Korelle guide Reference guide

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THE KORETI,E AND T}IE PI{OTOGRAPHER

   It's a nice little camera,the Reflex Korelle.
  Havingsaidthat I shall haveto use severalthousandwords
to qualify my statement.  For, of course, the "perfect"
camerad-oesn'texist; every camera is a compromise,and
there can be no finality in cameradesign,for that would
imply complete'Most stagnationin photo-techniqueand invent-
iven6ss.        eiperienced photographers will  agree,
however, that there is as yet no camera on the market
that has all the features that are possibleand desirableat
the presentstageof technicaldevelopment,but this doesn't
meah that they are agreed on what the nearest-to'ideal
camerashould be like.
  The first problem that confronts the camera designer-is
that of decidingwhich method he is going to provide for
the focusingan-dcomposingof the image; whether this is
to be done by direct-obseivatlonof the image itself on a
matt glassscreen,or whether it is to be done indirectly_by
meani of some kind of view-finder in conjunctionwith a
focusingscalemarked on cameraor lens,or in combination
with a range-finder.-nowadays
  Though           the vast majority of photographers
start their careeri with the finder type of camera-the
wealthierones with the coupled range-findertype-l  can't
help feelingthat this is not the best way for the beginner
to acquire-"photographic vision".    lt certainly isn't the
quickest way.  The beginner rarely r91li1eghow widely
the camera'i view of the external world differs from that
conceivedby'mind.his two eyesin coniunctionwith an emotion-
ally biased      The focusingscreen will demonstrate
this fact, so obvious to the eXperienced photographer,
much more graphicallythan the indirect and complicat_ed
trial and erior method inevitable with the finder. On
the focusing screen he can study the actual subtleties of
photographic definition, and of differential focus, he can
learn to appreciatethe camera's curious objective vision,
and  its  marvellous gift  for  abstract patterning.

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  Now the Korelle gives us this advantageof seeing the
actual image projected by the lens,and if we just point the
camera, turn   it, twist  it, move nearer or farther away,
sooner or  later we shall find something that seems to
express our  subject in photographic terms-that   is, of
course, if we have some understandingof the after pro-
cessesand, perhapsmore important still, havethe necessary
sensibility to develop real "photographic imagination".
(But we are all artists to some degree.)
  The reflex principleembodiedin the Korelle is, of course,
far from new. This method of transferringthe upsidedown
picture seen under the  professional'sblack cloth to a
horizontalscreenand at the sametime putting it the right
way up, was used many years ago. But  it wasn't such-an
advantagein the large camerasof those days, for  it made
them still more bulky and as the rather hefty mirror had
to be swung upwards out of the way before exposure, to
allow the image to passon to the plate at the back, there
was a considerabletime lag between the pressingof the
button and the  actual taking  of                                   the  picture, though
admittedly the fact that the plate didn't havero be inserted
after focusingwas a very great step forward. This drawback
is much less marked when the principle is applied to a
small camera like the Korelle, and the kick or wallop
produced by upward movement of the mirror  is pretti
well eliminated.
  There is one outstanding defect about'the reflex idea,
especiallywhen it is appliedto a camerathat is not intended
to be mainly used on a stand. When the lens aperture is
reducedto get depth of focus,the light enteringthe camera
is naturally also reduced and the image on the screen
becomesdarker: when the lens has been stoppeddown to
f 8 and beyond it really becomesalmost impossibleto see
the picture. This is particularlytroublesomeoutdoors,but
lessso working indoors when lessextraneouslight falls on
the screen. Now it is possibleto focuswith a largeaperture
and then stop down, but unlessthe camerais on a itand it
is more than likely that the angle of the camera is altered,

