Kodak Improved No. 2 BULLET Camera User manual

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BEFORE LOADING.

   Before taking any pictures with the Bullet read the fol-
lowing instructions carefully and make yourself perfectly familiar
with the instrument, taking especial care to learn the construc-
tion of the shutter. Work it for both time and instantaneous
exposures several times before threading up the film.
   The first and most important thing for the amateur to bear in
mind .is that the light which serves to impress the photographic
image upon the sensitive film in a small fraction of a second
when it comes through the lens, can destroy the film as quickly
as it makes the picture. Until it has been developed and fixed,
the film or plate must never be exposed to white Iight for even a
fraction of a second, (this includes gas light, lamp light, etc.) or
it will be ruined. Throughout all the operations of loading and
unloading, therefore, be extremely carefulto keep the black paper
wound tightly around the film to prevent the admission of light.
  As now made, the Bullet can be used with either plates or
films. In making the exposures and in chemical treatment the
operations for plates and films are the same-The general direc-
tions which follow are therefore applicable to both, special direc-
tions for loading and changing plates being given under the
proper headings.
           EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY,
                                            Rochester. N. Y.


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PART I.
Section 1.

I.OADIIfG WITII FIIiM.
The film for the Bullet Camera is
furnished in light proof rolls and tlle in-
strument can therefore be loaded in day-
light. The operation should, however, be THE FILM. performed ir-r a subdued light, not in the
glare of bright sunlight.
TO I.OAD.
I. Take a posi-
fion at a table as
far as possible
from any window,
and pressing 'on
the bottom of
Ff c. .. tripod socket with the left hand, pull
out the brass catch as indicated in Fig. I
and take the roll holder from the box.
See Fig z.
II. Push out on the spring which is at
the bottom of the front left hand corner of
the roll holder (Fig. 3).
I I I. Put the full spool into this recess
and slip the pins into place in the hole in FlG. 3.
axis of spool and fasten with catch. BeI sure and get the " 7by'" at the toy'. Each
spool is marked at the end.
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EAST/VTAN KODAK COIV1PANY.

IV. Cut the gum slip that holds the
end of the paper and holding the thumb of
the left hand firmly against the roll as
shown in Fig. 4, thread the black paper
under the first cross piece and pull out
beyond the end of camera nine inches.
Pass the paper across the rollers and
under the second cross piece.
V. Threaci hh
into the slot in
reel, (see Fig. S) r
being careful j
that the paper
draws straight
FrG' 6' and true, and
turn the key until"the paper is taut. See
Fig. 6.
FtG. 5. Insert the camera body in the case once
more.
Tlaroughowt the foregoing oy'erations,
ifronz the time tlte gutlo slip is cut on tlte
fresh ro// oflfhn, ontlil t/te ro// holder is
once more in y'lace in lhe case, keey' a con.-
stant y'ressarre zt,ilh the left hand bearing
firmly oru t/te roll, otherzuise the roll zuill
sliy' and loosen sulftcietctly lo fog the film. ? VI. Press on bottom of camera near
tripod socket and push in the brass catch I
at side. WI
VII. The roll of film in the camera is
The paper should be in covered with black paper and this must be
this position" reeled off before a picture can be taken.

t

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NO. 2 BULLET MANUAL.

Tum the key slowly to the left and watch in the little red cel-
luloid window in the back of the camera. When 15 to t8 turns
have been given, the figure r will appear before the window.
   The film is now in position for making the first-picture.

                           Section 2.
        LOADIITG WITII PI.A?4S.
    I. In using glass plates the plate holders must be loaded in a
d.ark room-that  is, a room from which all white light has been
excluded as described on page r8.
  II. Provide also
          No. z Bullet Plate Holders.
                r dozen Eastrnan's Extra Rapid Dry Plates, 3rA * zi%.
               r Eastman Orange Candle LamP.
        A shelf or table on which to work.
   III. Set up the lamp as described in the
directions contained in the box in which it
is packed. Fig. r.
  IV. Remove the slide from one of the
plate holders and take the frame from the
holder. Fig. z.
  V. Open the box of plates by running
a thin knife blade around the edge of the
box.                                                          FIG. I.  THE LAMP.
  VI. Take out one of the plates and
place it in the holder, face up. (The face
is the dull side.) Brush over the face of
the plate with a camel's hair brush to
remove dust.
  VII. Replace the frame in the holder
and insert the dark slide with the word
 " Exposed?' on the inside of the holder.        (suroE.) (xolor*.)  (rnar"re.)
The slide locks the holder.                        FIG. 2. THE PLATE HOLDER.
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EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY.

