Keystone Movie Model A-7 User manual

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40-Care and Operation

be used, a smaller opening gives underexposure. The
lens cap must be off when the exposure  is made.

 OVER EXPOSED pictures are too light and the
highlights lack details, this is CAUSED by too much
light falling on the film. CORRECTION, the lens
opening recommended on the exposure guide should
be used, a larger opening gives over exposure. The
spring motor must not be allowed to run down com-
pletely when exposure  is being made.

 UNSTEADY OR TILTED pictures are not pleas-
ing to look at, they are CAUSED by the camera not
being held steady and level when the picture is taken.
CORRECTION, hold the camera firm and steady,
stand still, and check the image in the view finder
to see that the camera is level.

 OUT OF FOCUS pictures are bluned and not
sharp, this is CAUSED by the lens not being prop-
erly fitted or set. CORRECTION, the lens should
be screwed in tight, focusing lens must be set to the
correct distance from the object. Universal lens
should not be used at distances closer than those
recommended for various diaphragm openings - and
distant shots with Universal Focus Lenses - will not
be sharp with openings larger than 18. Panoraming
is not recommended and should only be done by
one thoroughly experienced in using a camera.
  FILM SCRATCHES are perpendicular lines run-
ning through the picture, CAUSED by an accumula-
tion of emulsion or dirt in the film sate. CORREC-

4-Care and Operation

          TABLE OF PARTS
    PART                    E(FL;\NATION
 L Supply Sprol Shall        Furnishm beming  tirr supph spxrl.
  l. fakn"un Slulfl                 R*tatm tlu ttk$up s;xml.
  -1, Suplt),Sptxrl            ltrnlds rhtr rnrxp:,rnl  lihn,
  .1, l'.lkrr'up SF)$l             Wirrds up thr. t"xposM lilm,
  5."$, Filu Luupr                Shull s "tu.t unrl shap ol'l*np
                                                tn be lcft whrn tluradinu.
  7, ANrIurc lhtr                    $ ilm pmses hr, lprlrturo  tu b,e rxpnrrd.
  ll. f ilnr ila$ "fsnsinn          ltr*ld-r lilnr ugaimt aperturr platn.
 9, Lms F{ood                      Shislds [r:nq ltnmsun,
 0. Diaphragm Rrng             ( h{rrurs suc ol dnphragm o6ntng.
   | .-  | l. V kn T rndcr          Lorttw  ilre ;ruhiscl ild cntirr
     Srghtn                   licld whirh  is htrng dil)rusr.illhfld.
  l, l]pFtl Sprnilkrl fiuud        (iurdr:i  lilnr *rrr "rpmrkrt
  .1. Lrln r:r Spro'ckct (iuurd     Qurdrs  lilru undrr.ipnr,rkrt
 I lipr*rkct                          Frtrlr tilnr lo and lianr lihn tttr
 (r, ftruta$ Rrsistrr Ltvur      tlnntnrls  thil lbuts$rr  r*Fislrr,
 7. Pull Down ('law              nruiv.c lilnl Lntumittrntll'Fe\t rysnu{,
  l{, \\'inrling llandte               \\,ind.r .iprinB nxrloril'iu.4, Dage t}
 9. Hxpt,sillr Stun Bufioll        Sliln{ nx}tor {t iH. ,1. purle  lit
10, [.rpsuro Lmk Buuon     Lnch"t *nposure butt*n ur plssr {f i$. .l
                          mst  l{ l,
ll. f*otlgc Rrgiirnr           lndirll*s hou. nruch lihn hm hcnr uqcd
                                                    1l'ig.  "1, pgr  il|
ll, Lclt Srds lnck Buttun      Lork-r doar to camera tl'rH. ], nagr {i}
lJ, htposure tiuulc            Sholrs c*rr*t rrp$$urf lhr.r.h$$rrrnt  cun"
                                                     rlitirxrs ll'ig.  "1. pq{e  li}.
14, hns fllam                Holds lun ro cffirril ltip.t. FaHc lJ|
15. $tnp tl,nrdh                        firip tn huld canurn "*ilrady,
if. Varrahh, SJnod         Snr spcnk  l'trr litm t* pus tlul canrsra.
   Rtguhl*r                    1f ig. ,t, pagtr ll|

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  38-Care and Ooeration
                    Titling
  You can have your films titled by your movie
 camera dealer for a small cost or you can purchase a
 titling outfit and do this work yourself. Titling adds
 continuity and interest to the picture and makes the
 sudden change from one scene to another less
 abrupt.

