Canon Speedlite Reference Guide Reference guide

Acknowledgements
     The Canon SpeedliteReferenceGuide was written and designedby Chuck
      Westfall, a Senior Technical Representativeat Canon U.S.A.'s Headquarters
      Office in Lake Success,New York.*
     The ReferenceGuide could not have been written without the help of many
     peoplewho were kind enoughto take the time to review the rough drafts and
       offer constructivecomments.
      Within Canon U.S.A.'s Camera Technical Department,Mike Sheras, Tom
      Bullington,Matt Rosenaveig,and Dave Metz were especiallyhelpful.
     The following photographersand writers also providedvaluablefeedback AIon
      Reininger and David Burnett from Contact Press Images; Bill Pierce from
      Sygtta; David Brooks from PhotoPromagazineand Shutterbug;and George
     Lepp from OutdoorPhotographermagazine.
     Thanks also to Dr. Richard Taktafrom the RochesterInstitute of Technology
     School of PhotographicArts and Sciencesfor his kind permissionto use the
     coIortemperaturedi-agramshownonpage30inSectionoie.
'      Last but certainlynot least,thanksto the many Canoncustomers,both amateur        I
     and professional,who generatedthe questionsthat helpedto refine the structure
      of the ReferenceGuide.
                                                                                 ^      This ReferenceGuide has beenproducedby the Canon U.SA. Camera Tech-
      nical Departmentas a supplementto the instraction manualsfurnished with            i
     Canon EOS and T90 camerasas well as Canon Speedlites.Whileeveryeffort
      lns beenrnadeto assureits accuracy,we welcomeyour comtnentsand sugges-
      tions regarding its contents. We urge you to familiarize yourself with the
      techniquesexplainedherein prior to usagein actual working situations.           :X
            r Defrnitions for BCPS, ECPS, *vtt-second.ljaie,  and. guide rmnbr  are frat   tlre Intcrnational Centcr af
        Phongraplry Encyclopediaof Phdograptry, ft) 1984, Crown P.rblislrr,rs,Inc., NewYork





                                                                                                                                                                                                                       l;,*


      CopyrightIggI by Canon U.SA.,Inc., AII Right Reseryed.



                              www.orphancameras.com

Canon Speedlite Reference Guide





INTRODUCTION

 Canon U.S.A. would like to help you enjoy flash photography with your Canon
 equipment. That's why we have produced this Reference Guide. Much of the
                  here is in direct response to   inquiries received by our Taterial_presented
 CameraTechnical Department over the past few years.

The Speedlite Reference Guide supplies information not found in the standard
 instruction books. The instruction books describe basic operations,such as how
 to load the batteries,what buttons to push, etc. The ReferenceGuide instead:
 *  Explains the basic principles and terminology of flash photography.
 *  Shows how to control the ratio between flash and existing light exposure.
 *  Discussesthe techniquesthat can help you to master your equipment.
The Reference Guide thus supplements,but does not replace the instruction
books, We strongly recommend that you take the time to familiarize yourself
 with the basic operation of your Canon camera and flash equipment through the
 instruction books which are suppliedwith each item. -

This ReferenceGuide consistsof five sections:
 $ection One discussesthe basic principles of flash photography.You'll learn the
basic terminology of contemporaryelectronic flash, with an emphasison easy-
to-understandexplanations.Topics include:components,synchronization,light-
 ing quantity and quality.

SectioUfwq explains the elementsof flash exposure.Once again,the emphasis
 is on simplicity. This section shows how existing light and flash illumination
can interact in your photography.

 Section Three covers the usage of each Canon Speedlite with the various EOS
camerasand the T90. Here, you'll see how Canon'sexclusive technology ap-
plies to your equipment.The emphasisis on the differencesbetween various
      ery_gsuremodes, Iike A-TTL,  TTL  Auto, Flash Exposure [.ock, andfgsh
Manual Flash. This section shows how flash exposure modes interact with
cameraexposuremodes.


