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GOERZ AMERICAN BOOKLET Product booklet
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Rfl,tEl,lBER,Formokingfirst-cfosrpicfurer"G0ERZAltltll(Atl" lemerhovsgivenprofitob
CONTENTS
GENERALINFORMATION
TECHNICATINFORMATION.. t .
CHOOSING A GOERZ TENS
GOERZ AMERICAN TENSES
for GENERAI.WORK;
DAGOR F:6.8, F:7.7
RECTAGON F$
WIDE-ANGLEDAGOR F'8
DOGMAR F:4.5
MOVIE ond TELEY,S,ONWORK:
CINE DOGMAR F:4.5
APOGOR F:2.3
HYPARF,2.7
for PROCESSWORK;
APOCHROMATARTARF:9 TO F:16
GOTAR F'6-8, F:8, F:10. '
AccEssoRlEs. . . . . . . . . . . .
GOERZ AMFRICAN RF/ERSING LENSESAND PRISMS .
1\ryView original page 2Page 7 · Read text
REMEMBER,tor mskingfirsl-closspiclures"GOIRZAilERICA]|"lenseshovegivenprofiloble.sotisfoctionoverholfo contury
The Optics of Lenses
In this book we discursthe subiect of optics pertoining fo the modern photogrophic
lens,qs thoroughly or spocewill permit. For odditionol informslionwe would recommend
someof the numerousphotogrophic publicotionsthst ireot of the motter more eloborotely.
The knowledge goined in this woy will be of greot ossistoncein the proper selectionof
q lene.
For the modern requiremenisin the photogrophic field rhs old-time rectilineor qnd
portroit lenseshove been lorgely supplonted by rhe highly corrected onostigmot type of
lens.This is on occount of certqin defectr in oll the older types of lenseswhich render them
not only unfit for solving ony photogrophic problem colling for o combinotion of speed
qnd covering power, bul olso incopoble of giving criticolly shorp definition over on
extendedqreo.
THE ABERRATTONSmost prevolent in the old-stylelensesore sphericolond chromotic
oberrotion, ostigmofism.curvolure of field ond distortion.
SPHERICAIABERRATIONis fhe deviotion in focusof the roys of light possingthrough
the outer zones of the lens from thol of the roys possingthrough the lens neor its center,
or oxis, fhe vorious roys being focused in different plones. lt resultsin generol lossof defi*
nifion qnd q fogged oppeoronce in the negotive.
CHROTfIATICABERRATIONis of very similor chorocter, ond is exploined by rhe focf
|ho? the violet ond blue.roys, which sre most octive on fhe sensitiveemulsiono{ the plote
or film. ore focused by the lens in o different plone from fhe red <lndyellow roys, to which
the eye is mosl sensitive.lf o lens suffers from chromstic qberrofion, the imoge recorded
on the negotive will be blurred, notwithstondingthot the eye moy hove ob:erved o shorply
defined imoge on lhe ground gloss.
ASTICfiIATISM is the most serious defect in the old*ryle lenses. lt shows itself in
uncorreded lensesin such o mqnnor thot fhe horizontol qnd verlicol lines of the obiect,
olthough lying in the some plone in front of rhe lens, cqnnot be focusedwith equol shorp'
nars ot the sqme time on the ground gloss.When the horizontol linet ore shorply focused,
if is necessqryto move the ground gloss forword or bockword, in ordsr io get the verticql
liner shorp. This defect is principolly visible olong the morginc of the nsgotive,ond resulh
in o serious folling off of definition. Not until gloss monufocturershqd found o woy of
producing the eo-colledJeno glors-o mqleriol of enfirely differsnt properfi$ from ony
gloss previously knowr-\r€f€ the opticions oble to produce lens systemsfree from ostig-
motism.Theselensessre known under ihe generol nome of onosligmols.
CURVATUREOF FIEID is qnother commondefect qnd it is f'oundaven in somemodern
onostigmol lens6. Theoreticolly,no lens hqs qn obsolulely flot fiald of rhorp definition,
but in Gosrz Lensesthe unevenne* hqs been reducedto o negligible minimum.Thc remork-
obla flotne* of field of Gosrz Lensesis one of the principol roosonsfor their populorily,
ond in fqci, hor ploced our lensesin q clqssby themselver.
DISTOIflON is inoccurocy in recording the liner of the obiect, stroight lines, for
instonce,baing shownos slighrly curvcd tn tho imoge, cspeciollyif rhay lie neor fhe morginr
of the negotive. Thir qberrotion is prescnl in oll ringle menigcuslenses,snd in mony of
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Formokingfirst-closspictures"G0ERZAilttRlCAN"lenseshovegivenprofitoblesofisforlionoyerholfo cenlury
the higher-priced lenses os well, inclvding sofne onostigmots of unsymmetrical consfruc-
tion. The Goerz DAGOR, Wide-Angle (Super) DAGOR ond ARTAR ore symmelricol onos-
ligmots; i.e., they consisl of two similor combinotions. fhis consfruclion insures cornplefe
freedorn {rom distorfion-o point ol lhe greofesl imporlonce in selecting o lens for archi-
lectural ond engineering pholography, copying ond legal photography oI every descrip-
lion.
ln our Double Anostigmot Lenses ihese vorious oberrolions hqve been corrected to
such o degree fhot Goerz Lensesqre recognized os o stondord for excellence omong the
finest photogrophic lenses of todoy. The possessorof o Goerz Lens is sssured thot his work
will noi suffer lhrough ony of the obove-menlioned opticol deficiencies.There ore, how-
ever, other considerotions to be tqken inlo occount in selecting o lens for ony porticulor
kind of photogrophy. These considerotions qre discussed below.