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and something of the picture so carefully arranged on the
bright screen is almost certain to be lost when the camera
is pointed at the subject more or less blindly. Further-
more  it  obviously reduces shooting to  a  rather slow
Process.
  This drawbackis completelyovercomewhen the reflected
imageis used in the twin-lens camera,of which the Rolleiflex
is perhapsthe best known example. But with this come
other disadvantages,for now we have in effect two separate
cameras,one at the top for viewing, the one below for
taking the picture, and it's quite obviousthat both cameras
can't be in exactly the same placeand therefore cannot see
preciselythe sameview-thus we have "parallax". Though
a mechanicaldevice can be introduced to correct this para-
llax, it still leavesus with the disadvantagethat if we wish
to changethe normal taking lens for one of longer focus
this device is thrown out of gear, and this quite apart from
the drawbackthat we haveto changenot merely the taking
lens but also the other one, or be reducedto using only
the central portion of the screen,in which caseour picture
becomesalmost too small for comfortablefocusing.
  With the single lens reflex a change of lens makes no
differenceto the accuracyof the screen,and shows exactly
the effect of the altered focal length. One defect, howevei,
common to both lypes of  reflex cameras is the impossi-
bi,lity of fitting really wide angle lenses.
  Cleartythe lot of the cameradesigneris not altogether
a happy one, and he can't be expectedto solve insoluble
problems,but all cameras,even the best of them, seem to
have curiously foolish faults which the practical photog-
rapher discovers soon enough-after he has paid out his
money. The Reflex Korelle, though one of the best of the
v.ery feyv small reflexes on the market, is no exception to
this rule.
   First let us take the good points.
  The camera is light and fairly well shapedfor giving a'
comfortablegrip in the averagesize hand.
  The hinged back is convenientand the fitting of the film 7

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                                                                              rtrquick and easy: the spring-loadedroll holders being ex-ceptionally neat and efficient.                                                                                        Iir
  The picture size is, I think, a good one and deservedly
popular.   lt  is just right for the average snapshooter:
contact prints are not so diminutiveas to be almost useless
and the size of the screen allows for the comfortablecom-
posing and focusingof the sybject matter.
  As for the squareshape,well, pictorialistsmay say that
 it  is most inartistic,but  I have alwaysfound it singularly
easy to  fill this shape pleasantly,and after all,  it  is easy
enough to trim off surplus material if one hankersafter a
more oblong shape.
  Now the lessgoodfeatures.
  The shutter wind in two movementsis not good.
  The little handlegrip on the wind is inconvenient:it is
liable sometimesto slip from one's fingersbeforethe wind
is completed,and then the spacingof the pictureson the
film is upset.
  Another defect is the revolvingspeedknobs outside the
body of the camera; they are very/ apt to be braked by
coming in contact with one's clothing. The smaller one,
as a matter of fact, can quite easilycome into contact with
the hand,if this happensto be as largeas mine.
  Then I don't feel enthusiasticabout the shutter release.
It seemsto me this downward thrust is alwaysa mistake
for it very easilycausescameramovementduring exposure.
The best type of releaseis that.which requiresonly a very                     'pressureslight movement and         towards the body-not
downwards. lt is, of course,possibleto pressthe Korelle
releasegently, as recommendedby the makers, but this
makesthe action unreasonablyslow.
  There are a number of other defects-the ones that one
finds in all camerasof this t)rpe.
  The magnifier is more or lessof a joke.   lt enlargesonly
a minute portion of the scree.nand is quite uselesswhen
you're dealingwith moving subjects.The obvioussolution
is to make the screen itself in the form of a magnifier.
  Then there's the focusing hood;  it  is almost useless.

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Some of the early reflexes had very good hoods that really
did cut out the-light and I quite'far-lto understandwhy
small reflexescan't be provided with tall collapsibleones,
possiblyin the form of bellows with metal lattice supports.
  Another little point. The Korelle won't stand Ievelon a
flat surfacebecauseof the two projecting knobs at the back:
surely it would have been simple enough to have fitted a
third leg at the front
 When  I usedthe Korelle, | fitted it with a paper focusing
hood six or seven inches long and a condenserlens cut
squareand the samesize as the screenand arrangeda little
way above it.  With these additions I found the camera
most usefulfor both portrait and landscapework.  But why
should one have to  fit these home-madeextras? (One
might as wetl ask why lens manufacturersdon't  fit iheir
products'        with hoods!)
  All the samethe Kbrelle, iust as I said at the beginning,
is a nice little camera.                                        ff
                     Hugovan Wadenoyen,F.R.P.S.
              m