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Section Four discussesadvancedtechniquessuch as:

a. Exposure Compensation                  e. SecondCurtain Sync
b. Color Balance Compensation                  f. StroboscopicFlash
c. Bounce Flash                              g. Macro Flash
d. Off-Camera & Multiple Flash            h. Time-lapse Flash

Seqtfo!! Eive covers Compatibility and Safety Precautions.Here, you'll learn
mouT otaional power sour6es,safe trigger ciriuit voltages, non-dedicated flash
units, studio flash, optical and radio slaves,etc.

HOW TO USE TI{IS REFERENCE GUIDE

Use only the Sectionsyou need. It is not necessaryto master every technique if
you plan on working with only one or two.

Do you want to study fill-in  flash? Start by learning the basic elements of flash
exposure as detailed in Section Two. Next, pick a camera exposure mode by
evaluating the lighting conditions you'll be working under. In bright  light,
Program mode is probably the best choice becauseit sets everything automati-
cally. (See page 44.) In low light, on the other hand, you have to be preparedto
deal with wide apertures,slow shutter speedsor both if you want fill-in  flash.
Aperture Priority is a good choice under these conditions. (See Aperture Priority
A-TTL, pp.aa-45.)
If low light fill-in  flash isn't important to you, there are basically two choices:
Program mode if you want the camera to do everything for you, or TTL Auto
flash in the camera'smanual mode when you'd rather make the camera settings
yourself (see Section 38: TIL  Auto Flash).

Exposure Compensation is a valuable creative control. karn  the ditference
between ambient exposure @mpensation and flash exposure compensation. If
you want to control the amount of flash illumination on: the subject, that's flash
exposure compensation. If you want to control the brightness of the background,
that's ambient exposure compensation,even when you're using a flash. If you
need to brush up on technique, check out Section 4,4..

Are you more concernedabout lighting quality? If you want to try something
different than on-camera direct flash, consider bounce flash or  try an Off
CameraShoe Cord (see Sections 4C and 4D).

If you're primarily interestedin advancedtechniques,you'll find them in Section
Four. Regardlessof your experiencelevel, we strongly recommendthat you read
Section Five on Safety Precautionsas a review.

Before you begin, keep in mind that the most valuable learning aid is experi-
ence. We encourage you to use your equipment to take experimental flash pic-
tures that test your understanding of the concepts presentedhere. The reward for
increasedknowledge will be superior quality results. The better you understand
your options, the more flexible you can be in handling a given situation.

                                              Page 3

EQUIPMBNT COVERBD IN THIS REFERENCE GUIDE

A. CAMERAS: EOS 620,630,650,700,750,850,Rebel,RT, 10s,and 1
plus the T90. (Other cameras:compatibility information only)

B. SPEEDLITES:  1608, 200F., 300F,2, 420E,2, 43082, Macro Ring Lite ML-
 3, the built-in flashes of the EOS 700, 750, & 10s plus the 300TL and the
Macro Ring Lite ML-z. (Other Speedlites:compatibility information only)

C. FIASH  ACCESSORIES: NEW Off-Camera Shoe Cord. TTL  Hot Shoe
Adapters1 &.Z,TTL Distributor,Off-Camera ShoeAdapter,ionnecting Cords
60 & 300, Transistor Pack E, NiCd Pack TP, NiCd Charger TP, & the PC
SockctAdaptcr.

D. OTHERACCESSORIES: Command Back 90 & El, plus Technical Back E.

Except for compatibility information, this Reference Guide has no information
about other Canon equipment.Unless specifically mentioned,relevanceof this
information to other Canon equipmentis expresslynot implied, nor should it be
 inferred.
CAMERA AND SPEEDLITE SPECIFICATIONS
Product                                                 Pase





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           . :ii:s$&dtu-                                                                                                                                                  'gg

EOS-I SPECIFTCATIONS





      Tvpe:                  Autofocus,using EF lrnses

     Exposure Modes:         IntelligentProgram,Tv, Av, Depth, Manual

      MeteringPatterns:     6-ZoneEvaluative,2.3ToSpot,5.8VoPartial,Center-
                           Weighted
      Shutter SpeedRange:   1/8000- 30 secondsplus B in 1/3 increments

     Maximum X-Svnc Speed: 11250

     Maximum Film Transport Speed: 2.5 fps (5.5 fps with Power Drive Booster)

     ISO Ranse:            (DX)25-5000, (Manual)6-6400 in 713increments
 ,    Exposure Compensation: +3 stepsin 713increments
      Metering Sensitivity:   EV -1 to 20