                  Splicing
   General practice is to splice your 100-ft. lengths
 of 16 m.m. film together, making one 400-ft. reel,
 which the average projector is equipped to  car-ry.
 You can purchase splicing equipment from your
 dealer or you can have this work done by him for
 a small charge.

    Accessories for Keystone Cameras
  The Keystone Camera is so designed, that, as the
 amateur progresses, he may add accessory equip-
ment for achieving more advanced results in photog-
raphy and so increase the versatility of his original
equipment. The telephoto lens and the /1.5 speed
lens are instantly interchangeable with the standard
f.2.5 lens. Other useful accessories available are:
Portrait attachments for getting sharp close-ups,
color filters for special effects, tripods, editing out-
fits, and many other. Write to the Keystone Mfg.
Co., Boston, Mass, for the special Camera Acces-
sories Catalosue.

6-Care and Operation





                            Frg.2
be done with weak light and under no circumstances
should the operation be performed in direct sun-
light.  If no shade place is available when film
is being loaded, work in shadow cast by placing
your body betrveen the sun and the camera.
Place camera on flat surface and open by turn-
ing lock button" Fig. 2, and lifting cover off camera.
Compare the working parts on page 4 with those
in the illustration in Fig. 1. and become thoroughly
familiar with their names.

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 31-Care and Operation
 range the lights so that the rays come from difl'erent
 angles-this breaks up the shadows giving clear de-
 tail to the picture. In most scenes some lieht should





                                Fig. l0
fall in the back, or, a light colored screen may be
used at the rear to brighten up the back. It should
be quite close to the subject.
  Window shades should be drawn down to prevent
reflection from the glass. All bright reflections from
glass doors, picture frames or glossy surfaces should
be eliminated. The lamps and stands should be so
located that they will not show in the picture. Cloth
or parchment shades have very little reflecting
power; when used with photoflood lamps see that
they are placed far enough away to withstand the
excess heat given off by these lamps.
  The lens stop to use depends upon the distance
from the lamp to the object and not the location
of the camera, except, we suggest that the minimum
distance for each stop by maintained, as shown in
the bottom line of the chart on page 36.

l1-Care and Operation
  Run the mechanism fbr six or eight inches to
 be sure that the film has been properly threaded
 and is running smoothly. When assured that the
 film is running smoothly through the sprocket and
 film gate and that THE LOOP IS MAINTAINED.
the cover is replaced and locked. The camera is
 now ready for action.





                                    Fig. 5
         Winding the Camera
        The Footage Indicator
  Turn the winding handle, Fig. 4, clockwise
until the spring motor is  entirely wound.
Each full winding is sufficient to run off approximately
twenty feet of film. but it is better to rewind the
motor after every few shots. If the motor sounds

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32-Care and Ooeration
  The adjustment of the diaphragm of the fixed
focus mount is the same as the f.2.7. The micro-
meter or adjustable mount requires the same setting
for distance as the/.5. lens.
  The view finder is designed for a one-inch lens.
When using a wide angle lens we suggest centering
the scene in the view finder, allowing the picture to
extend beyond the edge shown in the view finder.
    General Information for Making
         Good Pictures
  Before replacing the camera cover, always test
for correctness of  threading by  first running
through a foot or so of film.
   It will be your tendency at first to direct your
movie camera at posed subjects. This type of pic-
ture should be left for the still camera, for a movie
camera is primarily an instrument for recording
action. Your first pictures will probably be of
family and friends. The best scenes will very
likely be those made when the subjects are not con-
scious of being filmed, or when you can get them
so preoccupied with a bit of action that they forget
all about the camera.
  Plan your pictures to tell a little story of some
kind. In amateur motion pictures they story element
is achieved by adding a planned bit of action which
turns what otherwise might be a dull and uninterest-
ing film into one that is vivid and interesting. For
instance, your little girl holding her doll will make
an attractive picture but there will be not story ele-
ment in it. Show her giving her pet doll a birthday
party, tucking napkins under rag necks, pouring