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       REFTEXKOREI,IE CAMERAS                                 i

   The Reflex Korelle is a single-lensreflex camera taking
    twelve 2[  in. x 2f  in. (6 x 6 cm.) negativeson 3| in. X
    2[ in. (6 x 9 cm.)' roll film.
     There are four different Reflex Korelle camerason the
    market:-
       Reflex Korelle llA is the standard model with slow speeds.
       Reflex Korelle lA  is the standard moder without stow speeds.
       Reflex Korelle B is a simplified model lA.
       Reflex Korelle lll is an improved version of the model llA.
       All are built on the same principleand are of the same
    size, shape, appearanceand Tormat.
     The Reflex Korelle is a single-lensreflex camera. This
   meansthat the lens servesboth for focusingand taking the
    picture; in.other words it is usedto form t-heimageoil the
    film as well as to reflect it before it is taken on to-a ground
   glassscreenwhere it can be viewed and focused. riTr rnj
   focusingscreenare for all intents and purposesat the same
   distancefrom the Iens,but in differeritposirions;they are
                   ro each other.  The filh  runs along the    ?t figLt ,angles
   back of the camera,while the focusingscreenis on thi top
    of it. Thus the light enreringthrough the lens has to sb
   along.two_ways:once to the-'focusiniscreenand once io
   the film. This two-way traffic is contiolled by a mirror on
    point duty.. The mirror is introducedinto tlie path'reflectof the
    light rays between lens and film in order to        the
   imageon to the focusingscreenand there show exactlythe
   same outlines, definition, depth of focus and reiative
   brightnessof the subject as would be recorded on the
   negative. The image on the screen is the right way uD.
    bright, and aided by a built-in magnifierpermiis of .iitic'ai
   focusing,as well as of extending-definitionboth towards
   the fore- and back-ground..Last Eut nor leastlt arsohelpsin
10 composing the  picture before the negative is .*pdr.a.

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THE NEGATIVE OF THE REFLEX KORELLE
The lens draws a circular image.  This  is best utilized by a square
negative.  The 2{   x  2*"  negative of the  Reflex Korelle  includes as
much  in  its picture  area as a 3t   x   2f," negative would  both  in  its
upright and oblong positions. Consequently  if the 2|" square print  is
cut down either to an upright or to an oblong picture one has still not
fost any subject matter one would get in the 3|"  x  2t"  size.
Our  illustration shows the  full use the square negative makes of the
circle which the lens draws as well as the vertical image of a3{   x  2{
negative (white lines) and the corresponding horizontal image (black   t )
lines) in relation to the 2f," square image.                                                tr

                                                   '\:.,

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    With the releaseof the shutter for exposure the mlrroi
    slides upwards into a position parallel with the focusing
    screen,which is then covered by  it.  The camera is now
     light-tight and the path clear to the film for taking the
    photograph.  After  the  button  is released the  mirror
    " slidesback into its original positionand the next shot can
   be handled in the sameway.
     The shutter of the Reflex Korelle is a self-cappingfocal
    plane shutter, travelling from  left to  right  if you look at
       it from the camera front.  Self-cappingmeans that the
    shutter remainsclosedwhile being wound up; focal plane
   meansthat it slidesright in front of the negativematerial,
    thus ensuringfull protectionto it. With this type of shutter,
    lensescan be changedwhile the camerais loaded.
     The shutter speed range of the Reflex Korelle gives   'instantaneous
               speedsfrom  l/25th to  l/500th of a second
   and automatictime exposuresof l/l0th,  lllth,  l12, I and
    2 seconds. A delayed action release (self-timer) is built
     in and coupled to the shutter, allowing all speedsfrom
    l/500th to 2 secondsto be releasedwith a delayedtime of
    about 14 seconds (for exceptions see Reflex Korelle lA,
    B, lll).
     The construction of the shutter  is foolproof and  its
    handling remarkably simple. Winding the shutter also
    transportsthe film while releasingthe shutter swingsthe
    mirror out of the taking path. Two red dots ontheshutter
   speeddisc indicateanytime, whether the negativefieldwhich
     is at that time behindthe lens has been exposedor not.
     Reflex Korelle lenses comprise the best-known Zeiss-
   Tessarsand Schneider-Xenarsas standard lenses of 7.5-
   8 cm. standard focal length, besidesan almost unlimited
   range of more specializedlenses by ^ number of other
   manufacturers.The lensesare interchangeable,permitting
    the use of telephoto (for distance) and particularly fast
    lenses. Unfortunately, however, the construction of the
   body of the Reflex Korelle does not allow the use of wide-
   angle lenses. The interchangeabilityof the lens allows of
12 the straightforward use of extension tubes for close-up
                                    I