FOCAT IENGTH OF A [ENS-The equivolent focol length is the distonce between o
point in the lens system, colled the second node, ond the ground gloss, when on obiect of
infinity is in shorp focus. In symmetricol lenses lhis nodol point con be ssid to lie in the
plone of the diophrogm between ihe two lens componenls. The focol length is then, for
oll procticol purposes, the distonce between the diophrcgm in the lens snd the ground
gloss, when o distoni obiect is shorply focused. The choice of o lens of suitoble focol
length is importont becouse:
First, the focol length determines the scole or the imoge size of the obiect photo-
grophed.
Second, the focol length of the lens used in relotion to the size of the negotive defer-
mines the ongle of view-thot is, fhe omount of subiect included in lhe picture. Wilh the
sqme size negotive lhe ongle decreoses os lhe focol length increoses.(See toble under
heoding "The Angle of View.")
'fhird, the focol lengih defermines the perspective ot which obiects oppegr in the pic-
ture, snd the selection of the proper focol length is, therefore, of prime importonce inorchitecturol, interior ond portroit phoiogrophy. rx
As mentioned obove, the equivolent focus of o lens is obtoined when focusing obiects
ot infinity. When focusing obiects ot neorer distonces the focql length of the some lens
increoses in o definite proporlion, expressed by rhe formulor *
o x f . 'iE
;-:i-:o r
where "o" is the distqnce of the obiect, "f" the equivolent focus, ond "b" the resulting
or effective focol length. li will be seen thot if we focus of on obiect which is only twice .ui
the equivolent foccl len$th owcry from fhe center of the lens, then the effective focus "b"
of the lens hss olso increosed to lwice thot of the iquivolent focus, in which cose fhe size
of the imoge will be exoctly the some qs thot of the obiect. Two other formulos ore given
here which express the inter-relotion of obiect ond imoge distonce ond focol length:
Distonce of obiect to center of lens*(6$ l) f
(n* l) f
Resultingfocus:
n
where "n" designotes the scole which the size of the obiect beors to thot of ihe imoge,
and "l" is ogoin equivolent focol length.
THESE FORMUIAS will be found useful whenever fhe photogropher is colled upon
to select ihe proper size of lens or filin to meet cerloin conditions, ond we give here q few
exomples of their opplicotion.
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RE14EMBER:tor mokinglirst-closlpictures"G0[RZAttltRlCA]|"lenreshovegivenprofitoblesotisfoctionoverholfa tentury
l. An obiect is to be photogrophed l.lOth nEturtrl size, ot qn ovqilqble distoncc
betweenobiect ond lens of 25 feef. Whst must be fhe focol length of the lens?Answer-
Focoflength mustbe 27.2 inches.
2 5 h . : 2 5 x l 2 i n . : ( 1 0 + l ) f
3 0 0 i n . : l l x f
300:11:27,2 in.:focus of lens
2. Whof will be the size of the heod in o portroit if we photogroph the sitfer with
o lensof l4 inchesfocusot o disfonceof 120 inchesbetweencomerqsnd sitter?
Answer-Sizeof heod will be 1.32 inches.
l 2 0 i n . : ( n * l ) l 4
n+r:_rfro-:e.o
n:7.6
Tokingthe overogesizeof o heod os l0 inches,o reduclionolT'6limeswould give on
imoge 1.32 inchesin height.
3. Whor distqnceis requiredto toke o stondingfigure (sixfeet toll) with o l4-inch lens
on q 5x7 inch negotive?Answer-Disfoncebetweensitter ond lens, 182 inches.
Possibleheightof imoge on 5x7 negotive:6 in.
72:6: l2 : reduclionnumbern
( t 2 + t ) f : l 3 X 1 4 : 1 8 2 i n .
SELECTIONOF FOCAT TENOTH-For generol purposes-ond omong these we would
clqssomoteur photogrophy-the lens shouldhove o focol length not shorterthon the long
side of the negofiv", Oiff"t"nt requirementsof photogrophicworkersolong speciol lines
mok" n".essoi other focol lengt.hs,ond the most suiiable one should be selectedfor
eoch cose.
For orchitecturolphotogrophy,especiollyinteriors,it is frequentlynecessorylo use o
wide ongle lens:i.e., o lens oi shorterfocol length thqn the long side of the negutivefor
which it is listed.
The foct should here be noied fiqt in pho?ogrophstoken wifh short'focuslenses,lhe
perspectiveis opporently exoggeroted:i.e., obiecfs in the bockground oppeor dispro'
portionotelysmoli in comporisJnwith those in the foreground,This is in the noture of on
illusion;the perspectivein o picture,like thot in looking ot lhe obiectsfhemselves,depends
on ihe poini of view. lf o photogrophtoken with q three-inchlens could be viewed ot q
distonceof three inchesfrom the eyes,the exoggerotionof perspecfivewould disoppeor.
But the eye is not oble fo see cleoily of suchshort distqnce,ond it is thereforeodvisoble
to use foi londscopeond record photogrophyo lens hoving o focol length.equsl,ql leost,
to the normol distqnceqt which we con seethe picturedistinctly,which is obout ten inches.
Mony obiects-for exomple, oll kinds of furniture--{ppeqr in pleosing perspecfiveonfy
*hei they subtendo norio* ongle in the field of visionor on lhe negotive.For suchobiects,
o lens of relotivelylong focusshould be selected-e.g.,q l9 or 24 inch lens for on 8x l0
negotive.
THE SPEEDOF A LEHS dependson the omount of light it trqnsmllr, und ir meogured
by ihe rotio of its effective qperture to its focol length; for instonce,o lens with o speed
oi F,Ohcrssn effective operiure equol to one-sixthof its equivolent{ocus.The dismeter of
the free gloss surfoce oi the front of the lens must be equol, ot leosf, to $e effeclive
operture; buf there ore some lensesin which the glossesore lorger fhon the effective
operture, ond the diometer of o lens is in itself no criterion of its speed.