      Multiple Exposure Capabilitv:  Up to 9 consecutive

      Other Features:        8 Custom Functions,Quick Control Dial, Auto
                           ExposureBracketing
      Introduction f)ate:      June. 1989

                                                 Page 5
I1

T9OSPECIFICATTONS





Type:                Manual focus, using FD Irnses
Exposure Modes:       Program, Variable Program, Tv, Av, Manual,
                     Stopdown AE, Stopdown Fixed lndex
MeterinqPatterns:      2.77oSpot, l3%oPartial,Center-Weighted
 Shutter Speed Range:   114000- 30 secondsplus B in 712increments

Maximum X-Svnc Speed: 11250

Maximum Film Transport Speed: 4.5 fps (5 fps in Stopdownmodes)

ISO Ranse:            (DX)25-5000, (Manual)6-6400 in 1/3 increments
Exposure Compensation: +2 stepsin 713increments

Metering Sensitivitv:   EV 0 to 20

Multiple Exposure Capabilitv:  Up to 9 consecutive

Other Features:        Multi-Spot Metering,Highlight/ShadowControl

Introduction Date:      January,1986


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EOS 630/RTSPECIFICATIONS





 Tvpe:                Autofocus,usingEF Irnses





Maximum X-Svnc Speed:71125
Maximum Film Transport Speed:5 fps
ISO Ranse:          (DX)25-5000,(Manual)6-6400in 1/3 incremenrs
ExposureCompensation:+5 stepsin ll2 increments
MeterinsSensitivitv:   630:EV -1 to 20 RT: EV -0.5 to 20
Multiple ExposureCapabilitv:  Up to 9 consecutive
Other Features:       7 Custom Functions (630), 15 Custom Functions
                         (RT), Auto ExposureBracketing (both)
Introduction Date:     March, 1989 (630) / December,1989 (Rf)
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EOS 6201650SPECIFICATIONS





Tvpe:                   Autofocus, using EF l,enses
Bxposure Modes:          IntelligentProgram,Tv, Av, Depth*, Manual
                       (*650 only)

MeteringPatterns:      6-ZoneEvaluative,6.5%oPartial
 Shutter Speed Ranse:   620 714000- 30 secondsplus B in ll2 increments
                      650:712000- 30 secondsplus B in ll2 increments
Maximum X-Svnc Speed: 620: 71250 650 lll25

Maximum Film Transport Speed: 3 fps
ISO Ranse:            (DX)25-5000, (Manual)6-6400 in 1/3 increments
 Exposure Compensation: +5 stepsin 712increments
 Metering Sensitivitv:   EV -1 to 20
 Multiple Exposure Capabilitv:   620: up to 9 consecutive650: None

 Other Features:        620: Auto ExposureBracketing,IlluminatedICD
                       650: None

 Introduction Date:      February,1987 (Both discontinuedin 1990)

                                                       Page 9

EOS 7OOSPECIFICATIONS





Tvpe:                Autofocus,usingEF Irnses
ExposureModes:       IntelligentProgram,Depth,Tv, pIC
Meterinq Patterns:     6-ZoneEvaluative
 Shutter SpeedRange:  Program& PIC modes:l/2000 - 2 seconds
                       ShutterPriority: 112000- ll4 plus B in 1 stepincre-
                   ments
Maximum X-Svnc Speed:11125
Maximum Film Transport Speed:1.2fus
ISo Ranee:          (DX)25-3200(Manual)None(non-DX defaultsto
                 rso2s)
Exposure Compensation: None
Meterinq Sensitivitv:   EV 0 to 20 "
MultipleExposureCapabilitv:   None

Other Features: Safety Prewind Film Transport, Built-in Flash
Introduction Date:      700: March, 1990 (DiscontinuedSeptember,1990)
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EOS 750/850SPECIFICATIONS





Tvpe:                   Autofocus, using EF lrnses
Exposure Modes:         Intelligent Program, Depth

Metering Patterns:     6-Zone Evaluative
 Shutter Speed Ranse:   112000- 2 seconds

