.(2) and
shown in figure 2, rray be inserted in either the cable-
*$ **= *S **o *** *$ release socket (4) of the front shutter (figures 5 and +sss S S *'s*s *** 6), or in the cable release ltug (A'227) for the focal-
plane shutter. (See figure 7.\ It permits operation
of the shutters without the risk of camera movement Figure 9-The C-3 Grou nd Camera, Rear Yiew
when mounted on a tripod, and is especially valuable
for "TIME" and "B[JLB" exposures. a. Focusing scales (figure 8) are carried on the
camera bed; the distances marked are from the focal 4. FOCUSING. plane (the ground-glass or film) to the obiect in sharp-
The focusing adjustment is made by turning either est focus. The scales are of the vernier type, and the
of the focusing knobs (A-349, figure 8), which in turn distance is read off as that for which correspondingly
move the track carrying the front standard and lens. numbered lines on both scales coincide: 15 feet in the
Lever (A-303) in figure 11 is the track (yoke) lock, illustration. The scalescan be used only when the front
which may be swung oirtward to secure the tracks has been pulted out firmly against the infinity stops-
against unintentional movement after critical focusing
has been accomplished; it should be returned to its Note
forward position before attempting to change the Since there are no distance scales for use w-ith
focus or close the catnera. the wide-angle lenses, focusing with them isc carried out on the ground glass by furning
focusing knob 6'34D as above, but with the
bed dropped as shown in figure 11 and dis-
cussed in paragraph 5.b.' this sectiorr.
&. Ground-glass focusing must be done with both
shutters open, and preferably with the camera on a
tripod and the lens set at its maximum aperture.
(1) In order to focus or to compose on the ground
glass, open the lens to its full aperture by moving
control (7, figures 5 and 6) as far as it will go to the
left (clockwise); open the between-the-lens shutter on
"TIME" as directed in paragraph 2.a.(4'l or b.(4),
this section; open the focal plane shutter by placing
"O" in the upper window, and finally open the panel
protecting the focusing screen by depressing catch.
(See A-629, figure 9.)
(2) Vhen actually focusing, shield the ground
glass from as much light as possible so the image will
Figure 8-The Focusing Scoles be distinct. Rack the lens in and out with the focusing
RESTRICTEDView original page 14Page 15 · Read text
Seclion lV RESTRICTED
Porogrophs 4-5 T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
knobs (A-349, figure 8) until the object to be photo' sharp focus when the lens is focused on infinity. The
graphed is sharp. Then close the back panel (A-621, hyperfocal distance varies with the aperture at which
figure 9) and close whichever shutter is to be used the lens is set, and differs for lenses of different focal
for making the exposure. lengths. €
(1) At small diaphragm apertures the hyperfocal c, To use the model E-l range finder, the photog-
distance of. a particular lens lies nearer the camera thanrapher looks through the extension eyepiece (4-703,
at the larger apertures; similarly, a lens of shorterfigure 7) and locates the subject in the visible field.
focal length will have a shorter hyperfocal distanceThe entire field contains an image, and in the center
than a lens of greater focal length set at the same is a smaller, brighter, circular atea containing a second
diaphragm aperture.image..\fhen the range finder and lens are focused on
the subject, a single image will be visible in the central CAUTION
field; when they are out of focus two images will be The front standard must be properly engaged
seen. Focusing the lens by means of the focusing knobs in the infinity stops and the focusing scales
(A-349, figure 8) will cause a shift in the position of must be set at infinity for this type of focusing.
the central image, and when it is brought into coinci- (2) TABLES OF HYPERFOCAL DISTANCES.
dence with the image in the larger field the lens will (in feet)
be focused. It is helpful to focus on a portion of the (a) For the 6Ve-inch lens*:
subject containing sharp lines that have good contrast Dislonce Aperlure tand run at right angles to the axis of the range finder, Focusedon 1f4.5 r/s.6 l/8 l/rr J/r6 Jl22 t/32
so that exact coincidence of the images will be easier Infinity 151 l2I 85 62 42 3I 2I
to detect. It is essential that the smaller bright field *based on a circle oJ conJusion oJ t lzoo incb,
be centered. in the larger field.