Neither is the openingof the iris diophrogm,with whicholl modernlensesore supplied,
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Rgl,lEi,tgEn:Formckingfir$-clo:spictures"GOIIZAilIRICA]|"lenreshovegivenprofitobfesotislotlionoverholf o century
equivolent to the effec?iveqperture. In onostigmob the opening moy be either smoller or
lorger thon fhe effective qperturer depending on the constructionof the front lens system.
In our DAGOR eoch combinofionh o positiveor convergingelement,ond the diomefer
of the diophrogm is one-eighih lessthon ihe effective opertures.
It is o generol rule (subiectto the obove-mentionedquolificotion)thot the openingof
the diophrogmconfrolsthe speedof the lens.The engrovedgcole,which showsthe relotiYe
diophrogmoperluresserves,therefore,os o guide to exposuresunder ony given conditions,
ond the numberson this scole ore often refered to os "speed numbers."There ore dif-
ferent syslemsof designoting diophrogm operturer. The best known ore the "F" System
ind the Uniform System(U. S.), one or the ofher of which is used by oll Americon lens
monufocturers,ond the Stolze System,odopted in Europe.
In the F sysfemeoch figure showsfhe rqtio betweenlhe lensopcrture ond rhe equivolent
focus. For instonce,if we stop down fhe lens to F:ll, it will work st on effecliveoperlure
equol to l-l lrh of its focol lengrh. The necessoryexposures,however,do not vory in ihe
sqme rqlio qs the F numbere,but in proportion to fhe squqresof these numbers.In the
Uniform System,the diophrogm figures increosein the somerotio sc the required exposures,
We designqtethe moximumspeed of our lensesin the F vqluesond our diophrogmsore
morked in the some syslem, in order to focilitote the colculolion of Gxposures.The toble
below showso compcrison of lhree rysfems.
4 4.5 4.8 5 t.5 6.35.8 I r.3t 6 22.632 45 64
Uniform Systemru. S.) . I t.2 1 . 11 . 6t.92.52.9 4 8 l 6 32 64 128
Stolze Systemos used on
Germon-modeLenses 1.5 2 2.32.5 3 4 4.6 6 l 2 24 48 96 192 84
Inosmuchos the focur of o lens increosel when focusing neorby obiects, whereoslhe
diometer of the effeclive opening of the lens remoinsthe some, it follows thqt ot short
distonceslenseswork ot lessspeedfton thot which they ore listedfor. Thisshouldreceive
due considerotionby giving prolonged exposureswhen photogrophing neorby obiects.
For ins?once,when copying in noturol size, o lens listed ot o speed of, sqy, F:8, operotes
only ot o speedof qbout Frl6, thereby requiring four limes fhe exposurenecessoryfor o
lens of on effective opening of F:8.
Anortigmots of exlreme speed qre nccersorily more bulky thon ihose of moderote
speed, ond they connol be fitted to someof the smqller hqnd csmerqs.Exlremespeedolso
involveso socrifice in covering power, ond in deplh of focus when fhe lens is used wide
open. The lotter implies the necessityof greoter core in focusingwith $e DOGMARrhon
with the DAGOR, when the lensesqre used qt their full operture. For mosf omoteur work
o speed of F:6.8 is sufficient,cnd os o lens for generol phofogrophy we especiollyrecom-
mend our DAGOR to the omsteur. The DOGIv1ARis, however,odmirqbly odopted to por-
troiiure in the home or studio, lo newsphotogrophy, ond to mony kinds of outdoor photog-
rophy under.unfovorobleconditionr of light. Both lensesore fine for color work.
COVERINGPOWFR ir rhe qbility of o lens to evenly illuminsteond define on imoge
over its eniire circle of illuminotion.The field of o lens being circulor in form, the lorgest
negotive which moy be used is suchos csn be set in this field without cutting off the corners.
Goerz DAGOR tensesore celebroted for their most remqrkqble covering poweri fhey will
embroce on ongle of view lo 90o, moking them most rotisfoctory for wide ongle work.
A DAGOR { lor instonce,listed for the 4 x 5 inch n€gotivewill cover a 6th x 8}l negotive
when smollerdiophrogm stopsqre used.
For phofogrophing "skyscropers" ond lorge monufocturing plonh, qnd for inferior
views in cromped situotions, it is necessoryto employ o speciol lens intended for wide
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RE ,IEMBER,Formoklngfirt-closspictures"GOERZAiltRl(All" lenseshovegivenprofitoblesolhfoctionoverhull a cenlury
ongle work. Among speciol wide-ongle lcnses,the Goerz .SUPER-DAGORqnd Gocrz
RECTAGONqre supreme.
THE DEPTHOF FlEl,Dexpressosthe ronge within which o lens will reproduceneor
ond distqntobiectssufficienilyshorp on the negolive.Theoreticollyo lens con only imogc
shorply on the ground glossor on the negotiveobiectslying in one plone in front of the
lens. We find, nevertheless,thot obiects ot different disfoncesoppeor equolly shorp in the
picfure; qnd the reoson for this is thot our 6y63 qro unoble fo discoverthe very slight un-
shorpnesswith which these obiects hove been imoged by the lens. lt is opproximotely cor-
recl, therefor€, to speok of the depth of field of o lens.
This is o fixed quolity in oll lenses,ond dependsslmply on the relotion betweenthe
locol length ond the operture of the lens. In generol it decreogesos fhe focol length ond
size of operture increqses.Of two lenseswirh fhe somespeedbut of unequolfocol length
the one of shorter focol length will hove fhe greoter depth. Of trro lensesof the some focql
fength buf of unequol speed, the slower one will hqve the greqter depth, but il both sra
stopped down lo lhe some aperturethe deplfi will then be equol. Depth of field con olwoys
be obtoined by stopping down the diophrogm, but this, of course,m€onsloscof speed ond
proporfionol increose of exposure. lt will thus bc noted lhof when using fost lensesof
rother long focus,ot their full opening,it is impossibleto obtoin both for ond neor obiech
equolly shorp on the negotive.The quesrionof depth of field is of greot importoncewhen
phomgrophing, for inslonce, street scenei with obiects of vorious distonces from the
comero. For such subiects,pocket cqmeros with rhort focus lenses po$e$ o greol od-
vontoge over bulkier outfits.