Maximum X-Svnc Speed: 71125
Maximum Film Transport Speed: 1.2 fps
ISO Ranse:           (DX)25-3200 (Manual) None (non-DX defaultsto
                  rso2s)
 Exposure Compensation: None

 Meterinq Sensitivitv:   EV 0 to 20
 Mqttipte Exposure Cap        None
 Other Features: Safety Prewind Film Transport, Built-in Flash (750)
 Introduction l)ate:      September,1988 (Both discontinuedin 1990)

                                           Page 11

EOS REBEL SPECIFICATTONS





 Tvpe:                  Autofocus, using EF Irnses
 Exposure Modes:         IntelligentProgram,Tv, Av, Depth, Manual
                     Green 7nne, Portrait, CIose-Up, I-andscape,Sports
 Meterinq Patterns:     6-zone Evaluative,9.5voPartial,center-
                      Weighted* (*In Manual Exposuremode)
 Shutter Speed Ranse:   1/1000 - 30 secondsplus B in llZ increments
Maximum X-Svnc Speed: 1/90

Maximum Film Transport Speed: 1 fps

 ISo Range:           (DX)25-5000, (Manual)6-6400 in 1/3 increments
Exposure Compensation: +2 stepsin 712increments
Metering Sensitivitv:   EV 2 to 20

Multiple Exposure Capabilitv:  Up to 9 consecutive
Other Features:         Safety Prewind Film Transport
Introduction Date:     September,1990

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SPEEDLTTE42OEZSPECIFICATIONS





 Tvpe: Bounce& Swivel
 FlashExposureModes:A-TTL, T:fL, VariablePowerManual
 Focal l-cngth coverage: 24nm to 80mmAutomaticInternalrnom
                        with ManualOvenide
Guide Numbers OSO 100.ft.):
               24mm 28mm 35mm 50mm 70mm 80mm
         Full PowertTlL
       Manual1/2    59    63    70    82    94    99
      Manual1/4    41    45    50    58    66    70
      Manual1/8    29    31    35      4t     47    49
      Manual1/16   27    22    25    29    33    35
      Manual7132  74    76    17    20    23    24
PowerSource:  4 AA cells
RecvclinsTime: 0.2 - 13 secondswith alkalineAA
# of Flashes:   100-700with alkalineAA
Weieht: 72.4oz. withoutbatteries

Introduction Date:      February, 1987 (Discontinued in 1989)
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SPEEDLTTE }OOF,ZSPECIFICATIONS





Tvpe: Direct Flash only

Flash Exposure Modes: A-TTL, TTL

Focal Length Coveraqe: 28-70mm with Auto lnternal Tnom Mechanism
Guide Numbers (ISO 100. ft L
                      28mm 35mm  50mm 70mm
        TfL                73    83    93    100

Power Source:  4 AA cells
Recvclinq Time: 0.3 - 8 secondswith alkalineAA cells

# of Flashes:   200-2000 with alkaline

Weisht: 7.6 oz.

Introduction Date:February, 1987



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SPEB,DLITE 2OOESPECIFICATIONS





      Tvpe: Direct Flash only

      Flash Exposure Modes: TTL
      Focal Length Coverage: 35mm (28mm with accessoryadapter)
      Guide Number (ISO 100. ft.):65 (45)

     Power Source:  4 AA cells

  .    Recvcling Time: 0.4-5 seconds

      # ofFlashes:   400-4000

      Weieht: 4.6 oz.

      Introduction_Dale: September,1990




                                               Page 17

I

SPEEDLITE 16OESPECIFICATIONS





Tvpe: Direct Flash only

 Flash Exposure Modes: TTL

 Focal Length Coverage: 35mm
Guide Number (ISO 100. ft.):52

Power Source: 2CR5 Lithium Battery
Recvcling Time: 0.3 - 1.7 seconds

# ofFlashes:   400-4000

Weight:3 oz. without battery

Introduction Date:September,1988 (DiscontinuedSeptember,1990)




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MACRO RING LITEM.L-Z
SPE,CIFICATIONS





Tvpe:               Macro Ring Lightw12 individual flashtubes
                              (for exclusiveuse with T90)

Flash Exposure Modes: TTL, Manual Hi, Manual l,o

Focal I-ength Coveraqe: 50mm for macro, 28mm for non-macro
Guide Numbers (ISO 100, ft.):TTL/Full Power 36
                    Manual 1/16    9