(b) For the 88- and 90-mm lenses**:
d, FOCLISPOT FOCUSING.-PIug the connecting Dislonce Aperture
cord (C-200) into the receptacle on the battery case, Focused on J/6.8 r/8 Jlrr J/r6 t/22 t/32
(figure 10) and onto the two terminal pins (C-110) at Infinity 3 0 2 6 1 9 1 3 1 0 7
the rear of the focuspot housing; snap on the switch *'scomfuted, for 89-mm, so as to serae utitb sufficient accuracy
(D-134) on the battery case; and direct the camera for botb lenses; based, on a circle of conlusion of 7/2A0 incb.
toward the subject. Focus the lens until the two fila- (c) For example: if the 6t/s-lnch lens is focused
ment images coincide as explained in section II, on infinity and the aperture ser at f /16, everything
par^gra.ph 2.d.(4) and snap off the light as soon as more than 60-feet distant from the camera will be
possible to minimize drain on the battery. The camera acceptably sharp in the negative. Likewise, with the
is best held at the chest for use of the focuspot and, 88- or 90-mm lens at f /16 the sharp field when focused
]f the illumination, is not sufficient for use of the on infinity will extend from about 13 feet to infinity.
tubular view finder, the exposure may be made from (3) A sort of "universal focus".is possible on the '$7henthe same position and the light from the focuspot used a lens is set at basis of the hyperfocal distance.
to indicate the center of the field. Otherwise, the the hyperfocal distance for the aperture in use, every-
regular view finder may be used, with the camera at thing from infinity up to one-half the hyperfocal dis-
eye level. tance will be acceptably sharp in the negative.
e. Hyperfocal distance is defined as the distance (a) For example: if the 63/s-lnch lens is focused I
from the focal plane to the nearest obiect in acceptably on 60 feet with the aperture set at f /16, the depth of
the sharp field will extend from 30 feet to infinity.
(4) The practical application of the hyperfocal
distance is that, when a picture must be made in a
hurry, the lens can be set at infinity and the aperture
adjusted to bring the subject into focus; when the
subject is closer to the camera than the closest hyper-
focal distance permitted by prevailing conditions, the
lens may be set at the hyperfocal distance for the
particular aperture that must be used.
t-r51 CAUTION
r-150 It must be borne in mind thatvariations in the
0-l3l aperture require corresponding adiustments in
c-20|J the exposure time (shutter-speed setting).
t-ltc
5. SPECIAL ADJUSTMENTS
OF THE BED AND FRONT.
These are sometimes required, as outlined in section
Figure lO-The Focuspot and Tubular View Finder II, paragraph 2.e.
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. RESTRICTED Section lV
T. O. No. lO-lOBD-4 Porogrophs 5-6
a. DOUBLE BELLO\7S - EXTENSION. - Double- focus with the front standard on the short rear sec0ion
bellows extension for focusing on very near distances, of the sliding track that is carried within the camera
is available without removing the infinity stoPs (A-352 body, as shown in figure 11. Becauseof the links with
and A-356, figure 11) from the tracks, by proceeding which the front and rear sectionsof the track are con- t as follows: open the bed as instructed in paragraph nected, it will still be possible to control the wide-
1.a., this section, but do not draw out the front. Then angle lens by means of the.focusing knobs. The tubular
depress the bed braces further, and force the bed down view finder may be used with the mask removed, as
into the dropped position shown in figure 11, making expl.ained in paragraph 6.a.(2), this section.
sure that the braces (A-328 and A-331) snaP into the c. VERTICAL SHIFT OF THE LENS.-When a
lower set of notches in the bed-brace plates. Then, carnera is tilted up or down so that the film is no
with the front lock (A'514) in its released position, longer vertical, vertical parallel lines will not be
draw the front completely out of the camera and off rendered parallel in the negative. This condition is
of the re^r track. Supporting the front in the hand, best illustrated by the case of a r.all building, which
allow the bed to return to its normal horizontal posi- requires the camera to be tilted up so that all of it
tion by releasing (depressing) the braces. Finally, slip can be included in the negative. It is often possible to
the standard over the front ends of the track, and lock include the full height of such a building by raising
it by moving the lock (A'514) to either side. Needless the lens and keeping the camera horizontal: this ad-
to say, the range finder, focuspot, and focusing scales justment is permitted by the rising front, controlledC will not function with double extension, and the by the rising.front nuts (A-536, figures 5 and 6), which ground glass must be used for focusing. The red "close- provides for a vertical displacement of the lens of
up centering dots" of the tubular view finder may be approximately 1 inch.
used at certain fixed distances, as explained in pata- (1) To raise or lower the lens, loosen the rising- graph 6.a.(3),this section. front nuts (A-536, figures 5 and 6), move the lensboard
,. \U7IDE-ANGLE LENSES.-Because of the great to the proper position, and tighten the nuts. Be sure
angular field and short extension of the wide-angle to return the lensboard to its central position and
35/e-inch focal length lens, the front bed will cut into again tighten the nuts before closing the camera.
the field of the lens as long as the bed is in its normal d. LATERAL SHIFT OF THE LENS. (See f.gures horizontal position. In order to remove the front of 5 and.6.)-Lateral shift of the lens can be accomplished the bed from the field, it is necessaryto drop the bed while the lock (A-5I4) is in its free position (pointing as instructed in paragraph J.a,, this section, and to forward); depress the spring catch (A'519) directly
below it, and move the standard to either side as re-
quired. Before final focusing and exposing, the lock
(A-514) must always be returned to its locked position.