We oppend below o toble giving the dirfonccs between which obiects will oppeor
perfectly shorp in the negotive when using lenserof variour focol lengths, if the index on
lhe comero is sel for o certoin disiqnce on fhe focusing gc<rle,os provided with olmost
cyery hqnd comero. In contoci prints fte deplh of field will be found consideroblygreoter
fhon indicofedby the toble.
The mqximum depfh of fiefd is obtoined if the index is sef ot the so<olled hyperfocal
disfonce,given in the tqble for the vqrious diophrogm openings,when il will extend from
one-holf the hyperfocol distonce to infinity. The formulo for the hyperfocol digtonce ir
F x f x 2 5 0
F-volue
in which F is the focus of the lens in inchesqnd F-vqluethe size of the diophrogmsfop in
the F system.The mulriplier250 indicofesthe ollowoble circle of diffusion,l-250th of qn
inch. lt con be decreosedto 200 or 100 if the negotivesore to be used only for contocl
prinh.
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" RFf,{ETMBER,hr mokingfirt-closspictures"60ERZAftl[Rl(A]|"lenseshovegivenprofitoblesotisfocliol.:::t.h:1f.,:.t"T
For londrcopc work ond portroit phologrophy on ongle of view of sbout 40o will
usuolly be sufficicnt. For street rcones ond genre photogrophy, on ongle of view of 40o
to 6O6 should be selected. For interiors qny ongle of view up io 90o moy be used to
odvontoge. Wider ongles, from 90" fo 135", should be included in o phologroph only
in cose of necessity,<rsthe exoggeroted perspeciiveexploined before is annoying to the
eyes in extrerne wide-ongle views.
RESOTUTION-Todetermine lhe shorpnessof o lens, the mort convenlentwoy which
is customorilyused, is o iect of line-resolvingpower. This test is mqde by phoiogrophing o
chqrf, showing vorious potterns of fine lines of equol width ond equolly spoced oport in
fongentiol qnd rodiol Jirection, in order to discoverthe resolutlonof the highest number
of l'ines.Spoce here doer not qllow for o lenglhy discursion.The procedure for the test
is outlined in o Nqtionol Bureou of Stqndqrdscirculor, enfitled "A Tesfof lens Resolution
for the Photogropher" (by lrvine C. Gordner), obtoinoble qt GovernmentPrinting Office,
Woshington, O. i. rd comprehensiveorticte on this subiecf is olso found in "Photogrophic
Optics" (by Allen R. Greenleo0, published 1950 by The Mocmillon Compony, New York,
N. V. Thir book covers procticolly ony subiect concerning photoJenses.There ore texl'
books, contoining s weolth of informqtion olong obove lines, which ore lisled for sqle in
olmost oll photo-mogozinesor kept on file in the public librories.
USE OF IENSESFOR ENtARCEtyIENTS-Whenuslng lenserfor enlorging it is well to
use them in reverse position, with rhe front lens lowords the enlorged picture, except in
ih" .og of gtrictly symmetricollenses,which moy be used in either posi?ionwith equolly
good- results.
lf qrtificiql light t! urcd for enlorglng, csre must be tsken to prevent the lens from
becomlng unduly hcotcd. In the cqre of cementedlenses,the cementmoy olso suffer from
excessivJheot. bcreen the lens from rhe light excapt during the time necessqryfor fhe
cxposure.
AIR BUBB[ESOn BE[[S lN TENSES-Almosteyery modern onostigmot lens shows in
rome of its componentporB minute Eir bellr or bubblcs. The cxqcting purchoser is oflen
inclined to refuseocceptonceof such lenses,balieving lhe presenceof those bubbles to be
o defect. lt is, however, impossibleto obtoin from the mqnufocfurersof opticol gloss lhlr
mqteriql entirely free from bubbler; ond, fufihermore, the prescnceof o few oir bubbles
does not in ony woy offact the work of the lens. Thair presenceis rolher o guorontee of
quoliry than ofhsrwiss.
THE CARE OF LENSES-AIIlenseschould be cletrnedfrom lime io time, but with proper
csre, q3 fhe odiustmenfof on onosfigmqt is eorily disturbed by corelesshondling. Dust
the surfqceg first with q pcrfectly cleon comel's-hqir brush, which every photogropher
ought to hqve erpeciolly ior thot purpose. Then wipe $em whh o piece of lens tissue.
Neier uso ony oiid or other strong fluid on the gloss surfoce of your lens for it will be
ruined. We hqve hqd to repolish mqny onosligmolswhich hod baen thus domoged.
In sll our cemsnted lenses,ruch os the DAGOR rrnd STPER.DAGOR,the clompring
which holds the glosresin thelr cellsmusl nol be removed,or lhe centeringwiH be disturbed.
The surfocesof olt lenses moy bccome oxidized in ftc course of yeors, through ex'
posure to the oir. Thic condition is indicqled by on iridescent reflection from the gloss
rurfoce.-To prevent oxidolion, keep the lens copped when not In use ond remove ol once
ony moisturc which condsnseson it. Surfqce oxldofion csn be removed by repolishing the
lens. All repoig to onostigmoi leneesshould be entrusfedto thc mqnufocturersof lhe lenr,
os only lhey ore equipped with fhe nec6$sry test glossesond tools for this delicqte work.
Any oitempt ot repoirs by otheru moy resuh In the complete lors of the lenr. Our New York
fq*ory lr fully equippcd for rcpoli$ing ond repcirlng Goerz Lcmes, but we do not repolr
lemcc of other mqkcs.