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  work with the least complication for focusing. The same
   applies'     when using the camera for photomicogr-aP_h)'.
    Focusingis effeCted by a micrometric helical focusing
  screw wh-ich is part of the lens mount, with the exception
   of the Victar lbnses which have front  cell focusing. A
  focusingscaleis found on all models,indicatingthe distances
  from infinity down to 3| feet.
    The reflei finder allows for normal reflex image view-ing
  and focuiing. One uniqud feature of the single-lensreflex
   type is that-, whatever lens is used, no specialfinders are
   r-equiredas the  reflex finder shows, in every case, the
   coirect image with  the  lens employed. A  hinged-on
   magnifyingglass permits of critical focusing of the reflex
  ima e.- A direct vision frame-finder is ingeniouslysunk
   into the body for eye-levelviewing.
    The bodyoi the Reflex Korelle is made of aluminiumand
   I* is moulded of one piece which ensuresabsolute rigidity  and parallelismbetween front and back. The outside is
  morocco leather covered with chrome fittings and is, in
   spite of housingthe focal plane shutter, the reflex arrange-
  ment and fast interchang6ablelenses,comParativelysmall
  and light.  lt measures2$ in. x 5* in. x 3+ in. and weighs
  24 ozs-.without the lens.   lt also has a triPod bush and
  hooks for neck strap.

   Reflex  Korelle  Models
     ReflexKorelleModelllA conformsfully to the a!ov9 {e9cr!P!'-o!.  Theshutterspeedrangecovers2, l, l12,ll5th, l/lOth, ll.25th,l/50th,
    l17Sth, l/l00th,   ll200th,  l/500th second.    lt  has built-in delayed
    action, reilex finder with  built-in magnifier, collapsible frame-finder,
   automatic exposure counter' and coupling betweert film transpol't.tnq
    shutter settil'ig. The lenses are interchange_a.ble.Fo^cusingis by helical
    micrometric  focusing mount.   Twelve  Zf, in. x  2f  in.  (6 x 6 cm.)
   negatives on 3t  in.  i  2f  in. (6 x 9 cm.) film are obtained.
      Reflex Korelle Model lA is like model llA with  the following .elgeP'
    tioni:   it has no slow speeds; the shutter range is  ll25th,- l/50th,
    ll75th,  l/l00th,  t/200th,' l/500th second; there  is no built'in delayed
    action device.
      Reflex Korelle B  is a  simplified  verslon  of  the model  lA and has                  shuttersettingand film transPortare independent ,
    ii"[1];;flrier;                                                    tg



\  rLl 1:             '!il3rr'

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       Reflex Korelle Model lll  is the latest improved form  of the  llA model.
        It has a wider  lens flange aperture: 55 mm. as compared with  the
    40.5 mm. of the  llA, lA and B models.  This permits the use of extra
     long focal length lenses without  cutting off negative corners. The shut-                    I
     ter speed range is extended to  l/l000th  second. The whole  of the
    camera top, including the reflex hood cover, is of satin chrome finish.