Before attempting to close the camera, the front stand-
ard must be returned to its central position.
5. VIEW FINDERS.
Two types of direct view finders are available for
quick framing of pictures. Neither can be absolutelyI
accurate, as is the ground glass, but both are adequate
for most normal requirements.
a. The tubular view finder (A-150, figure 10), which
is the more accurate of the two, is a direct optical
finder. It embodies means for correcting for paralLax,
provision for determining the field of view, and rneans
for locating the center of the field at extremely close
distances.
(1) The dial (A-157) on the back of the finder,
(figures 9 and 10), has four markings which can be
aligned with the white line at the top of the finder.
Notches assist in locating the four points so that sub-
jects at distances6 f.eet,8 feet, 15 feet and @ (infinity),
respectively, will be centered on the negative when
they are centered in the view finder-provided the
photographer's eye is also centered. Vhen using the
finder, set the dial for the distance to the subject
indicated by the focusing scales.Intermediate distances
Figure ll-The Bed, DroPPed lor Wide-ongle Work may be estimated with sufficient accuracy.
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Section lV RESTR|CTED
Porogrophs 6-7 T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
(2) The front of the tubular finder is provided (3) The reflector to be used will depend upon the
with a removable mask (A-159, figure 10) which indi- type of lamp selected for the picnrre. For picnrres
cates the approximate field of view covered by the at close and medium distances with thre 63/s-inch lens, :dqai
6t/s-inch lens. Vhen removed, the angular larget visible field the @-degiee field of the 5-inch reflector
(D-300) approximates of the 88- and light wide-angle ouqput of the bayonet-base lamps I or 90-mrn fhat
objective. are adequate. For picnrres at long distances with the
(3) There are three re{, close-*p centering d.ots on 6t/a-inch lens, and any picnrres with the 88-mrn or
the front lens of the tubular view finder. (See figure , 90-mm wide-angle lens, the l2O-degree angular field of
10.) These dots serve to indicate the center of the field the 7-inch reflector (D-200) and the high output of the
at various close distances, but the exact limits of the larger standard-base lamps are required.
feld must be estimated because the great parallax at (a) lf. a standard-base lamp is to be used, the
such close range throws the mask far out of line.'Sfhen 7-inch reflector (D-200) will be required. Insert the
using these dots, the parallax eyepiece is ser at 6 feet. two prongs of the reflector support (D-3O2, figure 12)
The upper dot is used at 48 inches, the center at 36 into the openings at the upper rearr of the battery case
inches, and the lower at 18 inches. These distances head, and push the support down firmly by pressure
are measured from the focal plane, not from the lens of the thumb on the flat portion of the support until
or the camera front. The eye must be accurately cen- the small lug at the back of the supporr can engage
tered behind the eyepiece. the corresponding hole in the back of the battery case;
b. The wire-frame 6nder (figure 9) consists of two push the support back so that this lug engages in the )
parts: the peep sight (A-&9\ on the back of the hole to lock the support and reflector in position.
camera, and the wire fra.tts (A-525) that telescopes (b) lt a miniature bayonet-base lamp is to be behind the front standard. It is best suited to making used, the 5-inch reflector is required. It is inserted in
picnrres of rapidly moving objects that would be substantially the same way as the 7-inch reflector as in- difrcult to follow in the tubular finder. structd in the preceding paragraph;-ttt"-f when pressing it
(1) TO PREPARE THE \nRE FINDER FOR down into position, tn" should reit on the 'the USE.-Raise the pivoted peep sight (A-&D to socket that is a part of the reflector assembly.
vertical; grasp the upper bar of the frame (A-525)
at its center, and pull it straight up until the upper CAUTION
section is fully extended and the lower bar of the Under no circumstances should a reflector be
frame is about 1 inch above the top of the lensboard inserted by pressing on the reflector itself;
frame. always press on the reflector support or socket,
lest the reflector be deformed or bent out of (2) TO USE THE SZIRE FINDER.-Place the its proper position.eye as close as possible to the peep sight, and center
the eye and peep sight in the front frame. The area (4) Standard-base lamps are inserted in the 7-inch
included by the frame corresponds roughly to the field reflector by merely pressing the base down into the
of the 6/e-inch lens. socket, and are released by pressure on the two wings
of the clamp (D-129) protruding from the rear of the (3) TO CLOSE THE \frIRE FINDER.-Push the
hattery case. The height of the reflector should bepeep sight down to the right, and push the front frame
adjusted so that its center is opposite the center of .stra,igbt down until it is completely telescoped.' the bulb of the lamp; to make this adiustment, loosen )
7. IHE SYNCHRONIZER. the thumbscrew (D-2O7, figure L2) at the back of the
a. To prepare the synchronizer for use, it is necessary reflector.
