Keystone K-8 User manual

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 IIISTRUEIIOIIS
           uhtt+'      fua
IEgsr0nE
    MODET K-8-
lllouie ERI||ERR
       MILLIMETER
        o-8                    -
          Prl.rl.d No. lO8l5O5
        o
    l4aaalaah/r4d lsl
   ilETSr0nE mrE. t0.
   BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
                u.5.4.

Making Your Own Home
            Movies
The Keystone Model K-8 Camera has been desisned
with the requirements of the average home m6vie-
maker pred-ominantl_y -in mind. Its operation issim_ple, yet hlghly efficient. This camera- is sturdily
built and will give years of uninterrupted service.
     lmportrnce of Reeding Instructions
Our- experience- has shown that nearly all thetroubles experienced by users of hoine movie
cameras are directly traceable to failure to read and
follow instructions befor6 taking any pictures. You
can make good movies at the very                                 butset if you                                      -instudy and follow the instructions     this manual.
The percentage_ of properly exposed film that youcan make will be in direct proportion to the c-are
with which you follow these directions.
Anyone_ can "press the button" and get pictures of
a sort, but the individual who uses sbme iudement-bein what to take and how to take it, will   6mplyrewarded in results for the additional thoueht ei-
pendcd and will soon have a collection of filirs that
he will cherish in the years to come.
             Film Information
This camera uses either Eastman standard double
width 8 mm. or Agfa-Keystone single width 8 mm.
$m sold by dealers handling camer-a equipment.
lwg empty spools are supplied with the. eamera, thedouble width spool for use with Eastman standard
fi_lm only, the single width spool for use with Agfa-
Keystone film.
The cost of the film includes developing. Such film
comes wound on a metal reel, and is encased in a
metal container. When you unpack the film for
loading into the camera, be sure to save the metal
container and thc cardboard carton, so they may bc
uscd later for gending back the expored fiIm for
developing to the nearest processing station whoseaddrers ir shown on the film carton.

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     FOOTAGE
     INDICATOR



   WINDING
     KEY
                                              EXPOSURE
                                               TABLE





                                                    SPY.GLASS
                                                     VIEW.FINDER





   Mike Butkus                              Digitally                                                                                DN:email=mike@butkus.org,Date:cn=Mike2024.04.12signedButkus,by19:20:13Mikeo=ButkusButkusc=US-04'00'camera manuals, ou=butkus.org,

                          Fig. t

           Loading the Camera
Although the Keysto_ne Camera may be loaded in the         - daylight, it should under 'no cifcumrtu""",  l"Ioaded in direct sunlight. preferably the loadins
D'vurushould ber.rE (rurledone rrrin subd-uedsuouLleo lightrrgnE gror inln  ia ,-h;li-fi".;snady placg.so that Uou eliminate any po-ssible ctance-ofrng the _tilm edges, should the film become loosened"ioorltoo much on its reel.
The actual loading is accomplished as follows:
1. Wind the camera- motor by turning the-i-, windingkey (Fig. 1), until the spring"is woun-A    ti"'iJ'i?will go.

COVER LATCH
                          Fis. 2
2. Open the camera by turning the cover latch (Fig'2) to^the left as far as it will go. Grasp the coverat both edges and lift, if necessary using a g-entle                                 pry                     use                           force                               to               Neverrocking      motion.                                                         "tr- theIF"                                    bend                           you                          may                            or                  the latch,.o.r"tr-or              lift  it by
camera case and cause light leaks.
3. Remove the empty film spools you will find in thecamera and put th^erir aside- for the moment. One
will be used slortly as a take-up reel.
4, Lay the open camera on a table in fro4t of yorl*  t[uf ttie teirs barrel is at your left and the top ofthe camera furthest away from you.
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                           Fig. 3

                             3

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 5. Unpack a roll of film from its cardbcard carron
 and metal container. Rernove the paper si.rip wound
 around the film, and unwind aboul one foof of film for loading the camera, holding the film roll in such
  ?- way as_ to prevent further unwinding. With the film spool              the left hand, and the stiip of film in              ^in the right, fit the spoql over the upper spindle of the camera as shown in Fig. 3. Be iure tf,at the loose
 end, of the .ffIm. qoes outside the upper film stripper guide and the light colored side of tLe film faces ihe lens.





