Frena No. 00 User manual

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    The Frena.
          (N{E[,{0RAI\DUM SIZE ) lio. 00.

         TECH N ICAL DATA.
Lens               Single Achromatic Lens.
Fbcal lengtlt  Lens                of.. +Lin.
Aferture ..       $, diaphragms Ju {o.o.
Focus           Fixed. Range lu, horizon to
                15 ft.  Frena magnifiers may
               be added for objects as near
                  as 3 ft.
Size of Fihtr    .. 3* x za.
Size of Pictore        Slz x z*.
Full Cltarge     Two packs, i.e., 4o films.
Speed of S/nd/er'..  $, 1%', th, a\, eb'of a second' and                    tlme expostlres.
Indicator sltou'ing
   ntnnber of Fihns
  used            Right hand side of case.
                                   about  2oo withSzaingbac/e .. Can be used
                       smallest stoP.
Finders         Two, for vertical and  horizontal
                          pictures.
 Tt'Qod Socleets    To order only.
 Weiglzt cltarged
    zaitlz 4o Filns.  . z$ lbs.
Dhnensiorts           9.i in. x J   x3+

PRELIMINARY.

                                                                                      is                                                    systern        THB adaptability of the Frena                                                                                                                                             .
           such that really'excellent-who       pictures Tay be
            taken by those      knorv nothing whatever
           about photographic processes. So simple,
              indeed,'is thJapparatus, that three manipula-                           ^for             tions, repeated     each exposure, are all
                                                     operator'           that is ictually required of the
                                                                                                                  :           These manipulations are
'll                         l. Wind the Shutter.
                2. Make the exPosure bY setting: ofi
                        the Shutter.
               3. Change the Film bY turning the
                          handle.
          When the forty photographs which form
          the first charge have been taken, the
                                                   simplest           camera may bJ re-charged in the
                                                             films             possible rlanner' and the exposed
              inuy, if desired, be sent to us to be finished'
           We ernploy a staff of skilful operators for developing
                                                          in any required             and printing, and                                                       th.e .pictures                                    -supply
                nunrber as Promptly as posstote.
               Let it be understood, however, that we strongly
                  ,"*rrtrtt"nd eveni' amateur to do his own developing,
                    a- pcrfect knowiedge in respect- to the choice and
                                                                      the                 illJrmination of the" subiects- and the length of
               exposure, can only be obtained when the operator
                  cairies out all the subsequent processes'

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                      6
  THE FRENA No. oo.
            (MEN,IORANDUI,I SIZE.  )





               Fig t.-Front  l,'iezu.



                                                                                                             ll




                     Fis. z.-Side  l/ie'u'.
A   Shutter Knob.         H  Finder Aperture.
B  Exposure Numberj      K   Hanclle.
C   l)iaphragm Plate.        L   Register Spring.
D  Stop Nurnber.                 N{   Level.
E  Stop Handle.                      Indicator.F    Fir.rder Lens.                    No   Receiver.
G  Shutter Set Off.           P   Register Plate.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  l'l
                       8
ALTERING THE SPEED OF THE SHUTTER.

ON the bottom of the camera, near the front,                                                       ilt;l
is an elongated orifice closed by u slide.                                                 xPush this slide entirely open.
  In order to set the shutter to different
speeds, let it, first of all be wound., as
                                        the firstdirected on page 7. Then introduce
or the middle finger of the right hand into
the before-mentioned orifice at the bottom of
the camera. The Shutter Time-plate of
white metal, which is provided with hotched
edges, should then be very slightly pressed
forward, i.e., towards the lens end of the
camera, so as to release it from engagement
with the shutter disc. When thus released
the time-plate may be so rcltated, forwards
or backwards, as to bring the other exposure
numbers into the centre of the lens aperture,
when the time-plate will be found to click
into position as the various nunrbers come
into view. The engraved numbers indicate
fractions of a second-
  When the Frena is sent out from our manufactory,
the Shutter is set to a speed of futh of a second, thisbeing, perhaps, the most generally useful exposure
for snap shots.
For Setting the Sltutter for Time Exlosures
                  see pag'e 39.