to attach the battery case (D-100, figure 12) to the (5) Bayonet-base lamps are inserted in the socket
mounting plate (8-108, figure 7) on the range finder (D-3O7) of the 5-inch reflector (figure l2),by engaging
housing, to connect the solenoid release (D-400, figures the prongs of the base in the slots at the front and
5 and 6) with the battery czrse, to attach the proper rear of the socket and pressing the lamp down until
reflector to the battery case, and to insert a lamp in the front prong is below the lug of the clamp that
the socket. retains it. Lamps are released by downward pressure
(1) Open the clamp lever .(D-110, figure 12) on on the portion of the clamp that protrudes forward.
the battery case,slide the clamp on the mounting plate b. The synchronizer is operated by pressure on the
(8-108) from the bottom, to.the desired location; lock main switch (D-153) at the back of the batrery. To
the battery carrc on the plate by closing the clamp make a flash exposure it is necessary only to cock the
lever (D-110). shutter, place a film holder in the camera and remove
(2) Insert the pin plug of the connecring cord the slide, insert a lamp in the synchronizer socket, focus
(D-600) in the receptacles in the solenoid release (fig- the lens, comlxrse the picture in a view finder, and
ures 5 and 6), and insert the female plug on the other I.ttly press the main switch on the synchronizer.
end in one of the parallel outlets at either side of the After the exposure has been made the lamp is released
top front of the battery case. as instructed in p^ragrapView original page 17Page 18 · Read text
RESTRICTED Section lV
T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4 Porogrophs 7-l I
[.129
0-l33
0.153
D-302
0-t03
E-r00
0.159
E-200 [-200 0-t02
€ [-207 0.1l0
Figure I3-The l,ens Shode and Filter [-300 c-200
[-302 sides. One side. is smooth and painted black; the other
is natural metal and has several raised bumps near one 0-301
edge. \fhen the holder is loaded, the bright sides of the
handles should face out; after exposure, the slides are
replaced with the dark sides of the handles out to Figure | 2-The Synchronizer
indicate which films have been exposed.
the slide replaced in the holder, and the holder c. The film pack adapter is attached to the camera ira
removed. the same way as the sheet-film holder.
8. IENS SHADE AND FITTERHOIDER.
I I. THE TRIPOD. a, The combination lens shade and filter holder
(figure 13) slips on the front cell of the lens. a, To assemble the tripod (figure 14), attach each leg
(1) When it is to be used as a lens shade only, separately by first folding back the two wings (H-118
the shade (E-200) is screwed directly into the adapter and H-122) of the collapsed leg assembly; then, press
ring (E-100) and the insert is not used. the two free ends of these members together so that the
holes in their brass endpieces can be slipped over the (2) Vhen it is to be used as a filter holder only,
'without the lens shade, the filter is dropped into the earpins (H-210) on the under side of the top. The leg assemblies are then locked against accidental discon- adapter ring (E-100) and retained by the insert. nection from the top by folding down the hinged brass
(3) When it is to be used as a combination filter "spreaders" (H-124) until they snap to their full exten-t holder and lens shade, the insert is not used and the sion perpendicular to the upper leg members. The
filter is retained in position by the lens shade (E-200). height of the tripod is set by both the extension and
9. F|tTERS.-Instructions for the use of the filter will spread of the legs. The length of each leg can be
be found in T. O. No. t0-t-2. changed, by telescoping or extending it, after the
knurled thumb nuts (H-116) have been loosened.
IO. ATTACHING FIIM HOTDERS
AND FIIM PACK ADAPTER. CAUTION
'S7hen a, For exposure in the camera, the holder is inserted attaching or removing the tripod legs
(with the film to be used nearest"the lens) between the from the tripod head, grasp the upper leg
back and the body. Separate the body from the back by members as near the tripod head as possible
pushing back on the two "ears" of the focusing frame and do not compress them any f.arther than
(A-616, figure 9) and slide the holder or film pack necessary; this will minimize the danger of
adapter all the way in. Make sure that the ridge on the splitting the legs.