I2-Care and Operation
 lock button forward and at the same time pressing
the lock button, Fig. 4, upward which locks it in
 position; then step into the picture area. To stop
the motor, step out of the picture are4 return to the
camera and push down the lock button. In this
 service the camera must be mounted on a tripod.
  When the camera is empty and not in use, avoid
unnecessary tension on the spring by letting the
motor run down.
  The lens must be screwed tightly into the lens
holder to be in proper focus. Loose lens will cause
picture to be blurred or out of focus.
            Audible Signal
 A very useful and patented feature of the new
Keystone camera is the audible film register with
which it is equipped. Each time about one and one-
half feet of film becomes used a soft signal rings and
reminds the operator to shoot the proper film foot-
age for the scene. This precludes the necessity of
stopping the camera to see how much  fi lm has been
used on the scene.
 For Computing Exposure with a Meter
  The angle of opening in the shutter is 160.. The
length of exposure for the various speeds is approxi-
mately
             for l0 frames         l/22 second
               l6                  r/36
              24                  r/54
              32                  l/72
              40                  t/90
              48                  l/108
              64                t/144

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 30-Cqre and Operetion
other outdoor sports, the favorite can be photo-
graphed to appear in larger proportions when pro-
jected on the screen.
  The Telephoto lens is interchangeable with the
f.2.5 or f.1.5 lens. Merely unscrew the lens on
the camera fiom the aluminum lens plate and re-
place with the telephoto lens. Be sure to screw  it
up tight. After the lens is securely fastened to the
camera, the indicator controlling the diaphragm
and distance setting can be placed at the most con-
venient position for reading by simply turning the
front lens hood to the right using a little force.
  When using the Telephoto Lens, very accurate
focusing for distance is necessary. This is espe-
cially true at the shortest distance. The focusing





                                    Fig. 9
scale on the Telephoto Lens is engraved for 3, 4, 5,
6,'/,8, 10, 15, 20,30,50  feet, and INF. (lnfinity-
which is this case can be understood to mean any
distance over fifty feet). To set the focus, the collar
on the lens barrel must be turned until the fisure

I4-Care and Operation
         Variable Speed Regulator
  The Keystone A-7 Camera is equipped with a
 variable speed regulator, Fig. 4o so that it may
be operated at seven different speeds for various
 purposss. These speeds are marked as "Low",
 "Normal", four "Intermediate" speeds, and "Slow
 Motion". Each of these speeds has a particular use
 as described in the following paragraphs.
    l.   "Normal". At this speed the film runs
through the camera at 16 frames per second. All
exposure guides are calibrated for this speed. In
practically all cases the camera should be set at
"Normal" as this results in the most economical
use of film consistent with steady, flickerless pro -
jection.
  2. "Low". Use this adjustment (a) when light
is very pooa @) when film is running low and  it
is desired to use it as economically as possible, (c)
when comedy effects of speed-up motion is de-
sired.
  At this adjustment the film runs through the
camera at l0 frames per second. This results in
longer exposure so that the lens diaphragm should
be set at one-half stop smaller than normal. (See
page 17 for setting lens diaphragm). However, ac-
tion becomes correspondingly speeded up on projec-
tion. The "Low" adjustment should be used only
when necessary, and the subjects cautioned to move
slowly and deliberately. It is very important to hold
the camera steadily, or jerky pictures will result.
  3.   "lntermediate". There are four adjust-
ments under this marking with speeds of approxi-
mately 24, 32,40 and 48 frames per second. These