VIII. Repeat the operation until all of
the plate holders have been filled, then
close up the remaining plates in the box
ar-rd put them away in a dark drawer or
wrap up securely.
The rest of the operations may be performed in
dayiight.
.,. .,........ ..r.i.. ,,:::.;::,J,', ,:..
IX. Remove the roll holder from the FrG. s. camera as before described.
NorB: There must, of course, be no film in the w camera when opening it for use with plates.
X. Pull out the wooden partition at the
oack of the outside box. Fig. 3. XI. Re-insert the roll holder in box.l
X I I. Press the concealed button on the
bottom and at the back right hand corner
of camera. This opens the door to admit
the plate holder. Fig. 4.
X I I I. I nsert one of the plate holders
with the slide towards the front of camera,
pushing it in just ahead of the roller. It
will go in easily and need not be forced.
See that the groove in the holder fits down
over the edge of roll holder. Fig. 5.
XIV. Pull out the dark slide and insert
it between the roll and plate holder.
The plate is now in position for making
the first picture and the exposure should be made the same as for films (see page 7). sI
t
' IMPOR.TA.NT?. d When ready to again use the camera with filrn, do not forget
to put bacl< the wooden partition. The door for plates cannot be
opened when this partition is in position.

. -. -*.*dii-

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NO. 2 BULLET flTANUAL.

PART II.

MAI{N{G TIID EXPOSU]R]?S.
Section 1.-Inst antaneous Exposur€Sr
(" Srcay' Shots.")
The shutter is always set, and is operated
by pushing the spring alternately to right or left. ni-.,.
(See Fig. l.) qlfl
If the lever stands at the right hand side of
slot simply push it to the left and aice-aersd..
If the spring should be pushed the wrong way, the shutter ('click would simply remain unmoved, and no " would be heard,
thus indicating that the spring should be pushed in the opposite
direction.
To take instantaneous pictures the object should be in the
broad, open sunlight, but the camera should not. The sun
should be behind the back or over the shoulder of the operator.
USD TIIN I-,ARG.ES" S?OP.
Snap Shots can only be made when the largest stop is in the lens. It
a smaller stop be used the light will be so much reduced that it will not
sufficien.tly impress the image on the film and failure will result. In
making snap shots, both of the slides shown in Fig.
z shou.ld be pushed down to the limit of motion.
Slide A controls time and instantaneous exposures.
For snap shots this slide must be down.
Slide B controls the stops, of which there are
three. When it is clear down the largest stop is in
I place. This is the one to use for all snap shots,
f except where the sunlight is unwsually strong and
there are no heavy shadows, such as views on the\ water or in tropical or semi-tropical .climates, +:
The smallest stop must never be used for snap
' shots or absolute failure will result. FtG. 2.
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NO. 2 BULLET /VTANUAL.


                           Section 2.
      TIME DCPOSURES INDOORS.
                         l. Put the Carneta in Position.





                        E
                t         \

   Diagram showing position of Camera.
  Use Some firm support,
 like a tripod or table. Set
in such a position that
the finder will embrace the
view desired.
  The diagram shows the
proper position for the
camera. It should not
be pointed directly at a
window as the glare of
light will blur the pic-
ture. If all the windows
cannot be avoided, pull
down the shades of such
as come within the range
of the camera.                           :i
                                                              FlG.  l.
  To make a time exposure place the camera on some firm
support like a table or tripod, and pull out the time stop " A,"
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EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY.

near finder, as shown in Fig. 2; steadY
the camera with one hand and push the
lever to open the shutter (See F ig. t ) ;
give the proper time (using a watch if
more than two seconds), and press the
lever in the opposite direction to close the
shutter.
Nore: It will be seen that when the time slide {'
is pulled out,, the shutter strikes as it passes the
lens, st'opping it half way across, with the opening
over the lens, d Try this a few times' before winding the film FlG. 2. into position, to become accustomed to the opera-
tion.
Turn a new film into position as described before. (see
page 8.)
: For lnteriors the following table is a good guide
T trne Needed for Interior Exposures.
This table is for the largest stop. When the second stop is
used add one-half more time ; when the smallest stop is used give
four times the time of the table :
The stops are controlled by the means of slide B, F ig. 2.
White walls and more than one window:
bright sun outside, z seconds,'
azY sun, 5 seconds;
cloudY bright, ro seconds;tc ,
cloudy dull, zo seconds.
:White walls and onlY one window
bright sun outside, 3 seconds;
o n a,, l':',L ;H cloudy dull,'i'ff::l3li30 seconds.
:Medium colored walls and hangings and more than one window $
bright sun outside, 4 seconds;
hazy sun, ro seconds ;
cloudY bright, zo seconds ;
cloudy dull, 4o seconds. \