    Reflex  Korelle  L,enses
    A wide range of lenses has been fitted into the Reflex
    Korelfe cameras. Practicallyany 7.5 to 8 cm. (3 to 3fr  in.)
    .lensin focusing mount on the market could be had on                                  I
    applicationfior use with the Reflex Korelle. Some of these                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         IiE2   lenseswere marketed by the manufacturersof the cbmera,                        t
   some quite independentlyof them.  For that reasonone   may find Reflex Korelle models with lenses not listed in                                   Ftt
    this book.
     The standard lenses of the Reflex Korelle are of 7.5 to
   8 cm. (3 in. to 3if  in.) focal length. Lensesof any longer
    focal length up to 40 cm. (16 in.) and of any aperture can
   be interchangedwith the standardlens in any of the Reflex
    Korelle models.
    A most important feature' of the construction of the
   Reflex Korelle is that, whatever lens may be ernployed,
      it  yields the  correct image and accurate focus on the
    mirror  reflex focusing screen. Consequently no special
   finders dre needed, and this at the same time does away
   with parallax,no matter how long the focallength of the lens.
     This statement,however, cannot hold good for the frame-
    finder built into the Reflex Korelle. While the frame-finder                  L,tt
    ls correct for the standard lenses,it can be employed only                      i i
   with an approximate degree of accuracy when working
   with lensesof longer focal length by inserting masks into
   the front sight. While neither the manufacturersof the
   camera or the lensesactually provide such masks, it  is a
   comparativelyeasytask to make or get rnade a metal shield
   with a cut-out in the centre to reduce the field of view to
   one or the other particular lens.
    As the Reflex Korelle body has a fixed distanceof 7.5 cm.
14 (3 in.) from film plane to lens flange and recessinga lens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       !II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               it
    t:-                                                                                    ,".-{

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THE FIELDS COVERED  BY REFLEX.KORELLE  LENSES
The longer the.focal  length of a tens the more  limited  its field of view. Worked
lrom the same distance, a lens of short focal length may be abte to cove" the whole
of a subie-ct, while a lens of lo-nger focal length  f,iti niiln"iome   size nesative with a
               smatt.partof Chesamesubject, Uut oi.o-uiie,-rh;iff;;d;;"t'S:1" :1_._ll_l                       gre.?ter                         amount                                             oi                                             detatt.                                       The                                                  coverag; ;f-;h"llT_1_",::rlgspgndingtylensesfor the Reflex-Ko.relle                                    is                         compared                                     above,                                               the                                               number-attactreO                                                                                 tJ"a;i;u.eaifrsquareindicatingthe focal length of th'e lens in ceniimetreJ.

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    into the body is not possibleas it would obstruct the move-
   ment of the reflex mirror, lensesof shorter focal length
   than 75 mm.  (3 in.),  i.e. wide-angle lenses, can not be
   'employedwith this camera.
       fnr'aiopirot,  on ttr" Reflex Korelle is adJustedby means
    of a milled ring engravedwith the aperture figures on the
   lens mount.
     Distonceon the Reflex Korelle lens is set by turning the
   back milled ring actuating the  helical focusing mount,
   which bearsthe distancescalecallibratedeither in feet or
   metres, with an index to show the distanceto which the
    lens has to be set.  (The Victar lensesare an excePtion;
   they have a front cell focusing mount.)
     To removethe lens from the camera, it has slmply to be
   unscrewedin an anti-clockwisedirection.
     The treotment ond core of the lenses is a matter of im-
   portance. On account of its chemicalcomposition,oPtical
    !lass of high quality is susceptibleto the influence of
   moisture, and for this reasontouching the glasswith the
   fingersshouldbe avoided. When not in usethe lensshould
   be protected by putting on the lens cover. Sincecomplete
   protection is idrpossib16,the lens surfaceshould be clebned
   occasionallywith a clean,soft chamoisleather.   .
   The  Choice   of Lenses
    The  Ludwig-Yictar F3.5 and  f2.9,  Schneider-Radionar
    f3.5 and  fI.9,  Schneider-Xenarsf3.5 and f2.8,  Zeiss-
   Tessar f3.5 and f2.8 and Meyer-Primoplanf 1.9 can be
   regardedas the standard lensesfor the Reflex Korelle and
   the most suitable for general use.
    When other lensesire used in their place it should be
   borne in mind that in order to exploit all the possibilities
    of a whole range of lensesa certain amount of experience
    in photographyis indispensable.
       lh particuiar,it is wrong to assumethat the high correc-
    tion bf the large aperture lensesenablesone to use them
    invariablyat thlir  iull opening. lt will be appreciatedthat
16 the depth of focus (see p. 44)-ofthese high aperture lenses