                             Fis. 4
 6.. Swing open the film gate, which is held in posi-
tion by-the.gate clip and pass the film along the^fllm
channel as illustrated in Fig. 4. Be sure t'[re film ispuslqed down as far as it will go so that the bottom
perforations line up with the film pull-down claw of
the operating mechanism. The tib of the claw can
be seen extending into the film Channel when thefilm gate is opened.
7. Close the film gate and test to see if the film is
properJy t-hrea_ded by attempting to pull it Eenilythrough the film gite.   tf  ttrE film is p"6pe"ii.
threaded, the perforations will catch on the     anh
preVent the film from moving. However, if"^iaoithe fitmcan be drawn through the fitm channel *ilnouicatching, it has not been threaded correcily.

Fig. 5
8. Pick up the double width film take-up spool (See
Fig. 10) when using Eastman standard film and hold
it in your right hand as shown in Fig. 5, so that the
side of the spool toward the thumb bears the word-
ing-"pi1* when on this spool is only half-exposed'"
Now holding the film black side up with the left
hand, insert it in the slot in the hub of the spool so
that the film perforations catch on the two points in
the hub slot, preventing the film from pulling loose.
Fig. 5 shows the correct method of inserting the end
of the film in the take-up sPool.
Only the single width spool (See Fig. 11) can be
used with Agfa-Keystone single width film to ensure
correct running of the film and to protect it from
the light when unloading the camera.
9. Wind the fiIm several times around the spool to
prevent it from loosening, until just enough film

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     slack is provided to allow the spool to fit over the    lower reel spindle of the cameri.
    Ylt"" windi-ng up the film, watch carefully to see if      rt has a tendency to bind between the flanges of the    spool. If  it does           flanges have"evidenily                         -bind,                             -the    become be-nt, and should                         be                                      carefrilly bent back o"fil    the film wjndg up freely. Now fit tire spooi o;;;-th;
      fow-e.r           reel spindle of the camera, making ,"""  tfrui      it slips down all the way. ff necessary, rotate the    spool slightly until it does.





:

I
i                               Fig. e
   lr1rne Jh",loadednlm takinE thecamerapath shouldshown lookby thetikeheaiyFig. 6,dottedwith   line in^ the diagraT of f is. i, an"d the light colored   side of the film facing towl"j'tl...lur,r.
    1L.  To_ make sure the camera is correcily loaded
   and will operate properly, giv; irre-.i""ti"l l"it",
                            6

(See Fig. 1) two'or three short pushes (do not push
the exposure button all the way over or it will lock
ir, po"itior") noting whether the film runs smoothly
and winds up on the spocl without catching' The
                                            beenfilm very often is ruined because it has not
correctly attached to the hub of the take-up spool
or did not wind up inside the spool plates' This
                                               coveroften causes the camera to jam' When the
is removed,  if the film is not rolled tight on the
take-up spobl, it is likely to be light struck'
 12. Replace the cover and lock it in place by turn-
ing the latch as far as it will go to the right'
Be sure to read further instructions on EXPOSING
THE SECOND HALF when using Eastman standard
6lm.

   Spool arrangement for loading Eastman
    Standard Double Width 8 m.m. Film
Arrangement of spools for exposing the first half
                                                    spool of the film is shown in fig. A.  Place the full
 of unexposed film on the top spindle' The side of
 spool *itn tt" four pronged hole should be placed
     Place the empty spool on the lower spindle'
                                      should be "p.The side of spool with the round hole
 placed up. The wording, "Film when on this spool
 is only half exposed," will then be visible'
 Arrangement of spools for exposing the second half
 of the film is shown in fig. B.  Place the full spool
 of film which is only half exposed cn the top spindle'
 The side of spool with the two prcnged hole should
 be placed up. The wording on this spool will now   +
 be underneath and invisible. Place the empty spool
 on the lower spindle. The flange with the three
 pronged hole shoutd be placed up' A curved black
 arrow will notv be visible as shown in fig' B'

Fig. E
    (FiS. 1) part way over and holding it down until
    the footage indicator reads 25.
   The footage indicator records the length of unex-
   posed film left. For example, if  it reads 2b, you
   have the full 25 feet of film to be exposed; if  it
   reads 10, you have only 10 feet left, as 1b feet have
   already been exposed.
  When the footage indicator reads 0, the usable por-
    tion of the film has all been exposed. The exposure
   button should now be held down until the indicator
   turns to the letter E.  This winds up the short sec-
   lion o{ protective trailer film, which.prevents any    light from getting through to the exposed film and
   spoiling it.