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nruiuari, rot*ting-iior-a* pnfitJ;eoinilr#ilffi"ffirs h;iliiiir pt nr.tlerotirlodionoytrholfq clnlurt
COATINO OF LENSES-To increosc lhe light tronrmision ond brillioncc, procticolly oll
phorogrophic eompound lensar or. now given o mognarium fluoridc coofing. Thir vcry
ihin, Su'hord ond duroblc cooting is boked, in o vocuum by evoporqtion of voriour
mctollic fluorider, onfo tfie gloas-to-oir surfscec of the single clcmenfs of o lens. ll is done
no void the undesirqble interference of cerloin innumer<rbla lighf royr raflected forth ond
bock in oll directions from the curfoces of the voriour component clementr of the lenr.
These unwonted reflections finolly emerge from the reor of the lens ond scotter in o
hoze over lhe enfire negotiye cousing o reduced conlrost in the imoge on the emulsion.
After oll, the imoge should show, in $e prinf, o true picture of the obiecl iusl os reen
by fhe humon eye.
Cooting of our lcrrs b donc bcfore thc singlc clcmenb of o fcnc orc csmsnled fo'
gcfher oyj/o, mounted ond burnished in their mounF, becouse in producing o hord ond
icrotch-frec cooting thc singlc clemen|s musl be subiected to high-tcmperolure boking.
ft is q foct thqt coofed lem surfoces lose only oboui l% ol light by reflection, whilc
uncooted oncs lose obout 4%.
Uncoqted lenrel, if desired, con be furnished upon rpeciol order.
Choosingo Goerz Lens
FOR A'UIATEURPHOTOOnAPHY-Thir includa o wide voricty of work, comprising
most of thc rccdgnlzcd bronchcs of photogrophlc acfivity. For lsndscopo ond srchihclurol
photogrophy il is on odvontoge to posrers o lans which c<rnbe ussd ss q widc onglc lenr
!i i J"niiaerobly lorger rize-of ncgative thon lhot for which ir b licred, snd which hor q
front or bock combinotion efficicnt enough for instonlonoou3oxPosurcr, whcnaver lorger
inog6 of dirtont obicctr sre dcrircd. No lcns which wo*r much fosier lhon F:7 con mqct
thccc rcquiremcnts. Ws thcrcforo rccommend the DAGOR wirh lr moximum spacd of
F:6.8 os o univcruol lenr for outdmr ond indoor smqleur photogrophy. The exfro spccd
of the DOGI AR F:d.5 con be urcd to odvqntogc in omofeur porlroilurc qnd for imfqn'
r"n""ui photogrophy in dull weother; but whenaver thc DOGITiARis ured wlde opcn ond
focurad by rcoic, cspcciol cor. murt be tqkcn ?o crtimole the dbtonce of the obicct corrccfly.
FOR COilltlERGlAt PHOTOOnAPHY-ThG photogrophing of nochincry, furnilurc,
glosswore qnd merchondbc in'generol, ond thc rccording of progrc* in building ond con-
irruction work orc the principol tqskgof rhc commerciql photogrophcr. A good. pcrcpcctivc
cffect ond pcrfcct rendering of datsilr ore lhe necessoryrcsulb to bc obtoinod in lhis close
of work. To obtoin rhe profer perupcctivoir merely o motlcr of ralecting lha propcr vicw'
point ond uring o long-1q6urlens, to thqt $c comGrocon bc lGt up ot s ruitoblc dirtqncc
irom rhc obicg1; but io gct fia propGr ddcrib qnd corrcct drowing of rhe obicct o lens
$ot h d for dirronion, cphcricol ond chromolic oberrotbn qnd osfigmotbm ir of
poromount"orr..timportonce. The DAGOR lcnr ir the most ruitoblc for thir closs of work. The
widc-onglc efficiency of rhc DAGOR, espcciolly, is of prime imporfonce to the commerciol
pho?ogrophcr.
NFWS PIIOIOOIAPHY, though o bronch of commcrciol phologrophy, hor itr rpcclol
rcguircmentr, ond thcgc orc perhopr bettcr mef with rhe DOGlrtAR. Profsrionol snd
omotcur spcciolirtr in high*peed photogrophy frequcntly obrqin good picturer with ihc
DOGjttAR, undcr condltionr which would meon fsilurc if o slower lcm wqrc urcd.
PIIOTO-ENCRAVINO-To mcct thc rcquircmcnb of rhc photo.cngrowr, wc offcr
two spcciol onostigmotr of thc unccmcntcd fype-the Apochromot ARTARfror color sepors-
fion qnd the GOTAR for block ond whitc cnlorging. Thc$ lwo lcnrel ore widcly ftnown
in lhc Grophic Artr ficld.
l 5 Donated to www.orphancameras.comView original page 15Page 16 · Read text
RE ,IFMBFR;Formokingfirst-closspidures"G0[RZA|ilERICA]|"lcnsahovcgivenprcfitobleloti$ortionoverholf o cntur
FOR PORTRAIT PHOTOORAPHY-Home poriroitr by window light con be ruccerrfully
token wilh the DAGOR, qnd it is olso on ideol lens for oll kinds of floshtight photogrophy.
To those who speciolize in home photogrophy we would, however, recommend the
DOGMAR. This lens hos sufficient covering power for toking home groups, children ot
ploy, elc., ond its speed reduces lhe necessqry exposures from seconds to frsctions of o
second, thereby soving mony negotives which would otherwise be hopelessly blurred by
motion of the subiects.