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 can only be comp-arativelysmall at their original aperture/
 so that more often than not stopping down becomes
 necessary.                 apertures are, howevei, a very welcome           .Large
 reserve to be used under adverse lighting conditions and,
 in any.case,they ensure a bright focusingimage on the
 ground-glass.                               .
  The possessionof one or more of the longer focal length .
 lensesmay tempt the owner to use them more frequenlly
 than necessary. lt must be remembered that focrisingi
 lens of long,focal length has to be done more accuratdty,
 as, again.,the depth of focus is considerablymore limited
than with lensesof shorter focal length. At'the sametime,                                                                                                                                                        'gITg  to the longer axis, slow exposure speedsof l/50,
 l-/25with these lenseslead more easilyto cimera shake-
 if a rigid tripod  is nor used-than with lensesof normal
focal length.
   All standard lensesmay' be used in enlargersfitted wirh
a Reflex Korelle flange.

Standard  L,enses
 TESSARf 3.5 of 7.5cm. (3 in.)-the larer modelsare of ^8cm.
 (3if  in.)-focal  length may be called a universal type suitable for  all
average exposures including landscapes, portraits, iireet  scenes, etc.,
except in conditions of poor  light.  At  full aperture'        the definition at
the edges of the picture is still needle sharp.
  XENAR  f 3.1 9f 7.5 cm. (3 in.) focal length is similar to the Tessar, and
in quality no difference will be found foiall  practical purposes.
  T.ESSAR  .                   .f 2.8  of _7.5cm.  (3 in.) or 8 cm.  (3if'ft in.) focal tength is
similar in design and quality to the Tessar F3.5.    passesover 51 per
cent. more  light  at.full aperture than the latter.   ld has a particuldrly
even illumination all over the negative and is suitable foi more un-
favourable I ight conditions.
  XEIV\R   f 2.8 of 7.5 cm. (3 in.) focal length is of similar performance
to the Tessar f 2.8, and in practiie no differince will be fourid in quality.
  PRIMOPLAN                          .f 1.9 of 8 cm.  (3fr'lriipit'ein.) focal length has the  largest
aperture oJ all Korelle lenses.            of the in-creasedapertur6   it
has a good stand.ard of definition.    lt inclines towards a stight degree
of softness at_full aperture and is increasingly improved wh6n stop.'ped
down to  f 6.3.   lt  will be preferred by phbtogriphers who need iast
shutter speeds.in arcjficial light, e.g. ioi  night ahd theatre work;    it   .-
is also very suitable for  portiait  phbtography.                           lX
KO_B

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        . RADIONAR F3.5 of 7.5 cm. (3 in.) focal length is a three component
    lenswith-similar ap,plicationas ihe Tessarf 3.5. Definition not qirite up
    to the Xenar  at  full aperture, but  is improved by stoppin! dowh
    to  f 5.6.
     RADIONAR   f 2.9 o! 7.5 Gm. (g !l.I  focal length passesabout 50 per
    cent more light than the Radionar f 3.5 at full aperture.  ln other respdcts
    the two lensesare similar.        .
        . VICTAR   f 3.5 of 7.5 cm. (3 in.) focal length  is a three component
    lens (Cooke type), with  a similar  field  of application to  the'Tessar
       f 3.5,  In^spite of its rather lower cost this leirs will be found of quite
   good definition at full aperture and  it can gradually be improved by
    stopping down, though  it  is not up to the standard of the Tessar and
    Individual lenses vary somewhat in their performance.
     .VICTAR f 2.9 of 7.5 cm. (3 in.) focal length passesabout 50 per cent.
    more light at full aperture than the Victar  f 3.5.   lt tends to be a blt
    on the soft side at full aperture; stopped down   lt reaches the same
    standard of quality as the  latter.