Point the Frena to the Obj ect which is to
          be Photographed.





   Inspect the image in the Finder.
ON the top left hand corner of the Frena,
and on the right hand side, in the same
relative position, are oblong apertures. 'l'hese
are the Viezu Finders, Fig. + : the former for
upright, the latter for horizontal pictures.

  They show on a snaller scale, the same image as
        upon the sensitized surface within the
llll";1r,
  The grouping of the picture which is to be taken
nray thus be done within these frzrmes.

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                                                       1
                    IO


        SECOND OPERATION.

          Set off the Shutter.

                                                                                                                                                   II





                                  h'is- s.
Tnrs is d.one by pressing in the bolt which
projects from the right hand side of the
Frena, near the lou'er front corner. This
bolt, or set off, is shown as G in Fig 2.
Continue this pressure until the click of the
revolvirtg shutter is heard.
 '  fr'r performing this simple operation there
                                                                                                                                                             :is only one point which requires attention
a point, however, of the very greatest irnpor-
tance.

{



       i
                                                           II
            The camera must be absolutely motionless
                 '   during the act of exposure
          The slightest movement of the Frena
1            during exposure will detract from the sharp-
    I             ness of the picture.
    I
      I                   Hold the Camepa Steady.
.tt                     Press the Set-otr ge


   I      I                             fore-finger.
     i                Do not jerk.
 I
             Hold the camera firmly against the body
             during exposure.
 :            For exposures of -r1o second and longer,
                  it is advisable to steady the camera by
     I             holding it against some fixed support.


     I





 r

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                      t2
         THIRD OPERATION.
            Charrg, th. Film.
Horn the camera with the lens end pointed
upwards towards the sky.





                                            ,l''ig. 6.
  Grasp the level handle (K Fig. z) by the
ends ; thg:pring catch by which it is lockedinto position is then released, and the
handle can be revolved. It will be found
that it will move in one direction for a short

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                      I4

                  Indicator.


        6K%f

                      9ofizt


                   Fis 7.
Norn the indicator reading shown by the
numeral which stands a[ainst the line
engraved upon the handle rim iust above the
centre of the level. 'l'his numeral indicates
the number of the film which is in position
for the next exposure. The figures rln from
one to twenty When the twenty_first film
rs rn position the indicator will begin again
at one.
  In order to set the indicator to any par_
ticular number the camera should be
of films and the handle turned as in "-pii"dthe pro_
cess of film changing,                         until the required ,                           -number is reached.

r5

     TO REMOVE EXPOSED FILMS.
1'ern the I rena into a photographic dark-
room (u.y absolutely closed room illuminated
with a photographic red lamp will serve),
A special changing bug is supplied for
changing films in da1'light. Unbuckle the
strap handle and remove the back of the
camera by unlastening the spring catch
which is upon the top of the case.





The exposed films interleaved with their
backing cards will be found in the back lying
in a pack, sensitive side downwards, in the
order in which they have been exposed.
They must be at once well wrapped up in the
envelopes supplied for the purpose, in several

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                        t6
 thicknesses of opaque paper, or in the paper
 and cardboard boxes from which the'n'ext
 pack of fresh films is taken.
   TO RE-CHARGE WITH FRESH FILMS.
 Ir a photographic dark-room. Remove the Camera baek. It will then be found that the
 metal holder, together with the handle
 indicator, etc., swings on trunnions which
 fit in semi-circular -radles, formed by the
 sides of the wooden case. This holdei mav
 thereupon be lifted bodily out of the camera.





                        Fis q.
    It is in this holder that the films, with their
        backings,.are placed, as a pack withlpaque
their sensitive surfaces towards the lens. f.he
photograph is taken on the foremost film of
!h" series, and the revolution of the holder
(described on page rz) deposits this film aird
tts backrng card in the back of the camera,
leaving another ready frrr the next exposrlre.