metal shutter cover (F-110, figure 4) seats in the cor- Breakage of tripod legs will also be avoided if
responding groove in the back of the camera so that the the upper sliding member is extended to the
film will lie in the focal plane and there will be no lowest position-as far as it u.,ill go, In this
leakage of light. position, the thumbscrew (H-116) tightens
b. lt will be noted that the metal handles (F-118) of against the solid block of the member. Camera
the slides (figure 4) are treated differently on their two height may be adjusted by means of the lower
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Section lV RESTRICTED
Porogrophs t t -13 T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
o @ %@@
t
Figure lA-The Tfipod
sliding member which, being solid, may be it and grip the edge of the body as preferred; this
tightened at any elevation. leaves the right hand free for focusing, shutter opera-
tion, and filrn changing. The bed should rest on the b. The rubber feet provided with this tripod may be right palm, or be steadied by the right thunnb and fore-removed to leave sharp metal spikes. The choice be- finger on the focusing knob. Bracing the arms against ttween these rwo types of ends depends upon the surface
the body will increase the steadiness with which the on which the tripod must be set up. The spikes are to camera can be held and therefore increase the sharp-be used to prevent slipping on rock or soft ground; the ness of the negatives, especially those exposed at the rubber feet on smooth surfaces.
slower shutter speeds. c. The C-3 ground camer^ is provided with two
tripod sockets mounted in the body of the camera. In 6. \TITH THE SYNCHRONIZER ATTACHED.-
order to make accessiblethe socket for vertical picttrres, The right hand should grip the battery case with the
the top end of the carrying strap (A-124) is unhooked thumb on the rnain switch. The Jeft hand steadies the
from its catch. (See A'130, figure p.) bed and operates the"focusing knob.
d.. The C-3 ground camera is held firrnly against the I3. SUMMARY OF OPERATINGPROCEDURES.
felt-covered side of the tripod top by means of the long
brass camera-clamp screw (H-207) with an adjustable a, DAYLIGHT INSTANTANEOUS EXPOSURE'
lock-nut. (See FI-206, figure 14.) When using the wide- CAMERA HAND.HELD.
angle bed, this screw is transferred to the hole nearer (1) EQUIPMENT NEEDED.
the rim; otherwise, it is used in the center hole. (a) C-i ground calnera.
(b) Loaded fikn pack adapter or sheet-film 12. HOI.DING THE CAMERA.
holders. a. WtrTHOUT THE SYNCI{RONIZER.-HoId the
carrying strap in the left hand, or slip the hand under (c) Lens shade and filter holder combination.
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RESTRICTED Section lv
T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4 Porogroph t3
(2) PROCEDURE. (1) EQUTPMENT NEEDED.
. (a) Open the carrying case. (a) C-3 ground camera.
(b) Lift out the camera and open the bed, mak- (b) Loaded film pack adapter or sheet-film hold-a ing sure that the braces snap into position. efs.
(c) Dnw out the front until it snaps into the (c) Flash synchronizer.
springs on the infinity stops, and lock it. (/) Supply of suitable flash lamps.
(d.) Insert a holder in the camera. (2) pnocEDURE. (e) Select the correct position to give the best
(a) Open the carrying case. view of the subject, and check the framing with one of
the view finders. (b) Lift out the camera and open the bed, mak-
(f) Make sure that the shutter not being used is ing sure that the braces snap into position.
open, and that the focal-plane shutter, if open on "O," (c) Dnw out the front standard unril it snaps
is locked. into the springs in the infinity stops, and lock the front
(g) Focus. on the principal element of the sub- standard.
ject with the range finder or ground-glass, or estimate (d) Attach the battery case to the mounting
(e) Attach the reflector to the battery case.I the distance(h) Setandthefocusparallaxby scale.adjustment of the tubular plate.
view finder to coffespond with the object-distance as (fl Insert the pin plug of the connecting cord
shown on the scale. in the receptacles at the base of the solenoid release,
(i) Attach the lens shade, with or without a and the female plug in one of the parallel outlets at the
fiIter as required. top front of the battery case.
(i) Set the shutter speed according to film in (g) Make sure the release link is attached to the
use, the rate of movement of the subject, and the inten- shutter-release lever.
sity of illumination. (b) Make sure the focal-plane shutter is open
(&) Set the diaphragm according to the shutter and locked on "O."
speed. (l) Focus on the principal element of the sub-
(/) Remove the slide from the forward side of ject; if using the ground-glass, hold the shutter open
the holder. with the press-focus button. r
(m) Hold, the camera as suggested in paragraph (i) V the natural light is insufficient for normale I2.a,, this section. focusing, focus with the focuspot.