     Exposing the Second Half of the Film           !F
  When using double width film only one-half the
   width of film is exposed each time a roll is run
   through the camera. In order to expose the other
   half, the camera is reloaded a second time and the
   film is again run through the ci,amera while it  is
   being unwound from the take-up reel and rewound
    on_ the original spool. Reloading is accomplished as
   follows:
                                  I
:

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ti              Reloading the Camera
    Check to see that the film indicator points to E, to
    make certain the film is all wound up. Now open
    the camera. The film should all be wound up on
     the lower spool except for the extreme end, which
     will be held by the lower section of the film gate,
     thus preventing it from loosening on the spool and
    becoming light-struck. Remove both spools and
     reload the ,camera as before, except that this time
    the take-up spool (the one with the white lettering
    which comes with the camera) is to be slipped over
    the top reel post with the white lettering facing
    down.
    Thread the film through the camera mechanism
     exactly as before, close the cover, reset the footage
     indicator to S, run off enough film to bring the in-
     dicator over to 25, and the camera is ready to take
    another 25 feet of pictures on the same film.
    After the film has been run through the camera a
    second time it is ready for processing. Remove it
    from the camera and replace it in its metal con-
    tainer and paper carton. Then take it to your
     dealer, or mail it to the nearest film processing
     station as given in the directions supplied with the
      film.
      Spool alrangement for loading Agfa-   l
       Keystone Single Width 8 m.m. Film
   When loading Agfa-Keystone single width 8 mm
     film the full reel is placed on the spindle so that the
    edge with the sprocket perforation comes at the
   bottom. After the film has been placed in the film
    gate it should be brought around the single width
    film guide (passing under each end of the double
    width film guide). See loading diagram Fig. g.
                           10

Loading Diagram




                       S/Nl
                       F/L

              .DOUELE
                H/D7'HF/L
            s/lvoLE
          Y/DTH

               'F/rYoER
               CLIP





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The single width empty spool must be used for thetake-up spool. Be suie that the slots in the snoolpl4te fit down over the lugs on the lower spindle.After running the film through once it ^should be
mailed to the address shown on the carton for de-veloping.





                  z,9s7-Pr.aN            .9?t            L           /D.           s               )DouB                        L E /r'/D71                          8-itt..NOLE1vL4OFAL'.DTHXEYST4!'SPOOL,   I             sPooL.
           Fig. 1O                           Fier' 1r
                       11

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        Taking the Picture
Before attempting to take pictures, it is necessaryto properiy set the opening of the camera lens,
 called the lens "stop," to match the light availablefor picture taking. For best results, the amount
of light that reaches the film through the camera
lens must be kept within certain limits.  If  too
much light reaches the film, the pictures will be too
light and lack brilliance, and all light colored ob-
jects will.reproduce a chalky white without detail.If not enough light reaches the film, the pictures
will be too dark with empty solid black shadows.
Since the brilliance of the light that reaches the
camera varies through a very wide range, depend-
ing upcn such factors as time of day, season ofyear, brilliance of the sun as it  is affected bv
clouds, and amount of direct sunlight falling upoirthe subject, it is necessary to provide some compen-
sation at the camera. This is usuallv done bv-orv-arv-ing the opening in the lens to admit more     leis
light as conditions require.