   Tele  Lenses
     Tele lensesfor the Reflex Korelle are either Just lenses
    of longer focal length than the standard lens, or special
   constructionsgiving a smaller angle of view than normal
   and reproducingthis reducedfield bigger on the negative.
   The decreasein field compared with the standard Reflex
   Korelle lens is shown in the tableson p. 15.
     Given the same size negative and the same distarice
   between camera and subject, the longer the focal length
   the larger the reproduction of the subject. Tele lensesare
   thus particularlyusefulfor far-distancework, such as photo-
   graphing mountains or  architectural detail, where one
   cannot approach near to the object; this is also the case
   when taking animals,sports photographs'and portraits,
   where the mellowed perspectivewhich can be got with
   the longer focal lens from an increasedworking distancels
    pictorially advantageous. The disadvantageof long-focus
   lensesis that they yield lessdepth of focusthan the standard
   lenses and thus should be focused more carefully. Also
    their size and weight have an adverse influenceon our
   steady grip of the camera, making it advisableto operate
18 longish exposure times with the camerafixed on a tripod.

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     ITANDTING THE REFTEX KORETTE

         It is of first importance to acquire sufficient experience
    in using all camera parts that serve to take the picture.
   This is best done by getting thoroughly acquaintedwith
   the way to work them before actually setting out to make
   photographs. One should try the gears, the accelerator,
   the brakes and even the horn of a new car before going
    "all c.rut"with  it. The same is true about cameras. Going
    "all out" with a new camerawhile not being able to do
   the  "right  thing"  almost without thinking is no less
   dangcrrousthan driving forth in a new car.  lt may be less
   wastefulof lives-but   it is not lesswastefulof live pictures.
   The fact that the Reflex Korelle is one of the almost fool-
   proof models with which nothing much can go wrong  if
   well handled,'shouldnot lead to neglect.
     Th,e following are the points that must be particularly
   watched when usingthe Reflex Korelle.
      o. Using the finder and focusing.
      b. Winding the ftlm ond setting the shutter.
       c. Holding the comero ond releosing the shutter.

   Viewing   and  Focusing   the  Reflex  Korelle
    The reflex finder is a viewing-cum-focusingdevice.
    The reflex finder is the ground-glassscreenon to which
   the image entering the camerathrough the lens is reflected
   by a mirror. The reflex image remainsvisible up to the
   moment when the shutter's trigger is depressed. lt has a
    two-fold purpose: first to show the area of the picture,
   secondlyto allow of getting the best definition.
     Ther6 should be no difficulty in getting the area exactly
   as is required. But  it  is advisableto view the.pic.ture.frst
    with  lens aperturefully open and so secure the brightest
   possiblereflex image. The finder hood extension(page6l)
    lives additionalbrightnessby keepingstral light from the
    icreen.  In spite of the fact that one is likely automatically
    to hold the camera quite level,you should make sure that
20 the vertical lines of the picture run parallelwith the sides

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FOCUSING  WITH  THE  REFLEX  KORELLE
The best way to focus with the Reflex Korelle  is to turn the  helical focusing
mount of the lens (indicoted by orrow on the left) to and fro while observing how
the main object (here the ice-cart) at which we intend to focus becomes more
and more sharp up to a certain point beyond which  it will again lose definition.
It is at this "beyond"  stage that we reverse the movement of the focusing mount.
The degree of  to-and-fro movement  is slowly  narrowed down  until  onc
unmistakably arrives at the point which has to be obsolutelysharp.





                                                                                                                                li'