(n) Erame the subject in the view finder, and (k) lnsert the film pack adapter or film holder.
check the focus with the range finder if possible, (l) Set the parallax correction on the tubular
(o) Expose by a firm, steady pressure on the re- view finder according to the reading of the focusing
lease lever or the cablr: release, taking czrf,enot to iar scales.
the camera. (m) Set the shutter speed and diaphragm open-
(f) Reptace the slide in the holder with the ing according to the rate of movement of the subject,
dark side of the handle facing out, and remove the the depth of field required, the sensitivity of the film,I
holder from the camera. the brightness of the flash lamp, and the distance from
(V If another exposure is to be made immedi- the lamp to the subject.
ately, turn the holder around and replace it with the (n) Cock the shutter.
unexposed film toward the lens, and then proceed as (o) Insert the correct lamp.
outlined in paragraphlL3.a.(I\ ( e), this section. (p) Remove the slide from the forward side of
(r) If. another exposure is not to be made for the holder.
some time, place the holder in the carrying case and (q) Hold the camera as suggested in paragraph close the camera as follows: Lz.b., this section.
(s) Remove the lens shade and make sure the
(r) Check the focus and frame the subject. front shutter is not cocked, open, nor set at its highest
speed. (s) Expose with a firm, steady pressure\ on the
(r) Rack the track back until the focusing scales main switch.
are at infinity ( @). (r) Replace the draw slide with the dark side3
(u) Unlock the front standard and move it back of the handle out, and remove the plate holder.fromC
into the body at the rear of the track. the camera.
(o) Depress the bed braces and close the front; (a) Eject the lamp.
replace the camera in the carrying case. (o) lf another exposure is to be made immedi-
,. NIGHT INSTANTANEOUS EXPOSURE, ately repeat steps (b) throssh (u) imrnediately pre-
CAMERA HAND-HELD. ceding.
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Section lV RESTR,ICTED
Porogrophs l3-15 T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
(ut) lf another exposure is not to be made im- (&) Assemble the tripod.,
mediately, close the camera and return it to its case as (c) Adjust the length and spread of the legs
in steps (s) throu9h (a) of paragraph 13.a,(2), this sec- according to the character of the ground.tion. (d) Attach the camera. c
(e) Contfurue zrsin steps a,(2)(d') through (p), ot c. TRIPOD EXPOSURES, DAY OR NIGHT.
b.(2)(i) through (u) above. (1) EQUIPMENT NEEDED. (f) lt no further exposures are to be made: re- (a) Sameas in paragraph L3.a.or b,, this section, move the camera from the tripod, close the camera and
as required,plus the tripod. place it in the carrying case,and disassemblethe tripod
(2) PROCEDURE and place it in the case.
(a) Preparethe camer^as in stepsa.(2)(a),(b), (9 lf more exposures are to be made, repeat the
and (c), or b.(2)(a) through (b) above. proper steps as instructed above
14. EXPOSURETABLES
The following tables indicate approximate settings of the shutters for exposures under several '
general types of conditions. They are based on panchromatic film having a'Weston speed of 100
to daylight (64 to tungsten). Variations from these values will depend on the character of the ;
subject and on other factors, and will be made according to the experience of the photographer;
but the following recommendations may be followed safely.
a. APPROXIMATE FOCAL-PLANE SHUTTER SETTINGS FOR VARIOUS CONDITIONS.
(utitb Pan Film, Weston 100 to Dayligbt)
TYPEGF SUBJECT ACTION STREET PORTRAIT TANDSCAPE
Speed of subiecl 6O mph 15 mph still still
Shutter Slit D o r V s C o r / s B o r s / + A o r l V z
Lens Aperture f/8 f/rL f/r6 f/32
Illumination Sbutter Tension for Pan Film W'eston 1,00
' Very Dull r3 1 1
Dull 24 2 2
Clear, 35 3 3 ' fJ Bright 46 4 4
V.ty Bright 51 5 5
Brilliant 62 6 6
,. APPROXIMATE FRONT-SHUTTER EXPOSURESSTIITH PHOTOFLOOD IAMPS.
(using trao No, 1 lamps in good.reflectors,and.Pan Film Weston 64 to Tumgsten)
Dislonce, Exposure Distonce Exposure
Lomps fo Lens in lomps to Lens in
Subiecf Aperfure Seconds Subiect Aperture Seconds
4 feet f /4.5 r/Loo 10 feet r/4.s L/15 )
4 feet f/rr r/2j 10 feet f /rL r/z .L/LO 4 feet t/16 10 feet f/16 1
. 4 feet t/32 V2 10 feet f/32 4
Tbe aboae oalues are based.on ligbt-colored. subjects, Tbe exposure sbould. be d.oubled for dark
utalls and. sub'iect (1/50 instead.of 1/100, for exa.mPle),
c. FIASH EXPOSURES.-Tablesgiving the proper exposure for various flash lamps at various
distances are supplied with the lamps or are available from the manufacturers of the lamps.
I5. STOWING EQUIPMENT c. The 7-inch reflector, in its corduroy bag, fits in
IN THE CARRYING CASE. the front center compartment with the 5-inch reflector.