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28-Care and Ooeration
  In general one-stop larger opening may be used
 for 2x Filters and two stops larger opening for 4x
 Filters.
 A yellow filter is the only one recommended  for
use with orthochromatic film.
  The general practice is to have the filter as close
to the lens as possible. Hoods which can be un-
screwed from the lens should be removed and the
filter screwed into place, the hood can be replaced
on to the filter. The hood on a f.1.5 lens is not
removable. To remove the hood on other lens, grip
the front end with the rubber cap and turn
counter clockwise.
           Yellow Filter
   Penetrates haze, fog and mist.
  Reduces glare from the sun on sand or water and
gives better detail.
  Improves detail in shaded structures, such as
archways, doorways, stairs, etc.
  Gives detail in scenes where creamy or yellow
tone predominates.
           Red Filter
  Cuts out blue and violet haze, fog and mist, and
glare of sun on the water.
  Improves detail in dark colors, purple, dark red,
and deep shadows, also snow scenes, tan or shaded
faces. Darkens the sky with good details of clouds
and gives a lighter foreground. Over exposing will
lighten the sky.

l6-Care and Operation
 changing, more than five f-eet may be required to
 tell the story. Start the camera iust before the
  acl"ion. and stop just after the action.





                            Fig.7
         Focusing the f.l.5 Lens
  When using the I1.5 lens, accurate focusing  is
very necessary in the making of good pictures. The
fbcusing scale on the f.1.5 lens barrel is engraved
 for 2,3.4,6,8, 12, 18,25 fbet and INF. ilnhnitv-
which can be understood to mean any distan." ou..
twenty-five f-eet). To set the focus the collar 2g.
Fig.7. on the lens barrel must be turned until the
figure that agrees nearest to the estimated distance
fiom the camera to the sub.iect is at the line on the
lens barrel. When conditions warrant using the
diaphragm stop /5.6, f.8., -f.l l. or .f.16., the diitance
can be set at eighteen fbet and all objects beyond
the following distances, for each lens stop. will be
in fbcus.

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26-Care and Operation
their distinction, two different colors may appear
in the picture to be just one block or shape with
no difference in tone or shade, lacking any detail.
Black and violent will be shown as black, green and
blue will be registered as dark grey yellow and
orange as a light grey; white appearing in its true
color. Much of the value of the picture will be lost
due to the lack of contrast between the colors.
  With the use of the proper filters, colors which
would appear in the picture as the same shade will
be reproduced in different tones, changing what
might be a dull monotone photograph into one full
of contrast giving the picture much of its original
color value.
  The effects of the filer on each color much be
understood before selecting the one to be used.
Observe closely the colors which are to be photo-
graphed, then choose the filer which will be most
effective in giving contrast to the picture. In a
scene where foliage predominates a green filter is
required to give contrast to the foliage. A scene of
dark colors such as black, purple and dark red,
requires a red filter to lighten up these colors and
give sufficient contrast to the picture so that each
color can be readily distinguished.
  The filters most generally used to give contrast
are yellow, red and green, the following table show
the shades in which each color is rendered when
using panochromatic  fi lm.
 A haze filter is often used with Kodachrome film
to clear up haze which very often appears when
taking distance scenes or scenes in high altitudes.

I8-Care and Operation
 By the "diaphragm stop" we mean the acfual size
 of the aperture in the diaphragm through which
  light may pass and reach the film.
Ooooooo.'                                                              116    "d1"5        /:1.e    "f2.8 f.4 "f5.6 18 tt.r
                                         -f.2.7
                          f2.s