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It
NO. z BULLET MANUAL. II

Medium colored walls and hangings, and only one window:
bright sun outside, 6 seconds;
hazy sun, 15 seconds;
loudy bright, 3o seconds;
cloudy dull, 6o seconds.
Dark colored walls and hangings, and more than one window:
bright sun outside, ro seconds;
hazy sun, 20 seconds ;
cloudy bright, 4o seconds;
clbudy dull, r.minute 20 seconds.
l. :., Dark colored walls and hangings and only one window:
bright sun outside, zo seconds ;
hazy sun,40 seconds;
cloudy bright, 80 seconds;
cloudy dull, z minutes, 4o seconds.
The foregoing is calculated for rooms whose windows get
the direct light from the sky and for hours from 3 hours after
sunrise until 3 hours before sunset.
If earlier or later the time required will be longer.
PORTRAIT. .I TO MAKE A
Place the sitter in a chair partly facing the light, and turn the
ace slightly toward the camera (rvhich should be at the height
of an ordinary table). Centre the irnage in the finder. For a
bust picture the camera should be q% to 5 feet from the figure;
for a three-quarter figure 8 feet, and for a full figure ro feet.
The background should form a contrast with the sitter.
Nore : In making portraits w[ere the subject is less than 8 feet from the
camera use the smaliest stop and time accordingly. (See page ro). As a
general ruie use the middle stop for portraits'

trt Time Exposures in the Open Air.
When the smallest stop is in the lens the light admitted is so
much reduced that time exposures out of doors may be made
the same as interiors but the exposure must be much shorter.
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T2 EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY.

' WITH SUnSHtNE--The shutter can hardly be opened and
closed quickly enough to avoid over-exposure.
WtrH LtcHT CLoUDS-From % to t second will be suf- ii:
ficient.
WIIH HEAVY CLoUDS-From z to 5 seconds will be
required. f The above is calculated for the same hours as mentioned
Eabove and for objects in the open air. For other hours or for
objects in the shadow, under porches or under trees, no accurate T.
directions can be given I experience only can teach the proper ,5,
exposure to give.
Time exposures cannot be made while the camera is held in
the hand. Always place it upon some firm support, such as a
tripod, chair or table. ,
sToPs.
The stops should be used as follows:
r. Tne LencBsr-For all ordinary instantaneous e.ry'osures when the
sun shines.
2. THr Mroprr-For instantaneous exposures when the sunlight is
unusually strong and there are no heavy shadows; such as in viervs on the sea-
shore or on the water, or in tropical or semi-tropical climates; alsoforinterior
time exposures, the time for which is given in the table on pages roarrd rr.
3. TrrB Srvrar-r-esr-For time exposures outdoors in cloudy weather.
Nezterifor instantaneous e:v15osures. The time required for time exposures on
cloudy days with smallest stop will range from /2second, to 5 seconds, accord-
ing to the light. The smaller the stop the sharper the picture.
When setting the stops always see that the one to be used is
broug/tt to t/te center of t/te /ens where it catches.
This will be the result if vou use the smallest stoo for instantaneous f\.
exDosures. th
I/v GDNDRAI-,. We recommend everyone to do their own developing. With #
our A B C outfit it is very simple and inexpensive, no regular
dark room is required, and the operator can obtain proofs from
the negatives as soon as they are dry. (See page r8.)