Power Source:  4 AA cells, alkalineor NiCd
Recvclins Time: 0.2 - 13 secondswith alkaline

# ofFlashes:   100-700

Weieht:12"7 oz. without batteries

Introduction Date:      February,7987



                                           Page 19

MACRO RING LITE ML-3
SPECIFICATIONS





Tvpe:               Macro Ring Light w/2 individual flashtubes
                              (for use with EOS camerasand T90)
Flash Exposure Modes: TTL

Focal l*ngth Coverage: 50mm for macro, 28mm for non-macro
Guide Numbers (ISO 100. ft.):   36
Power Source:  4 AA cells. alkaline or NiCd
RecyclingTime: 0"2 - 13 secondswith alkaline

# ofFlashes:   100-700

Weight: 72.7 oz. without batteries

Introduction f)ate:     June.1989





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SECTION ONE: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTRONIC FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY
This section provides useful, general information about flash photography. If
you're looking for specific information on the usageof Canon Speedliteswith
Canon SLRs, you'll find it in Sections3 through 5.                                                                                                                                         I
                                                                                                      lg I A. C OII TE M P O R4RY E I,N C TRO I,{I C F I-45 H TE RM I AtrOI, O G Y               5
The first step toward understandingthe functions of your Canon Speedlite is tolearn about the underlyingprinciplesof electronicflash itself.                                               {i

There are many types of electronic flash units, from miniature size  to studio
flash. The volume of light output is the main variable.AII electronic flash units
share a common structure consisting of a power source, at least one storage
capacitor,a trigger circuit, and a flash tube.
The pow.er source, can vary widgly. Studio flash units typically require high
voltage input, such as 110 or 220 volt AC. Most other electronic fl-ashunits,
including all Canon Speedlites,use batterieS.Some units, such as the built-in
flash on 35mm point-and-shoot cameraslike the Canon Snappy Q, require as
little as 3 volts from a pair of AA  cells. We'll discussbatteriesin greate.rdetail
in SectionFive.

Voltage from the power source accumulates and is stored (temporarily) in at
Ieast one capacitor. With an AC power source, voltage is converted to DC
before storage.The reason for the capacitor(s)is that the-voltagerequired to fire
the flash is far higher than the current supplied from the power source. For
studio flash, the combined electrical potential of the storagecapacitorscan often
exceed1,000volts. A typical Canon Speedlitecapacitormay store severalhun-
dred volts.

Once a full charge accumulates, the flash is ready to fire. This condition is
usually indicatedby a signal, such as a ready light, an audible tone, or a view-
finder display symbol. The firing  is controlled by a trigger circuit, r,r.hichis
basically an electrical switch. Trigger circuits can sometimes supply excessive
voltage to the camera which can result in severe and expensivedamage.It is
always wise to know the maximum acceptablelimit that your equipment can
handle before using an unfamiliar flash unit. There is more information on this
topic in SectionFive.