  The term f.1.5 signifies the largest diaphragm
  opening, f.1.9 is slightly smaller than f.1.5, f.2.8 is
  smaller than f,1.9, and so on to f.1.16., which is the
 smallest diaphragm opening. The term f.2.8 in-
 dicates the largest opening of the /2.8 lens. The
 higher the number the smaller the opening. The
  size of the opening to use depends upon the quantity
 of light on the subject - the more light the smaller
 the opening; the less light the larger the opening.
 To change the size of the diaphragm opening, turn
 the diaphragm ring until the number stamped on  it,
 corresponding to the required opening, comes oppo-
 site the gauge mark on the base of the lens. Each
 consecutive larger diaphragm opening gives ap-
 proximately twice as much exposure as the preced-
 ing opening.
  The exposure guide on the front of the camera
 and the exposure chart on page 21, are given as
 guides to correct exposure under various conditions

of the Kevstone Movie Camera-|9
         for use with either f.3.5, f.2.5 or f.1.5 lens. Any
         exposure larger than 13.5 refers only to lens which
         have those stops.
              It will be well to acquire the habit of inspecting
1       the diaphragm stop before taking each scene. In
           this way one never forgets to change the diaphragm
I         stop for different exposure conditions.
          The f.2.5 lens on this camera is known as a uni-
         versal focus lens, the mount requiring no adjust-
        ment for distance. With each diaphragm opening
      we would recommend that the object be no closer
          than the following distance.

            DlaphraBm    !.2.5     t 2.8     1.4        t s.6         f.8     t11
              Distance      I  ).t ft"   7t4ft"   6}{ft.     5 ft.        4ft.      3ft.


                 Panoramic Pictures

          Panoraming is taking pictures while swinging the
        body around. The camera is in operation while be-
         ing moved through an arc, thus obtaining a pano-
                                                jumpy                                           results                               generally                                          in a                     This        ramic             scene.t                                                   motion                                         unsteady                            and                      the uneven          picture             due to
         of the camera while in operation. This practice is I         not recommended and should only be attempted by
        one thoroughly experienced in using a motion pic-
         ture camera. Panoraming in any case should be
         done by moving camera very slowlY.

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                                      of the Keystone Movie Camera-2|
        Unloading the Camera
  When the register disc indicates that all the film
 has been used, continue to run the camera until you
 are sure the end of the film is all wound on the lower
 spool so as to prevent the film from being light                        it
 struck when removing it from the camera. With a                                                                                  I little experience one can tell the moment the last
 of the trailer passes through the film gate and on
 to the take-up reel.
  Open the camera in subdued light and remove
the spool of film as quickly as possible placing  it
 in its original container.
  Replace the reel which originally contained the
unexposed film on the take-up spindle. This will
serve as the take-up reel for the next film. Keeping
 it in the cirmera will protect it from being bent of
mislaid.
  Place the metal case containing the exposed roll
of film in the cardboard container and print your
name and address plainly in the spaces provided
for them. All the cartons contain the name and
address of the manufacturer to whom it is to be
returned for processing. Do not seal the carton
unless you wish to pay first class postage rates on
it. The purchase price of the film also includes the
cost ofprocessing and return postage.
       Use of Color Filters
  Scenes which often contain a color combination
that is very pleasing to the eye become pictures
registered in black and white or shades of black
and white when photographed. The colors lose

of the Keystone Movie Camera-|7
               f .s.6         f.8           f .rr           f .16
        5%          4             3       2%
        The location seen through the view finder for
         close-ups will differ slightly from the picture taken
        by the lens. See page 13.

             Use of the Diaphragm
          Probably the most important factor in produc-
          ing motion pictures is correct exposure.
           Distant scenes which appear clear in the view-
          finder are often blurred on the film, due to haze.
         This can be corrected by using a yellow filter with
         black and white film and a haze filter with Koda-
       chrome. In order to increase the depth of fiend in
        views over 50 feet away when using a universal
                                                      and         focus lens, it is recommended that stops of / .8
          smaller be used.
       On the Keystone Model A-7 camera, exposures
         are govemed by the diaphragm located between the
        two lenses which compose the lens system shown in
                                 Fig. 8. This is a dcvice
I                              which controls thc amount
                                 of light passing through


I                                   thc lcns by cithcr increasc-
                                 ing or dccrcasing ths sizc
                                of  the opcning through
                          which light may pass.
                               This is opcratcd by turn-
                              ing thc diaphragm ring
                          on which arc stampcd thc
                        Fig. 8           diaphragm stop numbcr.