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NO. z BULLET MANUAL. r7

If, however, the camerist prefers to have us " Do the rest,"
he can send his Exposures to us by mail.
We have larger and better facilities for developing and print-
ing and more skilled operators than anyone else, and it is to our
interest to get the best results from eaery negatiae.
* rt
t(-t Section 3.-FLASH LIGHT PICTURES.
The invention of the flash light apparatus renders the taking
of photographs at night easy, with such a camera as the
Bullet.
The requisites are
The Bullet Camera.
Luxo Flash Lamp. $t.rs One Bottle Luxo. .6o

$ r.8s
The flash light apparatus consists of a specially constructed
alcohol lamp, having in front of it a little tray upon which is
poured about a teaspoonful of flash light powder. A rubber tube
attached to a blow pipe in the flame of the lamp, conveys a blast
of arr from a bulb held in the hand and serves to project the powder
into tlie flame of the lamp when it is desired to take a picture.
As soon as the powder touches the flame it flashes up an intense
white light, sufficiently strong to make a picture ir-rstantaneously.
Many interiors can be taken with the flash light that are
impracticable bv daylight, either by reason of a lack of illumination
or because there are windows in the direct lineof viewwliich cannot
be darkened sufiiciently to prevent the blurring of the picture.
Pictures are taken so quickly that groups of people around a
table or card table catt be taken as clear and sharp as ifhf dinner
they were in the oper-r sur-rlight. This enables tl.re photographer to
obtain souvenirs of matty occasions which have hitherto been
quite beyond the range of the art.
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r4 EASTMAN KODAK CO/VIPANY.

PHOTOGRAPHING A ROOM.-The camera should be pre-
pared for time exposure, as directed on page 9 of this Manual,
and placed on some level support where it will take in the view Iof the room desired.
PREPARATION oF THE FLASH LrcHT.-The light should
alzaays be placed two feet behind and two to three feet to one
side of the camera. If placed in front of or on a line with the frontof camera, the flash would strike the lens and blur the picture. It It
should be placed at one side as well as behind, so as to throw a
shadow and give a little relief in lighting. The lamp should be
at the same height or a little higher than the camera. The
support upon which the lamp is placed should not project far
enough in front of it to cast a shadow in front of the camera. A
piece of card-board a foot square placed under the lamp will
prevent any sparks from the flash doing damage. A sheet of
white card-board set up behind the flash lamp will act as a
reflector and increase the strength of the picture.
. TAI<ING TIID PICTURE.
Having the camera and lamp both in position, light the
lamp and press the bulb to make sure that the flame can be
driven to the center of tl-re tray. Then load the lamp according
to the directions furnished with it, pouring upon the tray one
teaspoonful of the powder ; then set the sl'rutter open, stand at
arm's length and press the bulb. There will be a bright flash
IIwhich will instantly impress the picture on tl.re sensitive film.
Then press the lever to close the shutter and turn a fresh film
into place with the key ready for another picture. ?f't
THD POWDER. t
The amount of powder required to light a room varies withthe distance of the object farthest from the camera, and the P,t
color of the walls and hangings. When morethan one teaspoon-
ful is to be used, all the powder should be poured in one pile on
the tray.

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NO. z BULLET MANUAL. r5

Table.
For ro feet distance and light walls and hangings use r even teaspoonful
a' IO .a .5 ,. dark $ tt .. a. 2 ,,
r5'r"ttlight""""2"
15 .. .. ,r dafk .. (. !a r. 3 ..
25 3. .. (. light .. 1. .r .. 3 ..
25 rr .. .' dafk '. r. .' 'r 4 "
To MAKE A PoRTRAtr.-Place the sitter in a chair partly
facing the camera (which would be at the height of an ordinary
table), and turn the face slightly tou,ards the camera. The
proper distance frorn the camera to the subject can be ascertained
by looking at the irnage in the finder. For a three-quarter
picture this rvill be 8 feet, and for a full figure, ro feet.
The lamp should be on the side of the camera away from the
face, that is the sitter should not face the lamp. The lamp
should not be placed higher than the head of the sitter.
TO MAKE A GROUP.-Arrange the chairs in the form of an
arc, facing the camera, so that each chair will be exactly the same
distance frorl the camera. Half the persons cornposing the group
should be seated and the rest sh"culd stand behind the chairs. If
the group is large any number of chairs may be used, but none of
the subjects sl-rould be seated or-r the floor, as sometimes seen in
large pictures, because the perspective would be too violent.
BACKGROUNDS.-In rnaking single portraits or groups, care
should be taken to have a suitable background against which
the figures will show in relief ; a light backgrour.rd is better than
adark one, and often a sirrgle figure or two will show up well
against a lace curtain. For larger groups a medium light wall
will be suitable.
The f nder on the camera will aid the operator to compose the
groups so as to get the best effect. In order to make the image
visible in the finder the room will have to be well lighted with
ordinary lamp light, which may be left on while the picture is
being nrade, provided none of the lights are placed so that they
show in the finder.
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I6 EASTMAN KODAK CO^MPANY.