                                    EXPOSURE
                                      TABLE

                                      LENS
                                            N,IARKINGS





                        Fig. 12
                        L2

In the Keystone Model K-8 8mm. Carnera this lens
 adjustment is made by rotating the knurled collar
 on the lens as shown in Fig. 12, which operates^       a diaphragm mechanism built lnto the lens.   It is not necessary here to go into a detailed discussion as to the lens markings used. All you need know is
 that the smaller the number thb larger the lens opening. It follows from this that when the liEht
 is po,or, the lens must be opened to the smaller lSns
 numbers (larger lens openings).
 The correct lens opening for all average work is plainly:narked on the camera nameplate" above the len;. However, if the camera is to'be used
 widely valying light conditions, the table given""A"i,here ts a far more complete g-ui{e. After some experi_
 elg,e glg may.become sufficienily expert to disp-ense yrtl .tnls- table, but it is earnestly reeommended that the beginner consult it frequenily.
     Exposure Guide for Keystone Camera
          When Ifsing panchromatic Film
For Supersensitive fiIm use one stop smaller opening.
ForKodachromefi lm{B'"..?'.'Jr'""""##"'rt"1r.?""1?""?"""x?""x',1?
For Orthochromatic film use one stop larger opening.
    SUBJECT     SEASON        ] CLEAR    rIAZY  CLOUDY
                                                                 8.          f. !'.6Sky, Sea, Snow and   Summer F             f.Distant Scenes.                     Winter      f. 8.       .f.5i           f. 4.
                  Summer      f. 8.           f. 5.6         f. 4.Open Scenes, Beaches
and Light Objects.      'Winter      f. 6.6      +A            f. 35
                  Summer                       f. 3.5      f.2.7Scenes in Light Shad
                     Wt,rt*       f. 3.5                        f. 1.9
                  Summer                                                                             f .2.7         f. 1.9                      -Scenes in Deep Shade.
                 m"t""
Summer season includes  April to S_eptember. For all other
months use the exposure for 'Winter. These stops should be
used from 3 hours after sunrise to 3 hours before sunset.
To make pictures earlier or later usb a larger diaphragmopening.

                        13

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          Fig. rB                          Fig. t4
      How to Hold the Camera
 Jn_ gse, the c?mera should be grasped firmly and held level. There are no hard and fast rules to follow as to the best hold. Adopt any position that
 ensures a steady, firmiy held camera, provided it iseasy and natural to hold. Jumpy pictures causedby an unsteady camel'a are extremely annovinE
when projected. Recommended methods of lioldl
ing the camera are shown in Figures 1B and 14.
     How to Use the View Finder
The Model K-8 Keystone Movie Camera is equipned
with two view-finders  a built-in spy-glas's^        iypefinder for normal use- and a direct  viJion
finder, which is attached to the side of the camera"i6io-and folds up when not in use. The spy-glass view_finder is to be used with our stand-a-rd universal
focus F.3.q, |  2.7,or the Yz-inch high speed F i.itIens made to be used with this camera. fne airecl
vision view-finder can be used with either of tfrese
lenses as well as with the special la/z inch (Bg *lili_meter) telephoto lens.
Tlrg -.py glass view finder is provided with a slidewhich droqs down, obstructing the view whe" t[;camera i,s held.lpside down. W'hen this is noticed,reverse the position of the camera.
For all ord,inary purposes the spy-glass view-findey
rs prereraDle slnce rt rs very much easier to use end
                        L4

shows exactly what you will get in the finished pic-
ture. However, some prefer to use the direct vision
finder, because of the larger image seen through it.
When using the direct view-finder, swing up both
front and rear frames. Sight through the rear
frame of the view-finder in such a way as to line
up the smaller of the two front frames exactly
within the view taken up by the single rear frame.
To do this prcperly, the camera must be held quite
close to the eye, even though in this position the
front frame appears very much blurred.
Fig. 14 gives the correct manner of using the direct
view-finder. With the camera held firmly in this
position, the view through the larger of the two
front frames represents the picture taken by either
the universal focus F 3.5, F 2.7, or the half-inchfocus F 1.9 lens. The view through the smaller of                                                                                       ithe two front frames represents the picture taken
byby thethe 77/z77/z inchinch (38(38 millimeter)millimeter) telephototelephoto lens.lens.
The scene observed through a view-finder shows       i                                                                                                                           tr                                                                                                --  +L^the                   lavoall-rexactly  fl"^the  -i^lrrt^picture                                                                    l.-^be  i--t"J^lincluded                             +1^-+that   '.'iIlwill                               byeamera lens only for normal subjects which are ten
feet or mcre from the camera. For close-ups under
ten feet it is necessary to compensate for the slightdifference in viewpoint between the camera lens
and view-finder due to their different locations.
This is done in the following manner:
When looking through the spy-glass view-finder at
close-ups under ten feet, the central part of the
pjcture, instead of being exactly centered should be
shifted a little upward and to the left, so that it is
seen a trifle off center in the direction of the upper
left hand corner of the view-finder-
When looking through the direct view-finder, the
center of the picture should be shifted to the left
of the exact center.
                                                       {         Making the Exposure
To make the exposure, the exposure button (See
F!g. f ) should be pushed half-wray toward the back        Iof the camera and held there for the duration of    .rX'the scene. If the button is released, it will springback and the camera will stop. If continuous action
for a longer period of time is required, or if theeamera is mounted on a tripod and the operator
wishes to get into the picture himself. the exnosure
                        t5