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                                      of the Keystone Movie Camera-27

 SUBJECT           FILTER C.'OLORS
 [:OLOR      (lREEN     YEt-t_()w     RED
                        Shadcs rcnt.lcrecl  trv the filrrr
 bluck                   trlack            blsck           black
 yiulet               rlnrk grcy      vr-ry durk grc1,       hlack
 blue                 grey         dorh grey     very dark grey
 gfccn           vcry light grc1.       grsy         dark glcy
  1'c Iltlrr'               light grev     verv light grey         g rc]"
 (}ronue               grey            Irght grcy           liglrt grsy
 red              dork grcy        rlnrk grcy     vcry light grcy
  A neutral density filter is used when photograph-
 ing under extremely bright lighting conditions, to
 cut down the exposure.
  The exposure required to form an image on the
film depends upon the amount of light passing
through the diaphragm, it is necessary to open the
diaphragm enough to compensate for the light re-
traded by the filter. Each diaphragm stop approxi-
mately doubles the exposure. By adiusting the
diaphragm the coffect exposure may be obtained
when using a filter with ordinary lighting condi-
tions.
  The amount of light absorbed by a filter depends
upon the color being photographed and the light
source. Various films have different degrees of
color sensitiveness. The exposure depends upon the                      i
intensity and type of light source and the color sen-                            I
sitivity of the film.  It is, therefore, impossible to                          Ij
give a filter factor which can be applied to all con-
ditions, and any value given would only be an
approximate guide.

of the Key*one Camera'  | 5
speeds vary, where accurate work is  required
                                                      threea test should be made first. Use the first
speeds for slowing down very rapid action, and
the 48 frames per second for a semi-slow motion.
Open the lens diaphragm from one to one and a
half stops longer than normal when using inter-
mediate speeds.
  4.  "Slow Motion". This speed is extremely
useful in slowing down action and, therefore, finds
                                                   aits greatest value in analyzing motion, such as
golfer's stroke, a tennis serve, or a runner's form.
                                           producingIt may also be used to advantage in
comedy effects.
                                                       the  At "Slow Motion" the film runs through
camera at 64 frames per second or four times the
normal speed. For this reason the lens diaphragm
should always be opened two stops larger than
normal. The camera should not be run without film
 at high speed.
           Length of Scenes
  Some beginners make the mistake of using too
much film in taking one scene This is both un-
 economical and unnecessary, for when the film is
 projected, the picture becomes tiresome before the
 scene changes. The other extreme is also to be
 avoided, for cutting a scene too short also gives an
 undesirable effect; the scenes flash on and off the
 screen before the eyes of the audience can grasp
 the image.
  For any continuous action or scene that doesn't
 change its nature, for instance, close-up of people,
 scenics, a water fall, etc., experience has shown that
 about five feet of film is suffi cient. If action is

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                                      of the Keystone Movie Camerq-29
       Light Yellow Green Filter
  Improves the detail of foliage on any green
 scenes and reduces the halo caused by reflected
 green light. Darkens scenes of red, yellow and blue.
 Gives a dark sky.
          Color Film Filter
   Daylight Color Film Filter is used with daylight
film and Tungsten light.
  Type A Color Film Filter is used with Type A
film and sunlight.
  Color Film Haze Filter is used to penetrate haze
and light mist.
 ,      Instructions for Using the
            Telephoto Lens
 A telephoto lens on your movie camera gives the
effect that a telescope does to the human eye.  It
magnifies, brings in the distance and permits close-
ups to be made of nearby or far off objects.
  The Keystone 14. Telephoto Lens has a three-
inch focal length, and since a telephoto lens mag-
nifies the equivalent of its focal length, this lens
magnifies objects three times larger than would the
regular one-inch lens. In this way it records on the
film distant objects that would appear practically
indistinguishable were they made with a lens of
short focus. The advantage is therefore obvious.
It makes possible the photography of timid and wild
animals, birds and other creatures from a distance
in their natural haunts. In making movies of sur-
gical operations,  it eliminates the necessity of work-
ing too close to the subject. In races, games and