For professionol portroiture we offer fwo qnostigmots-the DOGMAR, in its longer
focol lengths is in use in the besl Americon studios. To the photogropher who must rely
chiefly on one lens for bust portroits, threequqrter ond fullJength figures ond smoll groups,
ond who must be oble to secure criticolly shorp definition on demond, we recommend the
DAGOR. The DAGOR is olso the best lens for lorge groups. At its shorpest focus it gives
besutiful but not "fvzzy" definition. Any degree of diffusion desired con be obtoined either
with the DOGMAR or DAGOR, by focusing for o soft effect. lt is o good rule to use o lens
of o focal length of leost twice os long os the lorgest bust to be mqde with it: e.g., o lens
of ot leost ]4 inches focus for o seven-inch bust on on 8 x l0 negotive. Buf in home por-
troiture ond work in short studios, it is frequently necessory to disregord this rule, In oll
such coses speciol core must be tqken in posing the sitter; if this is ione, good portroifs
con be obtoined wilh o lens of ony focol length. We Eive below the distonces Letween
lens center ond sitter when using vorious focol lengths of our lenses for different sizes
of portroitr.
Focol length, inches..
Distonce in feet between citter snd lens cenier
Cobinet stonding figure, 4tlz inches high...... t1 t51A l 9 22 25
Porisfull-lengthfigure, 6 incheshigh......... r0% t 2 t 1 l6th l 9
Cobinet busf, 37r inches in si2e..,...., iYs 6 7 8U 9k
Further detoils concerning Goerz lenses ore given in the following clossified sections.
For other technicol informotion on lenses in generol we recommend the textbooks men-
tioned under the heoding "Resolution" (poge l4). For further informotion concerning
your speciol requirements we would be glod fo hove you write ue.
t6 Donated to www.orphancameras.comView original page 16Page 17 · Read text
REMEMBER:for mokingfirut-closspictures"60tlZ AlllERl(Al{"lenreshovegivenproli?oblesofisloctionoverholf 0 cenluty
Ihe "GOERZ AMERICAN"
DAGOR ANASTIGMAT
F:6.8 ond F27.7
(The UniversolAll-PurPoseLensl
The DAGOR, consislingof fwo cemented triplet com-
binotions, symmetricolly ploced in f ront q nd bock of
the iris diophrogm, hos been the fovorite lens of photog'
rophers for olmost sixty yeors.
It combines in one lens:
l. A perfectly color-corrected ropid Anostigmot,
2. A wide-ongle lens of smoller stops,
3. A long-focuslens when single element is used'
On occount of its odoptobility in procticolly every phose of photogrophy,we recom'
mend it for orchitecturol ond commerciol photogrophy, for inleriors, exteriors, scenic
views,colorfilm,copying ond enlorging.
It is the outslondingselectionfor toking group ond bonquet photogrophs.
The moximumspeed of fr6.8 is fost enough for sporl photogrophyond ropidly moving
obiects under good light conditionsor, with fhe modern high sPeed negolive emulsions,
even on dull doys.
At smoller irops the complete Dogor will include on imoge field ongle up to 87
degrees,i.e,, it wiil cover o plote with o diogonol of neorly |wice the_focollength, The
single element,either front or bock, ot o speed of f:13 moy be used olone, furnishingo
focol length qbout l% times ihol of the doublet.
No. of Shuller odopfoble, either Diomeler of
Focol Recommended Negolive Regulor or Synchro, Front Lens
[ength Size. Angulor Field About excepf when specified Cell for
"Slip-over"
f :6.8 56" 7A" 97" Wollen- I LEX Filler-holder
sok _sJ:!__
l n . m m . f :6.8 f : 1 6 f :45 Ropox Acme I uni". m m . I
l t h 4A I xlYz lt/ax2 l3/ax2t/n
2+b 60 lrhx2Ye l7/ax3 2VzxSVa
31h 90 2x23/e 3x4 3r/ax{Vn 2 2 1.
4Va 1 0 5 21/ax3Va 3t/tx4t/a 4xS 2 29.5
5 125 3%x4V 4YzxSYz 5x7 2 29.5
6 1 5 0 4xS 5x7 6t/zx9t/z 2 2 syn 32.5
6th r6 5 3t/axSth 5x8 7x9 2 2 syn 32.5
7 1 8 0 5x7 6VzxBYt 8 x l 0 3 2 syn 37.
8t/a 2ta 5xB 7x9 l 0 x l 2 3 3 43.
gth 244 6thxSth 8x l0 I I x l 4 3 48,7
lO3/t 274 7x9 83/ax103/a l 2 x l 6 4 55.3
t2 300 8 x l 0 l 0 x l 2 1 4x17 4 60.8
f :7.7
l 4 360 I 0 x I2 l 2 x l 6 I 6x20 4 65.8
16t/2 420 I l x l 4 1 4x17 20x24 5 73.5
l 9 480 | 4xl7 17x21 22x26 5 87,5
To convert millimetert into inches divide by 25,4
(For prices see current price list)
Donated to www.orphancameras.com1 7View original page 17Page 18 · Read text
RE 4EMBfR' for mokingfitrt.dosspictures"00H2 Ailtnlmil" lenseshovegivenprolitoblesotisfoctionoverholl o renlo
for MlcRoFlLMlNG with 35 mm. documentcomerosw€ ore prepored ro furnish on
speciolorder Dogor lensesof 40 ond.60 mm, focol length, Inquire for detoiled informotion.
for AERIAL I APPING we moke o speciollens built on the fundomentolderign ol rhe
Dagor. This lens is cqlled the AERoTARond is now widely ured by the leoding oeriol
mopping concernsin the U. S. A. Speciol informolion upon request.
Ihe "GOERZ AMERICAN"
RECTAGONANASTIGMAT
F:6
A NEW TENS DESIGN-COMBINING
EXCELI-ENTDEFINITION,COTOR CORRECTION
AND COVERINGA FIELD OF 90 DEGREES
u. s. PAT,2,393,I I 5
The RECTAGONis on unsymmelricollens syslem,which wos mode for precisionoeriol
mopping, requiring high resolutionond no distortionover the entire field. The formulq is
such thor the lens con be used from infinity focus down to l:1, whore the imoge equols
the size of th,a obiecr, The lens is now ovailoble,for oll-purposephotogrophy.