PART III"

RNMOVTNG THE FILM.

No dark room is required to change the
spools in the Bullet. The operation
should, however, be performed in a sub-
dued light.
I. When the last film has been exposed,
turn the key until it will turn no further,
't or about r 5 half turns.
II. Provide an extra spool of film to fit
this camera and take a position by a table
as f ar as possible from any window.
III. Unloosethe catchatthe bottom and
take the roll holder from the box. Fig. r.
IV. Holding it taut, so as to wind tight-
ly, turn the key until the paper is all on
the reel. See Fig. z.
V. Hold the reel tightly with one hand
to prevent the paper from loosening;
rnoisten the gumrned end of the paper and
stick it down to prevent the paper from
unwinding ; loosen the key by turning to
the right and pull it out.
VI. Remove the film from camera by
placing the hand inside the box and press-

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r


I


i
I                     NO. 2 BULLET MANUAL.                   r7

          ing the roll outward. The ratchet carrier
          being pivoted will swing out with the roll,
        which is then merely pulled away from
         the ratchet pins, when it will be free. See
         Fig. 3.
           VII. Wrap up the roll immediately to
         prevent the light from injuring the film.
           VIII. Now take out the empty spool,
           (this will form the r-rew reel) and slip the
         three pins in the ratchet wheel into the
          holes in the end of the spool. Swing the
          ratchet carrier back into place ; insert the
        key and turn to the left until it is screwed
         firmly into the spool. This forms the
       new reel.                                                       Frc. 4.
           IX. Load as described in part one, page j.  Tite roll of ex-
         posures can now be mailed to us for finishir-rg, (see price list,)
          or you can do the developing and printing yourself.
             Norn:  In  mailing us film f.or development do not  fail to mark the
          package plainly with your name and address and write us a letter of advice,
           with remittance.





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I8            EAST/VIAN KODAK CO/KPANY.

         PART IV.

                DNVEI-,OPIT{G,

                                                    *





                   rHE OUTFiT.
   Provide an Eastman's A B C Developing and Printing Outfit,
which contains  :
  r Eastman's Candle Lamp,   $o ,s   /2Pound Hyposulphite Soda, $o oZ 4 Developing'l'rays,                      4.o     z Doz. Sheets 4 x 5 Solio Paper,   50
  r Glass Beaker.                .        12       r Bottle Solio Toning Solution,   r5
  r 4x5 Printing Frame,              25       r Pkg. of Bromide of Potassiumr ro r4x5Glassforsamer         .       05      r Ounce Glycerine,                05
  r Stirring Rod,                    .     os
/2Dozen Developing Por",'ders,  25                              bz z4
           Ptiee Complete, Neatly Packed, $1.5o.
   Also provide a pair of shears, a pitcher of cold water (prefer-
ably, ice water), a pail for slops, and a darh room having a shelf
or table"
  By a dark room is meant one that is wholly dark-not a ray
of light in it. Such a room can easily be secured at night almost
anywhere. The reason a dark room is required  is that the film is
extremely sensitive to white iight, either daylight or lamplight,
and zuould be sy'oiled tf e.ry'osed to it even for a fraction of a
second.

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NO. 2 BULLET MANUAL. Ig

Having provided such a room or closet, where,
when the door is closed, no ray of light can be seen.
r. Set on the table or shelf the Orange Candle
tr-amp, and light it as directed in the circular which
comes in the box in which the lamp is enclosed.
The lamp gives a subdued yellow or orange
Iight which will not injure the film unless it isT I held close to it. Set the lamp on the table at least
eighteen inches from and with the side toward
THE LAMP. the operator.
2. Unroll the film and cut
the exposures apart as shown
in Fig. I.
In unrolling the film prepar-
atory to development, care
must be taken that the end be
not allowed to roll up overthe
paper. The exposures should
be cut apart with PAPER oN
TOP.
Fig.2 shows a cartridge
unrolled with the film on top.
To correct this sirnply turn FIG. I RIGHT.
back the film as indicated by
the dotted lines, thus bringing
the film under the paper.
V. Fill one of the trays
nearly full of water, and put
into it the exposures, one by
one, face dozaru,' put them in
edgewise, to avoid air bells,
and immerse them fullv.
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EASTIIAN KODAK COMPANY.