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The actual light source in any electronic flash unit is theflash tube. This tube is
normally made of glass or quartz. It contains a small quantity of inert, colorless
gas, usually xenon. The flash tube is usually (but not always) surroundedby a
leflector which directs the light toward the subject in an even pattern. When the
power from the storage capacitor-quite  is dischargedthrough the tlutlt tu.be,it creates
an extremely intense, yet       brief burst of light. Though the intensity and
duration of the flash burst vary according to the size of the tube and the control
circuitry of the flash unit,   typical durations range {rom  ll.75p t9 1i20,000
second.Unlike flashbulbs, which are only used once, electronic flash tubes can
be usedthousandsof times without replacement.
The amount of time required to accumulatea full charge is known as the recl-
cling time. Recycling iime varies according to the type of power supply, the
storagepotential of tlie capacitor, and the output control circuit of the flash unit.
Some C-anonSpeedlites(160E, 300F;2,420E,2,& 430E,2)feature a special fast-
recycling circuit called Rapid-Fire Flash.In  this mode, it's possibleto fire the
naJn wit-h only a partial charge.Recycling times are reducedto a maximum of
 only 2 secondi wiih fresh batteries.Though the usable distancerangg is natural-
ly iess than full-power  flash,  it  is typicallJ enoug]r for standard snapshots.
fhere's more information about Rapid-Fire Flash and recycling time in Section
Five.
 lt is usually possible to fire an electronic flash with a hand-operated switch,
sometimes called a test or open flash button. However, timing the.flash to fire
when the camera's shutter is open during fast shutter speedsrequires far more
accuracy than a hand-operated switch allows. Consequently,camera manufac-
 turers have devised many methods of firing the flash automatically.-Thesevary
 according to the type of flash, but the general term is synchroniz4tion, or sJnc
 for short. The phoiographic-The industry has set universally recognizedslandardsfor
 flash synchronization.     standard synchronization for electronic flash has
been named type X, or X sync.
 Focal plane shutters (used in all current Canon EOS cameras as well as the T90)
 have a limited range of shutter speedsthat are suitable for X sync. Most modern
 focal plane shutters can synchronize electronic flash up to approximalely^lllZ1.
 Some'modelssuch as the EOS 1, EOS 620, and the T90 can sync at U250. With
 focal plane shutters, the flash normally fires when the first shutter curtain is
 fully operr at the beginning of the exposure. However, Canon has developed-a
 new method called SlcondCurtain Sync, in which the flash fires just before the
 secondshutter curtain begins to close"For more details on Second Curtain Sync,
 pleasesee Section 48.





                                              Page 23

In addition to the standard flash components listed above, Canon Speedlites
contain many other featuresthat increasetheir usefulnesswith EOS camerasand
the T90. These featuresinclude:

Automatic Film $pged Ig$Ae  Set by the camera through the connecting shoe.
                                                       , Canbn SLRs are coupled at all ISO speedsfor
flash photography.

AF Auxiliarv  Lieht: Enables EOS camerasto focus automatically in low light.
With EOS-1, 630, & RT, the AF Auxiliary Light is only emitted during One
Shot AF. The AF Auxiliary Light is not emitted when the Modular Off-Camera
TTL accessoriesare used, but does function with the new Off-Camcra Shoe
Cord (See Section 4D). The EOS 10s contains its own built-in AF Auxiliary
Light, as do the built-in pop-up flash units in the EOS 700 and 750.

Auto Internal Zoom Mechanism: The flash head position automatically ad-
                            camera shutter ielease is pressed hal-fway.
This featureis availableon the 300E2,4208Z,,and 43082 Speedlites.

Manual Zqqm Settine: The photographercan manually set the zoom head with
@oEZ:ana+zdsz.
Save Enerw  (SE) Flnction:  The Speedlite automatically shuts off  its power
circuit after a certain period of inactivity in order to save batteries.However, the
control circuit remains active so that the flash can start charging automatically
as soon as the shutter releaseis pressedhalfway.

Hot Shoe Lock Pin: Built into the Speedlites430E,2and 200E. Holds the flash
securelyin place on the EOS-I, RT, 630, 10s and Rebel. This pin will retract
automatically when the 430E2 or 200E is used on other cameras.

Rapid-Fire  Flash: Rapid-Fire Flash is built into the Speedlites 160E, 30082,
420F-2,& 43082. In all flash modes except Manual ll7, 112,and Stroboscopic
Flash between 6 and 10 Hz, the ready lamp will glow green before it glows red.
The Egeenready lamp indicates a usable partial charge, and is referred to as
Rapid-Fire Flash. The purpose of Rapid-Fire Flash is to permit flash photogra-
phy during the recycling period, normally impossible with conventional TTL
flash units.

Note: Rapid-Fire  Flash is not available when using Transistor Pack E, when
using the camera's Manual exposure mode, or  in the camera's continuous
winding modes.

With fresh batteries, the green ready lamp will appear within 1.5 seconds after
turning on the Main Switch, or after a full power flash. Even though the Speed-
lite is only partially charged during Rapid-Fire Flash, usable distance range @
ISO 100 with a 50mm fl1.8 standard lens is at least 16 ft. with a 420F,2 or
43082. Using the A-TTL  system, the camera will  verify correct exposure
before the picture is taken. If the green ready lamp takes longer than 10 seconds
to glow, replace or rechargethe AA batteries.

                                             Page 25