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 button      Tay pg nushed back all the way.  It will rellrarn in this position until released bv beinc p.ushed bac-k, giving the operator time i" *"aU. i"t8 the scene for. a few_secon-ds, walk out again, and stop     the camera.                           fuliy wound,                                            th;-;r";;;                   - When rvill operatg             for alou-t                      twenty-hv"                                        .""oirar; five feet of film, before ru,i"i"E down. 'Hoive"""l""p;tr; the came'a shotild le rewounJ'uft"""^;"";;il;;:no matter how short.
          Prcper Length of Scene
 There _is'a natural tendency among amateur pho-tographers to cramp or shbrten sEenes. ttus-de_tracting co_nsiderabry from the interest oi-hr"i"prctures. It is good practice to make every picturetong enouglr_so that it will take at least teri s-econds
                                             thanl9_ln9*:tnat, but makeIVl.ury.thisexposuresyou_r minimumwill requiree-xposure.more Theneach of Jiour scenes-will be free-ironi ,,choppirress;;
and your-prctures will have a sustained inte^r6st andcnarm. lt must be borne in mind, however, thailhu maximum uninterrupt"d-         cannot bebeyond 25 seconds, for- tf   tfris--poi"t"*po.o.uttre camerimust again be rvound.
Always _ rewind  the camera after  eyery scene, nomatter how short.
  Oooooo        1.3.s                                               f .4. f.s.6 f.8. f.rr.  f .16.
The circles on the^ripe i4 which the lens is mountedis an indication of the size of ttro diap[;g;fi;;:    When            the              bottom                     marker                                       is pointingJto11rS.                                                -- n'g.S-the top       marker                points                       to                        the targest                                          circlel
Always test carrving.strap screw to"  see if it is tightin soCket when c-a".iing cL;;;.
The F 3.5 and F 2.7 lens on this camera is knownas     universal  a              focus                       lens,                         the                        mount                                               requirin€,-                                           n;a  d j u        st                        ista n c     m e n t  f o r d                          e. W ith                                       u.t                                                                             ;-p                              -ine-ai rpfr-"l?*"                                             *ing we _ would recg-mmend thal"      oDJecr be " nocloser than the following distancl:


                       16

Facts You Should Know About
   Your KEYSTONE Camera





                                            SPEED
                                              RECUI,ATOR

                                                                      $
                                                                                     1\
                                                               I
                                              SPY.GLASS
                                           VIEW.FINDER



                           Fig. 16
           Speed Regulator
Th" Speed Regulator of the Keystone 8 mm.Camera, pictured in Fig. 16, may be set to operatethe    camera            at three                       different                          running- speeds.-,,nor-                               motion.',malr"                                    fhese' three      "lowr"          and "slow
speeds have the following uses:
Normal. This is the standard camera sneed (16
frames per second) and should be used- in nrLc-tically all cases. This speed results in the most
economical use of film consistent with steady. flick-  Terless pictures when projected on the screen'.
Low. This represents a camera speed of onlv   1Itwelve frames per second. It should be used wi[ir   Ja wide-open^Jens when the light is poor, or can beused when film is running lo* and lt  is' desired iouse it as economically as possible.
A,t tle low setting th_e film runs through the eameraat Y+ normal speed, which results -in somewhai
                       L7

Closeups and Long Shots
You can greatly increase the value and interest of
your,films by following the example set by profes-sional movie makers in shifting the camera view-
point from long shot to closeup and back again as
r_equired to carry out the continuity and action ofthe story you wish to tell.  There is nothing so
effective as a good closeup in showing up indiviiual
characteristics and mannerisms. Whenlnterspaced
nqo-perly- between, long or semi-long shots, cloieups
add freshness and interest to any plcture.