, a. The camera itself is placed in the rear center com- d, The battery case is placed lengthwise in the deep
partment, with its carrying handle up and its back cut-outs of the two main compartment walls, with its
toward the back of the case. head to the left and main switch up.
b, The wide-angle lens, on its lensboard, is placed in e, The tripod legs rest on the higher cut-outs ari the
the corner subcompartment of the front center section. front of the case,and are held in position by the rubber-
CAUTION covered flat members projecting up from the walls.
\Zhen placing a lens in this compartment or l. The tripod top, filters, lens shade and filter holder,
when removing it, grasp the lensboard and and miscellaneous accessoriesare accommodated in the
not the tripper. rear comPartment.
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RESTRICTED Seciions lV-V
T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
g. Six sheet-film holders and the film pack adapter, CAUTION
when removed from their boxes, will fit in the right In stowing equipment, care should be taken
that the various articles are so placed in posi- front compartment. t tion that they fit smoothly and easily and will
b. Flash lamps and miscellaneous items may be kept not chafe against each other when the case
in the left compartment. is handled.
SECTIO]I Y
SERVTGEIIISPEGTTOII. TIAIIITE]IA]IGE A]ID TUBRTGATIOil
I. GENERAI. then with the shutter leavesopen; also, with the shutter
a, The C-3 Ground Camera is carefully constructed leaves open and the diaphragm closed.
and, with proPer care, will give the type of perform- CAUTION i
ance which is rightfully to be expected from high- Do not separate the elements of the lens cells
grade equipment. Although it is strong enough to with- unless their interior surfaces require cleaning;I stand normal shocks incident to shipping and actual if this must be done, be sure to reassemble
use, it is a precision instrument and should be so han- them handtight without forcing, and be sure
dled as to avoid injuries to the more sensitive parts not to screw the cells too tightly into the
such as lens, shutter, range finder, etc. , mount. Do not oil ^ny part of either the
2. INSPECTIONAND MAINTENANCE. Graphex or Supermatic shutter.
a. LENS. If the shutter cannot be cleaned satisfactorily in this
way, it must be disassembled as instructed in section (1) The lens must be kept clean at all times.
VI, paragraph 2.a. (2) Never touch the glass of a lens with the fingers, (3) FOCAL-PLANE SHUTTER.-This shutter re- for fingerprints corrode the highly polished surfaces
quiqes at least partial disasseinbly for any cleaning, as and ruin the objectives.
instructed in section VI, paragnph 2.e, (3) A soft camel's-hair brush is usually sufficient
c. Filters require the same care as lenses.The mount for rernoving dust and lint from the lenses,and a small
should be checked to see that it does not exert undue rubber ear syringe is handy f.or blowing off dust.
pressure on the filter, and care should be exercised to (4) It additional cleaning seems to be called for, make sure that the filter is attached squarely and accu- use lens tissue made for that purpose or, if this is not rately to the lens.
available, a soft, freshly laundered, unstarched, unused, /. Holders, before being loaded, should be thor- linen handkerchief. oughly dusted both inside and out. A reasonably stiff
(5) Breathing on the lens, after dusting and before paint brush, having unused bristles which will not
rubbing with cloth or tissue, is accepted as good Prac- shed, is well suited to this use. The ear syringe will be
tice, but the use of household cleaning fluids should be useful here, too, to remove dust from the inaccessible
avoided. . edges. Also dust the slide thoroughly on both sides.
(6) Never unscrew the lens elements from the e. ADJUSTING THE GRAFLEX FLASH
shutter, for under normal conditions cleaning of the SYNCHRONIZER
inside surfaces will be unnecessary. (1) THE SOLENOID REIEASE.
,. SHUTTERS. (See figures 5, 6, 12, 31.)
(1) GENERAL.-Shutters contain springs that (a) It is unlikely that any adjustment of the
regulate their speed, and should not be left over long solenoid release will be found necessary,and then only
periods in their stressed (cocked) condition. The front because of one of two conditions: fitting to a new
shutter should always be released before putting the shutter, or the use of lamps having a lag characteristic
camera away: the spring tension of the focal-plane differing from the norrhal.
shutter should be rerurned to "1" and the curtain slit 1, Gnfl,ex solenoid releasesare adiusted at the
returned to "0." This practice will maintain a maxi- factory to cause the shutters, with which they are
mum efficiency in the operation of these shutters. See mounted on the lensboard, to be fully open 18 to 20f' section VI, paragraph 2.a,, f.or specific instructions in milliseconds after the circuit is closed by the main tr the maintenance of shutters. switch. (See D-153, figure 12.) The retaining spring
(2) FRONT SHUTTERS.-These shutters m y (D-405) on the adjusting head (D-4L1, figure 31) will
usually be cleaned by removing both the front and rear prevent this adjustment from being accidentally
cells of the lens and blowing clean air, not too force- changed by vibration, shaking, or normal use.