.17
  Remove the metal holder and place it on
a table with the semi-circular shaped back
uppermost, as in Fig. 9.
  Press the projecting springs, RR, towards
the handle side of the holder, as shown in
Fig 9, and the semi-circular back will be
released and can be remcved together with the
spring pressure board, to which it is attached.
  The empty holder (see Fig. r r) will be seen
to consist of a rectangular box with a series
of teeth projecting inwards at the front.
Along the two sides these teeth support the
films which are pressed against them by the
spring pressure board.
   o
   o

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                     I8
 To re-charge the empty holder place in it
a dummy film. As shown in Figs. ro & rr,
the dummy film (which is identical in outline
with the other films) is notched along its                                        I
sides, the corners at one end, NN, having
notches, the corners at the other end being
solid.





                          Fig. tr.
  The dummy film is made of";"                                cardboard-ilso stiff that it is not liable        d;
and displaced b1'the pressure of the hand.
 It is provided with two circular holes. It
should be grasped by inserting the thumb
and forefinger in these holes, and so laid into
the holder that it rests evenly on the pro-
 jecting teeth.
    If it be found that it passes through the
 holder it must be reversed so that the

I
                                  I9
            notched end NN, Fig. ro, is at the other end
              of the holder.
            On top of the dummy Film place a
                      Photographie Film
             pggth-e1 with its backing of opaque paper.
           This film must be placed with iti sensilive
              snrface downwards,  i.e., towards the teeth and
           with its notched corners in the opposite
              direction end for end to those of the dum-v                                                                                                        '              film which has preceded it.
              Proceed to fill the holder with the films in
              alternating sequence as regards the position
               of their notched corners, that is to sayf exactly
             as they are supplied by the manufacturers. Iil
                fact, the entire pack exactly as it is supplied
                   tft" makers, may be put in direct ,tpott               !f           the dummy film, taking care only that the
               first film is in the opposite direction as
            regards its notched corners to that of the
         dummy film.
           The total number of films in the holder
            should never exeeed forty (two packs) in all.
                      If the holder to be re-charged has some films
                 still remaining in it, the use of the dummy
              film may be dispensed with, taking care that
            the alternate sequence as regards the notches
           be maintained.

                                                        B2

Itig.. rz.
      Insert the holder into the Camera
 and attach the camera b.ack ; buckle the strap handle. Then turn the        into the position of film changing,"u-.ruwith tne fe"s
 pointing to the sky, rnoi"'[h" handle ,or'rrrd
 half a revolution and back again, so ;,  ;,
 discharg" th" dummy-fiIm, whiJh ;"f;;"
 in the receiving chamber iill next reqlired.
THE IVIECHANISM OF THE FILM CHANGING.
Fnuwe fihns are notched along the edges as
          Fig. 12, these riotches "b"ingspaced:l:11 ,hrn such a manner, that when turned
round end for end, the notches alternate.

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                     22
  They are supplied by the manufacturers
packed alternately in  this manner, with
opaque backings between each film to pre-
vent light passing through one film to the
next. A pack of such films is contained in               J
the revolving metal holder (described and          {                                    series offigured page 9) held against ateeth by u spring pressure board. 'Ihe photo-                             .f,l
graph having been taken upon the foremost                           1.4,ril
film, the holder is revolved in the camera,                         :fi
and when it has been turned a half revolu-
tion, the teeth are shifted in position until
they are opposite the notches of the fore-
most film, which is no longer supported, and
falls into the back of the camera. The next
time the holder is revolved the teeth are
shifted back again, and the next film which
has its notches in an alternate position is
dropped into the receiving chamber. Thus
one by one each film is transferred from the
holder into the receiving chamber.
  Photographic films should be handled as little as
possible, and should be grasped wherever practicable
by their edges only, as the imprint of damp fingers on
the sensitive surface will almost always be visible on
the finished pictures.
   It  is hardly necessary to add that the Frena must
never be opened except in a dark-room. The
faintest ray of white light will spoil the films.