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    of the ground-glass-purposeframe if intentionaltilting is not aimed at.
    The-second         of the reflex finder-obtaining the
   best possibledefinition-is at the sametime one of the most
   important meansto ensure good results. The lessexperi-
   enied user of the reflex screen is apt to accePt, all too
   hastily, a seemingly sharp impression.of the im.ag-efor
    satisfictory definition.  There  are, however, different
   degrees oi sharpness(even at full aPerture) and one can
   ma-keuse of these very differencesin order to find the best
   possibledefinition. The best way of getting the best is to
   iurn the helicalfocusingmount to and fro while observing
   how the main object at which one intendsto focus becomes
   more and more sharp uP to a certain point beyond which
      it will again lose definition.  lt  is at this "beyond" stage
   that we ieverse the movement of the focusingmount. The
   degree of to-and-fro movement of the focusing mount is
   slJwly narrowed down until one unmistakablyarrives at
   the point of the very best definition. We "encircle", ?S
      it were, the point which we want obsolutely..sharp.by.going
   over and ovir again its neighbourhood,all of which will
   appear reosonoblysharp. We repeat that before or beyond
   the point of miximum definition the image still appears
    suffiiiently sharp, but no one should be deceivedby this
   fact-the'image is not good enough for enlarging.
    The built-in magnifyingglass swung into position will
   help to determinethe critical.focus. Hav.ingfound it, the
    mainifier should be folded back and the whole image
   surieyed on the screen before release. The camera,which
   had t6 be raised near to the eye when using the magnifier,
   should now  be  lowered  again, otherwise-with   the
   magnifier in front of us-we may get excellent definition,
   buiare bound to lose sight of the Picture as a whole.
    The picture on the ground-glassscreen aPPearsupright,
    but reversed left to  right.  Similarly movements are also
   shown left to right revJrsedand the camerawill haveto be
   turned ogoinstthe opporentmovement-ofthe object to follow
      it.  For [his reason it  is better to follow movement with
22 the frame-finder,which does not turn the view left to right                  j

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THE REFLEX KORELLE FINDERS
 l: The Reflex finder is opened by lifting the camera top plate.  2: Looking into the
finder the image appeais right way up but with  sides reversed.  3: A magnifier
can be swung into pdsition for critiial fbcusing.  4: The magnifier in position shows
the centre of the image enlarged;  it  is consequentl), necessaryto hold the camera
in such a way that the part of the subject one wants to focus at appears.in .the
centre for the purpose 6f critical focusing.  5: To follow moving objects holding
the camera at eye l-evel a frame finder  is built-in, the front frame (horizontol orrow)
is pulled up and 5: the rear-sight (vertical orrow) is lifted up.

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   and so does not confuseyou about the way any movement
   goes.
    The frome-finderis solely o viewing device. lt consists of
   a frame which slidesdown parallelwith the camerafront
   into the body and is pulledup b), grippingit on either side
   on its milled edgesuntil it comesto a definite stop. The
   blck sight, normally folded down on rop of the hood, is
    lifted up and will stand at right anglesto the folded hood.
   The front frame when viewed through the sight will define
   the outlines of the picture aimed at.  When using the
   frame-finderone must not attempt to turn the camerato
   the right or  left away from the eye, nor must the eye be
   moved,from the centre of the back sight. This "spying
   round the corner" is deceptive,as only that sectiori-will
   appearon the negativewhich we see in the finder looking
    straight ahead with the eye close to and in the centre oT
   the opening.                                    \
    The frame-finder shows the image as given with  the
   standard(7.5-€ cry.) lens_,but it is not usablein conjunction
   with lensesof diff€rent focal lengths. But it is not difficult
    to make, or to get made, a mask and fix  it over the front
   frame to show the reduced areasof the imagesas they are
   obtainedwith longer focal length lenses.
    No frame-finder c'an be expected to be free of parallax.
   The reflex finder looks through the very lens through
   which the picture is taken and so you and your negatiie
   see exactly the same scene-unless you move the cimera..
   between viewing and taking. The frame-finder, however,
    yields a view. of its own as it views from a point away from
   the lens. The longer the distancebetween the two the
          the differenceof this point of view, i.e. the parallax.    ligggr
   Parallaxhardly countswhen viewing and taking sohething
    at a distance,as the differenceof viewpoint is negligibleai
   measured on the distance between camera and iubject.
   But if we photogr?phanything at reasonablyclose quarters
   -take  a portrait for example-the parallax may teil. The
   lm.ageas seen through the frame-finder may include all of
24 a hat worn by the subject of your portrait, while quite a

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PARALLAX
The twin lens reflex camera,or
for  that matter any camera
with  separate viewing and
picturetaking optics,presents  'divergencea             of views'. The
parallax is the more critical





the nearer the subject to the
camera.    lt makes twin  lens
 reflex cameras very inefficient
 for  close up  work   proper.
The single lens reflex is free of
such weaknesses, but  in  ex-
 change has to put up with the
 loss of a split second between
 the moment  of viewing  (,eft)

             are nol and*0,:xt'11viewing *,nry'T!        n                          ,/      -./