Although the RECTAGONis rofed ot o speedof F:4 rhe elementsore octuolly oversize
ro odmit more lighr ond give more illuminotionto the edges of the lcrge field. The front
ond reor elementsore olmosttwice the diometer of the lorgest effectiveoperture,
The moximum qperture of f:6 is preferred for focusing. For excerlenrshorpnessond
resolutionstop down to f:8.
when lhe negoiive is to be greotly enlorged,the lensshouldbe stoppeddown to F;I6,
ot which operture the optimum overoge resolufionis ottoined.
Al the present time o 3" focol length is ovoiloble either in iris borrel or fitted fo
shullersos shownbelow,
3" RECTAGONF:6 in llex Acme shuiter No, 3, for 4 x 5 comerq:
Apertures-f:6 lo h32.
Shutter Speeds-l io l,/200 second, T&8, Dismerer of Field ot infinity focus-
6 inches,correspondinglylcrger when focusedot closer diitonces.
3" RECTAGONF:6 in RAPAXshutter No. 2, lor 3V x 47r comerq:
Some os cbove, except the lens is mounted in more compoct cells to fif the
smoller shuffer required in mony comeros.Due fo the smoller cells, the lens
does nol cover the full 90 degree5,olthough this ongle is nol nacessoryfor
3Vt x 4tA ond smollernegotives.
Above shufers ore olso ovoiloble wirh built-in flosh synchronizqtion.
(For pricessee currentprice list)
Donated to www.orphancameras.comr8View original page 18Page 19 · Read text
REMEMBER'tor mokingflrst-doslpictures"GOtRlAfiltnKAil"lenserhovegivenpro{ifoblesotislocfionoverholfo cenlury
fhe "GOERZ A/vlERlCAN"
WIDE.ANGLEDAGOR ANASTIGMAT
Fr8
(Wide Angle I O0 Degreesl
The W.A.-DAGOR is constructedon the proved lines
of the stondsrd Dogor, its principol outstonding feoture
is the greotly extended coveroge.
To moke focusingeosier under poor light conditions,o moximumoperture of fr8 hos
been provided. To obtoin the most perfect definition over the full field the diophrogm
should be stopped down until the full coverogeof l0O degreesis reqchedot f:45'
The front or reor combinolionmoy be used os o long-focuslens ot medium sfops.On
occountof the compoctdesignthe Wide-AngleDogor con only be fiifed in iris diophrogm
borrel or lhe shutlerslisted below,
No. of Shufter odopfable, Negolive Size Covered
Focol Mqximum either Regulor or Synchro,
Length Diogonol excepl when specified.
F8 F22 t15 Ropox Acme
3+6" 3t/ax4Ve SVzx4Yz 4xS 8" 2 2 syn,
4316" 4x5 4x6 5x7 1o.4" 3 3
6rh" SYzxTYz 7x9 8xI0 15.5" 3 3
(For prices see current price list)
The "GOERZ AMERICAN"
DOG'VIARANASTIGMAT
F:4.5
(The Perfecl Speed Lens)
The DOGMAR is the ideol lens for news snd sport
pictures, portroits ond generol photogrophy under od-
yerse light conditions. lts high color correction mokes
it o fine lens for color seporotion, Kodochrome snd
other color films.
The two single combinotions, which ccrn be used
seporotelyol the smqllerslops,ore of different size,offering lhe odvonfogeof three focol
lengfhsin one lens.The front combinotionhos o focol length of obout 1.92 times ond the
recr combinolion one of 1,52 times thot of rhe complete lens. The relotive increosein
exposureover thot wifh the complefelensot o given slop is obout 4 limesfor the front qnd
3 times for lhe reor combinolion.At their mcximumoperlure, the singleelemenlsproduco
ortislic, soft effects; crificol definifion moy be obtoined ot smsller sfop3.
l 9 Donated to www.orphancameras.comView original page 19Page 21 · Read text
REMEiqBER:for mokinglirst-dqlspicfurel"GOIRZAMERICAI'|"lenseshovegivenprofifoblelolisfotlionoverholl 0 cenfuly
fhe "GOERZ AMERICAN"
APOGORANASTIGMAT
F:2.3
THE f.ENSFOR MOVTESAND TEIEVISION,with microscopic delinition
ssccessful comerornen hove been wailing for-
A newsixelementhighquolitylensfor the l6 ond 35 mmfilmcomero.Correcledfor
oll oberrotion ot full opening, giving highestdefinition in block-ond-whiteqnd color.
Mode by skilled rechnicionswith mony yeors of opticol froining'
Mounted in iris borrel or fitted ?o o precisionfocusingmount, which movesthe lens
smoothlywithout rotoling elemenlsor shifting imoge.
Theselensescon be furnishedin "C" mounBfor l6 mm comeros.
Fitting to other comerosupon speciol order.
Americnns Better Cine Lens
CALIBRATIONS: Focusing scqle snd Diophrogm stops
35 mm (13/e") 50 mm (2") 75 mm (3")
2 teet to infinity 6 feet to infinify 5 feet to infinity
ft2.3 to f:16 f:2.3 ta f 22 t:2.3 to f :32
(For prices see currenf price list)
Donated to www.orphancameras.com2 lView original page 21Page 22 · Read text
REMEfuBER:Formokingfirsl-dosspitlures"60tRZAtltnlcAtl"lenseshovsgivenprofitoblesotislortionovetholf o cenluly
Ihe "GOFRZ AMERCAN"
HYPAR ANASTIGMAT
F:2.7
FOR WIDE.ANGTEWORK
lf comes only in Focusing mount for l6 mm comerqi
' f".l'ilt,T,:,L'*3J'i":13-ff ::",l':,.*,",- sionols ond omoteurs.