23

 ON PACKING AND FORWARDING THE
      FRENA AND FRENA FILMS.

 tlwnnvnr,opED Frena films must be protected
               except that of a pho'tographic toT all light dark room lamp.
  . When ,exposed and undeveloped films are to be rorwarded by                  _post, they must be sealed and prepaid
 accordrng to the regulations and rates which'govern
 the transmission of ordinary letters-.  Ary pickage sent by 9oo\ or Sample poit is liable-  to ir"'*"".a--
 for examination by thti officials of the p.ra Offi;.
   Special light- tight envelopes are supplied
 for^  sending undeveloped Freha films by irost.
   If these are not used, Frena films should
be wrapped in several thicknesses of opaque
 (never white), paper. printed paperunoUA
not be used, as an impresiion of the
printers'ink will be often fransferred to the
film.
  When Frena films are sent as a packet by
post, the stamps should be affixed^ on a tab
or label, otherwis" tt  postmark might cause
serious damage. The"  address sh"ould be
le$bly wntten on the packet itself.

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           .24
    It is important that developed film nega-  . tives should be varnished before being sent
 about      place to place. 'I'hey are tliereby      lrom
                                       abrasion,                                                                                                    I lot only protected from injury by                                                                                  ,? but are rendered less susceptible to the
 deleterious effects of dampness, to which
 they will always be more or less exposed, in
 mail bags, and in the hands. of poitmen on
               also prevents any chance of r_ainy days ;  it
the film stripping off the celluloid.
  When ordering films from abroad it is
 necessary to allow three or four extra days
beyond those required for ordinary postage,
as packages are always liable to be delay:ed
by the Customs' authorities.                                                                                               :l
   I'or forwarding films to and from tropical                             ]I
climates it is better that they should be
packed in tins, which can be rendered air-
tight by fastening thern with surgeons,
plaster. It  is recommended that unde-
v.eloped films should be kept in this way in
all damp climates.

25


 ON THE ILLUMINATION OF THE SUBJECT.

 Fon the taking of instantaneous photographs
 the one condition of paramount impoitance
 is a good light.
  That beginner adopts a safe and advisable
coupse who takes pietures only when the
sun is shining.
   Ifowever protracted the exposure, photo-
graphs taken on dull or foggy days, or in
 the- dull yellow light of morning and evening,
 will almost always be found flat and wanting
 in contrast.
  As a general rule, it may be stated that
g:ood results are most easily obtained when
the sun is shining direetly upon the
subjeet, over the operator's shoulder.
   If the sun is exactly behind the operator,
the illumination wiil often be found too
flat, and the shadows too symmetrical and
monotonous to throw the object into vigorous
relief. If, on the other hand, the sun is
directly in front of the object, there will be

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           .26
  little else in the picture than a dark sil-
 houette against the sky, and it will be found
 that, in a photograpll of such shadows,  tt e
 details are much- less rapidry to be distin-
 guished than they are ln nature bt the human eye.
  On no aceount shoulcl the Frena be so
 held that the sun strines into the lens
 aperture during exposure.                                                                                                                                                                                        t't
  A totally fogged plate would be the result.                                           .l
   fn Great Britain the light, in clear and
 bright weather, may be suhcie"tfy-po*erful
 to permit of very rapid, or so_calied instan-
taneous, exposures during the followinghours ._
                         V. a.m. to VII. p.m..  J"-r" -._.    ir    o.                                                          ',;   l.uly.and                                       . .     ..                                         VI.
                                                                                                                                                  'r',                      VI,   ,,'r,   A_pril-and-{oyAugus-t                                .. VIII.                            V.  March, September and
   October          IX.   ,,    III.   ,,   Jinuary, February, Novem -
     ber and December  . o XI.   ,,       I.  ,,
  As-a rule, exposures shorter than ,fu second shouldonly be made between the above hoft"s.
  fn more brilliant light,                           such, for instance, as that                       -successfuiof southern Europ-e,            instanto""oircan be obtained within wider limits.            "i.*,