            Closeup                    Seml-Closeup





       Semi-Long Shot               LongLong ShotShot                          Fis. 12
The four illustrations of Fig. 17 will give you some
idea of the various effects that can be produced by
careful selection of the camera position or through
the proper use of telephoto lenses. Use these illus-
trations as a guide in planning your own pictures.
IN TAKING CLOSEUPS. BE SURE TO COMPEN.
SATE FOR THE PICTURE SEEN IN THE VIEW
FINDER, AS EXPLAINED ON PAGE 15.
For closeups under five feet, it is necessary to open
the lens one stop larger than normal.
                         19

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                     Panora m ing
    When                          necessa-ry                 it becomes                               to photograph                                  a seene                                          "view      that             a greater                         angle thari                                       the                                                             tat                                         en in          -covers    by the. camera, or when some moving object may
      otherrvise qass out o{ vi_ew, the - camera may b;    swung slowly to take in the complete scene of tot_     low the action. This movement of the camera  is    known as "panoraming', or ,,pamming.r,
     In panoraming_there are several important points
     to remember: Keep the _camera in i  firm, .l;;dt      po.sition and pivot the body, not the camera. Wheir
      tpl{lng strll objects, mo-ve- the- body very slowly so
      that the added scene will blend into the i,i.tu"" "irr-u     s-mooth and realistic fashion. The most common      fault is rapid panoraming.
     ayot4 pll..qp and down motion except when taking    a tall building. In that case use      an--up ana    down motion. panoramas of this tvpe,'t"r,lv owe.i""", u""     usually unsatisfactory because of ttr^e aisioriio' p"o-     duced by tilting the Lamera.
     Always panoram very slowly and deliberately.

          Photographing Moving Objects
     Following- moving objects by panoraming requires
     special rules of ils own. S#ing the cam-era ;b;;;    so as to kee^p..the^supje-ct as niarly as po.-inte in
     the center of the field bf view, but Le-sui" To *o""     smoothly and.deliberately. Avoid att :eit<V, rapid     motion, even if you musf sacrifice some p;ri'ot ihe    action. If necessary to swing ,upiatv-iro* one    view             another,         to                        your                    take                                 fin{er                                                 t"tre-e"poro""                                         "quict<-.hlltof     button                you_do           while                           fne                     sd.                                                   i?-.""rr. ,    will be so blurred as to be unr^ecogniruli",- .o Vo"     are only wasting film.
.l1..,,  w,hg"ever. possible, station the camera so that the             move                    toward                           away                           or                                 from                                            camera                                         the ,I    suoJect,\Mlll                         a-1el-e                       so that                                               purroru*_                         a                          minjmum                                          of     ?t an oblique      rng, ,will get all the action. Avoid alt motion at     rlght angles to                     -the camera-such scenes utu airno.t    always unsatisfa_ctory. If the action must-be at     right anglep tg the cbmera, get at least l*""tv_n""     ree[ away before attempting the picture.
                           20

The Lens System
Although the outstanding advantage of the Key-
stone Camera is its simplicity of operation so that
anybody can take successful home movies without
previous experience or knowledge of photography,
 it lends itself admirably to the advanced amateur
who knows how to take full advantage of the many
special lenses, filters, and auxiliary equipment that
are extremely useful in broadening the scopes of a
camera and enabling the taking of interesting pic-
tures under extreme and difficult conditions.
The Keystone Model K-8 8 mm. Camera comes
equipped with an F 3.5 or F 2.7 Anastigmat lens of
universal focus. The camera operation has been so
simplified that no lens adjustment is required be-
yond that of selecting the proper one of the six
lens openings. While the universal focus F B.b lens
supplied as standard equipment will serve practi-
cally all purposes, the more advanced amateur may
desire to use special large aperture lenses for tak-
ing interior pictures under extremely poor light
conditions, or telephoto lenses for long distance
shots.
The lens system of the Keystone 8 mm. Camera
is so designed as to make lenses easily interchange-
able and thus simplify the use of special lenses.
It is merely necessary to unscrew the lens in the      l
                                                                                                                                                        Icamera and substitute another one for  it.
For those wishing to purchase additional lenses to
increase the usefulness of their cameras, we rec-
ommend the 7/z inch high speed F 1.9 lens, and the
lYz inch (38 millimeter) telephoto lens, both of
which may be purchased from your Keystone
Camera dealer. These lenses are shown in Fig. 18.
                       23

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