fully, into its interior. Blow on both sides with the dia- 2. lf it is desired to sbortem the time interval
phragm fully open and the shutter leaves closed, and between the closing of the electrical circuit and opera-
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I
Section V R,ESTRICTED
Porogroph 2 T. O. No. |O-IOBD-4
by energizing the solenoid. Continue this process as t
long as the solenoid will continue to operate the
shutter. l 12, Tlne "TIME" and "BLILB" positions
should now be tested.'When cocking the shutter in the
"TIME" and "BLJLB" positions, allow at least 1 second
af.ter cocking before pressing the main switch. The
shutter may operate satisfactorily at both positions
without making any further adjustments. If it does not,
note the following faults and their remedies:
a. The shutter may fail tb open birause the
[m,{tttx solenoid is not adjusted propedy. To correct this, screw
the solenoid cap (D-411) d.oam slowly until the shutter
does operate, testing'after each slight turn.
Figure | S-Synchronizer Wiring Diagtam . b. An occasional shutter may not hold its
"OPEN" position as it should on "TIME" and "BLJLB"
tion of shutter, the adjusting head (D'4LL) is turned exposures-that is, it may slide Past the "OPEN" posi- ;clockwise (as viewed from above) until the desired tion in a manner similar to its operation on the instan-
time-delay is obtained. To lengthen the time interval taneous settings. If it does this, even when there has
between closing of the electrical circuit and operation been a pause after cocking the' shutter, the shutter
of the shuffer, the adjusting head can be turned should be adjusted.
counterclockwise until the desired timing is effected. c. If the solenoid opens the shutter on
(b) Adjusting the position of the solenoid in its "TIME" or "BLJLB" settings, but fails to close it again,
mount is required when it is transferred from one lens- try closing the shutter manually by operating the re-
board or shutter to another, or when the factory setting lease lever. If it is found that the shutter hars not
has been disturbed. Proceed as follows: latched after the opening movement of the release
-1. Remove the lensboard from the camera. lever, the closing movement cannot be accomplished.
2. Slightly loosen the clamp screw (D-503) in This calls for adjusting the shutter, providing that the
the mount (D-500) so that the solenoid release may be solenoid cap was not screwed down farther than neces-moved vertically in its mouot (figure 31). saty, as described in 72.a. above. €l
-3. Connect the link (D-401) with the shutter' d. If the release lever does latch'after the
opening movement, but the solenoid armature travelrelease lever.
4. Set the shutter at its top speed, and cock it. is not suffcient to accomplish the closing movement, the solenoid release must be reset in its mount. (See
5. Connect the solenoid with one of the paral- D-500, figure 31.) Paragraph a.(1)(b) above describeslel outlets in the front of the battery case' by meads of this setting but in this case, instead of having the
the connecting cord. shutter set at the highest instantaneous setting, the ad-
6. Close the main switch (D-L53, figuge L2) justments should be made with the release lever latchedand hold it closed, so that the armature (D-424, fi'gve and ready to close the shutter on the "TIME" setting. I
31) remains down. 13, Having reset the shutter in this manner,
7, Sloutly, move the solenoid away from the the solenoid should operate it for both the "TIME"
shutter, until the shutter just releases. and "BIJLB" settings with, perhaps, some adjustment
8. Open the main switch. of the solenoid cap. If it is not possible to get satis-
!. Hold the solenoid in this exact position and f.zctory shutter operation by carefully following the
tighten the clamp screw (D-503). above procedure, the shutter should be repaired.
10. The solenoid armature should be at the 14. Test the synchronization by making nega-
bottom of its stroke when the release lever is at the tives, or with a testing device as mentioned in para'
point of tripping. To test this, cock the shutter and graph (c) following.
move the release lever down aery slouly by hand. At L5, Test for symcbromizatioz should be madethe exact point where the lever releases the shutter, with a reliable device, such as the Graflex synchronizer
energize the solenoid by pressing the contact switch tester, which does not upset the synchronizer circuit or
(D-153). This should not cause any further movement €L depend, in its operation, on battery condition.of the release lever and, if the adjustments have been I
made correctly (the contact switch being kept down (2) CHANGING THE BATTTRIES.
during this process) the finger can be removed from the (a) ln the course of time it will be found neces-
release lever without the latter moving back. sary to change the batteries in the battery case. This
11. Slowly, unscrew the solenoid cap (D-4LI), should always be done when the dry cells measure less
meanwhile operating the shutter frequently at I/4OO tban 5 amperes as determined by ^ short-circuit test,
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