It gives microscopic definition qnd the resulting imoge hqs q remorkoble brilliqnce
qnd crispness.
Focsl length: l5 mm (0.60")
Size of imoge; l6 mm frome
Diometer of front lens celh l6 mm
Other focol lengths on speciol order.
(For price see current price list)
PHOTOGRAPHICsnd CINEMATIC
Exlro Comero Flongesfor oll Goerz lenses.
Lighr Filrersin screw-inmounls,in o voriety of sizesond colors.
Exlro cops (sold only with lenses).
Cqble Relebses.
Metol Holdersfor gelotin filters for processlenses.
(For deroils ond prices 3eecurrenl price lisl)
light Filtersin slip-overmounlsin q voriety of sizesond colors.Ask for circulor show-
ing prices.
For rhutlers odoptoble lo our lenses-s€o currenl price list.
Donated to www.orphancameras.com22View original page 22Page 25 · Read text
RBMEMBER:Formokingfirsl.dospictures"G0[RZArunlfAll"lanreshovagivenprofiloblesofisfoctionoYerholfo tenlury
A new member ol fhe Goerz familY:
GOERZ HUEBNFR
ARTAR REVERSEIENS
Mqnufoctured under Huebner Pqtent #2'408,855,
it contoins q built in speciol reversing prism ploced
between the nodsl points of the lens system.
The imoge possing through this lens comes out exoclly reversed, shorp ond wilhoul
distortion, color seporofed imoges ore in exoct register'
Prqcficol for use in photo engraving for direct prinls on sensitized metol plote.
It is useful for ony bronch of fhe Grophic ond Industriol Arls requiring o reversed imoge.
It supersedes oll ofher imoge reversers, right ongle comeros, striping films, ond deloyed
oction operolions,
It con be mounled on ony comero exoctly os ony olher lens is mounfed, the imoge
cenlers on the ground gloss, os with olher lenses.
The imoge con be rotoled by hond odiustment to ony ongle, or by o motor ond dork
room control (motor mounling moy be ordered seporoiely with on odopfer plole),
Full coveroge up to the lens locus copocily is ossured.
Diophrogm Control ond o holder for color seporotion filters ore porl of the lens
equipment.
Plofe Sire for copying with buill-in Prism
Reduction Scole
F Focol From the lisled siees enlorgement
Volue Length lo respective scole moy
qlso be mqde-
Inches I : 1 0 l:5 722 | :l
l l , 24 l2xl5 | 4xl7 I 8x20 24x28
12.5 30 I 6x20 I 8x20 22x26 30x34
Donated to www.orphancameras.com25View original page 25Page 26 · Read text
ORIGINATMADE WITH
3'' GOERZ RECTAGON
Donated to www.orphancameras.comView original page 26Page 27 · Read text
c. P.a0Enz[ilEalcnil0PIlc[[c0illP[]lY 6fitrRE
ffi
C^lal .ra IADIO ADDIII': OOIIZ l{lwtolf . GOD!3t WlStllll UXIOX Ul{lvlttAl I AIC lrl lDl?lOtl
Officl and Foclo:yz317 EASI 34rh STREET,]{EW Y9RK 16, N. Y.
itUrroy Hlll 5-166&7
AMTOUNCTISiTIIE OOENZINED.DO3NAR?ARIEI{S
Gentlencn:
Orr untlr{rrg effortg to ever inpr.ova titre quallty and preclslon of our
Ianges have re$rlted tn tlre areatlon of a superl.or AffAR lerur the 00EM
nRED-DOfn AnfAR. Ttre adrent of still flner grades and tgpes of opt'tcal
glasses comblnsd rt Uh olr abl.Ilty to choose fron tihe beet avalleblee
regulted Ln the fuEprovementof a leng ntrtch has long beea aceepted by yor
a,nd your colleagues esr one of ttre flnest on trtre lorld rnarket. To dl,stl,n-
gplrh tbfu AnnAn lens fron the oiLCllrc ARfARru hate engravcd a REDD(tr
=7-*ff#.?- on ttre fnont leng ccll. E .F -r.F t,-ffi
T?re0OERZnRED-Ililln tmAR ls an ep,ochrouat"l,elans the color sor$astlon of
rdrtch nakes tt rtttrstand tlre nost arastlng rcgulrmeatc for color separlr
tt on rprk. tbare *ko 1g nono better g|lltad for dl.nact color photograpw
appfgng Elstechrme, Amcoeolor, and tt"nllar prt{eoclt€Br tlt OOERZARfAR
lonaes heve a slot tn the aenter of the barr"el for eonvenignt lnscntLon
of ftlter holderr to hold gelattne fll.ters for colcr tsparatl.on rotrk.
the 00EM trRgD-DgfrARTAR,trlranfore, tr not on\y the flnest tool of the
rcrhEr Ln the grephlc ertr fleLd hrt noneover, tt 1g the tdesl lans rruf
tlre un&lrprtcd prualre of firoo€ta for tha cornnerslal qld Uductrlgl nsulngn photograpier. tntn oorreetlon osr el
arnount of gtreln, Srls rnslcEsthe OOEMnREtl-D0TtfARTARtlq dagl.neblc bru
for ttrtktrg oolor photograplly. A llne of noderataltr prffia lcngas of
fl.fteen dlfferunt focal lengths 1r avelhble, ranglrrg frora b to ?O lncher.
Borron!.ng i faorrr elogen you can tnrttrfulLy teLL yorr suatongrr
ASK Tt{E l,lAt{WIo ol,tlls olfB.
Slrrocrrlg yorrr
C. OOERUIUENXCATOHTICAtrCOMPAilT
P.p,.
P. 0octr Lengfeld
Sal,eg t{anrger
o i' o F?"iETL*"Iff 3r Ertf;frni"rr'
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