Cover the tray with a bit of
brown paper to keep out the light
frorn the lamp.
4. Open one of the developer
powders, then put tl-re contents
(two chemicals) into the beaker
and fill it up to the ring with
water. Stir until dissolved with .l
the wooden stirring rod and pour into atray. I
S. Take one of the exposures from the water and immerse i
iI, face dozutt, in the developer. Rock it back and forth to
prevent streaks and air bubbles; in about r minute the fllrn
will begin to darken in spots, representing the lights of the
Ipicture, and in about two minutes the operator will be able to
distinguish objects in the picture. The developer should be
allowed to act 5 to lo minutes. The progress of the develop-
ment may be watched by holding the negative, from time to time,
up to the lamp.
6. Transfer the developed film to the third tray and rinse two
or three times with water, leaving it to soak while the next film
is being developed.
Norr: A dozen negatives can be developed, one after the other, in one
portion of the developer ; then it should be thrown away and a fresh portion
nrixed.
Only one negative should be developed at a time until the operator be-
comes expertt then he can manage three or four in the tray at one time and
the developer will answer for twenty-four films before being exhausted.
As each successive negative is developed it should be put, rvith the pre-
ceding negatives, in the washing tray and the water changed iwice to prevent
the developer remaining in the films from staining them.
7. Put two tablespoonfuls of Hyposutphite of Soda into the
fourth tray, fill two-thirds full of water, and stir until dissorved.
This is called the fixing bath.

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NO. z BULLET MANUAL.

  8. Imnrerse the negatives otte by one in the fixing bath until
they are entirely clear of white spots artd are transparent instead
of mill<y by transnritted light. This  will require about ro
nr   i n utes.
  g. The yellow shade can be removed from the lamp as soon
as all the exposures have been fixed.
  ro. Pour off the fixing solution into the slop bucket, and fill
the tray with clear, cold water ; repeat this at intervals of five
minutes, five or six times, keeping the negatives in motion, or
transferring them back and forth to tray No. 3, one by one, to
ensure the water acting evenly upon them.
   The fixing solution must only be used in tray No. +. And
the negatives, after fixing, must tiot be put in eitlier No. r or No.
z trays. Neither must any of the fixing solution be allowed to
touch the films, through the agency of the fingers, or otherwise,
untjl they are ready to go into the fixing bath, otherwise they wiil
be spotted or blackened, so as to be useless.
  rr. When the negatives are thoroughly washed, put one-half
ounce of glycerine into one pint of rvater (four portions measured
with the developer glass), stir well and soak tl're negatives in the
solution for 5 minutes, then remove them and wipe off the
surplus moisture with a soft damp clotl-r, and pin them by the
four corners, face up, to a flat surface to dry.
   The glycerine solution may be used repeatedly.
   The trays and beaker should now be rinsed out and set away
to drain and dry.
  When the negatives are dry, they are ready for printing, as
described in Part V.                1u-lku5 .c,s
       DEFECTIVN NDGA TIVNS.
   By following closely the foregoing directions, the novice can
make seventy-five per cent., or upwards, of good negatives.
 Sometimes, however, the directions are not followed, and failures
 result.                      www.butkus.us

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EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY.

II To forewarn the camerist is to forearm him, and we therefore
describe the common causes of failure. ,t
UnderExposure.
Caused by making snap-shots indoors, or in the shade, or
when the Iight is weak, late in the day or by closing the lens too
soon on time exposures.
Ove*Development.
Caused by leaving the negative too long irr the developer.
In this case the negative is very strong and intense by trans-
mitted light and requires a v-ery long time to print. The remedy
is obvious.
UnderDevelopment.
Caused by removal from the developer too soon.
An under-developed negative differs from an under-exposed
one, in that it is apt to be thin and full of detail, instead of harsh
and lacking in detail. If the development is carried on as before
directed, this defect is not liable to occur.
Spots, Streaks, Etc.
Air bells on the filrn in the developer or fixing bath are liable
to cause spots, and streaks are caused by allowing the film to
remain uncovered in part by the various solutions while in thern.
White, milky spots are evidence that the negative has not
been properly fixed, and the negative should be put back into the
fixing bath, and then rewashed.
DEVE I,OPING DRY PI.AIES
The foregoing directions apply to dry plates as well as films,
the chemical treatment being the same, except that the prelimr-
nary wetting, and the soaking in glycerine may be omitted with
plates.
Plates however must be handled in the solutions one atatime
as they would scratch each other if a larger number r,vere put into
the trays simultaneously. It needs no suggestion that plates
should be stood on edge to dry, not pinned up by the corners.

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