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Leica metalloplan User manual
User manual for Leica metalloplan. 35 pages in English. Read the original PDF, download or print a copy without registration.
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- Brand
- Leica
- Model / document
- Leica metalloplan
- Document type
- User manual
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 35
- File size
- 5.0 MB
- Category
- Film cameras
- Document date
- Not specified in catalog
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Page 3 · Read text
METALLOPLAN
LargefieldMetallographicMicroscope
Instructions
I Technicaldescription 3
2 Technicaldetails 4
2.1 FSA-GWbinoculartube 5
2.2 Objectives 5
2.3 Eyepieces 8
2.4 Vertical illuminatorfor incident-lightbrightfield I
2.5 Vertical illuminator for incident-lightphase contrast I
@ Verticatiltuminator for incident-lightbrightfield/darkground 1 0
2.7 Lamp Housing100 1 1
3 Assemblingthe microscope 1 2
4 Operatingthe microscope 1 4
4.1 Incident-lightbrightfield_ 1 4
4.2 Incident-lightphase contrast 1 6
Incident-lightbrightfield/darkground 1 8@
5 Variotube 20
6 Micro-hardnesstester 21
7 Photomicrography 22
7.1 4 x 5in large-formatcamera 22
7.2 Photomicrographywith the 4 x 5in large-formatcamera 24
7.3 4 x 5in large-formatcamera with f ully automatic exposure control __= 26
7.4 ORTHOMATfully automaticmicroscopecamera
7.5 Micro-attachmentfor the LEICAwith vibrationdamper
7.6 Attachmentcamera with CB 100 Polaroid back
a Care and maintenance 30
Magnificationtable 32
Appendix:particlesize determinationaccording to snyder-Graff 32
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F i g . 1 I Co-axialcontrols for the mechanicaladjustment
METALLOPLANLargefield M icroscope of the sample
10 Plastic handrest
1 Detachablecap in the photo tube 11 Lever for operatingthe beam splitter
2 GW/CC eyepieces in the eyepiece tubes 12 Locking lever f or tube changing
3 Knob for adjusting the interpupillarydistance 13 Lamp Housing100
4 Slot for f ilter slide 14 Bayonetring for attachingthe lamp housing
5 Clampingscrew for the illuminator 15 Changing knob f or the swing-outlens
6 Verticalilluminator(interchangeable) 16 Coarse adjustment
7 Object holder 17 Fine adjustment
B Large square mechanical stage No. 661View original page 4Page 5 · Read text
I Teclrnical description
The stand rests on 4 built-in vibration illuminator 1.6 can be interchanged
damping special plastic supports. The horizontallywithout the need for lower.
co-axialfine and coarse adjustmentFig. ing the object stage.
1.16. and 17 acts directly on the object The light collar between the vertical
stage 1.8. The f ine adjustment 1.17 illuminator and the light aperture in
operates throughout the total travel of the stand has 2 filter slots.
40mm. One interval on the fine adjust- The standard outfit of the METALLO-
ment drum correspondsto 1 pm. PLAN metallographic microscope in-
The largefield binocular tube with ver- cludes a Lamp Housing 100, Fig. 1.13.
tical photo-tube is joined to the stand Like the Lamp Housing 250 or mirror
by means of a bayonet lock. lt can be housing, which are also attachable,it
rotated through 360o. The mechanical is directly joined to the microscope by
tube length compensator1.3 built into means of the bayonetlock 1.14.
the tube maintainssimultaneousfocus-
ing in the film plane and eyepiece for
all interpupillary distances; refocus-
ing for photomicrographyhas become
unnecessary.
A beam splitter in the tube directs 80 %
of the total light into the photo-tubeand
20 o/ointo the eyepiece tube. The beam
splitter 1.11 can be swung out of the
optical path so that the fult light flux is
directed into the eyepiecetubes for ob-
servation.
The eyepiece tubes are designed to
accept largefield eyepieces 1.2 of
30mm diameter. 23.2mm diameter
PERIPLAN@eyepieces are used with
adapters.
The object stage 1.8 is interchangeable
on a dovetailslide and can be lowered
considerablyfor high objects. The co-
axial control of the stage 1.9 must be
operated from the right. The vertical
* Fig. 1 . 1 6 i n d i c a t e s i t e m '16 ,Fig . 1 .
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^ o ' i * F ! i , rView original page 5Page 6 · Read text
2 Technical details Abb. 2 Beam in the METALLOPLAN The various components such as ob- ject stage, tubes, vertical illuminator, etc., are described in detail in our list No. 560-24METALLOPLAN.The follow- ing paragraphs contain the directions necessaryfor operation.View original page 6
Page 7 · Read text
2.1 Tube 2.2 Objectives
The FSA-GW binocular tube for the Every LEITZ microscope objective has
METALLOPLANhas been designed to a number of detailsengraved:
accept eyepieces of 30mm diameter. lt
has a hinged beam splittingprism 3.11, co,these objectiveshavebeen computed
which divides the beam at a 4:1 r'atioof for the tube length "infinity". This r i f ight intensities(80% for photomicro- means that the intermediate image
graphy, 20 o/ofor visual observation)or is formed at infinity. Only when a
directs the entire light f lux into the eye- tube lens, a system of 200mm focal
piece tubes. The interpupillarydistance length permanentlybuilt into the ver-
is set with the knurled knob 3.3. Here tical illuminatorfor incident-lightbright-
the optical length compensationmain- field, is used will the intermediate
tains critical focusing both in the eye- image be formed in the eyepiecetube. :piece and in the film plane irrespective The magnificationdifference produced
of interpupillarydistance. When this by the tube lens is called the tube fac-
value is unknown the interpupillary tor, which is engraved on the vertical
distancesetting is adjusted during bin- illuminator.lt must be allowed for when
ocular observationuntil only a single the total magnification is calculated
circular and easily surveyed field of (see also table on p. 32).
view is seen. In addition,the GW- and
the GG eyepieces have focusing eye-
lenses. rIII
Eyepiecesof 23.2mmdiameter are used
with adapters,Code No. 513 256.
J
r8407- 5r3 18735- 519
F i g . 3 F i g . 4
FSA-GW binocular tube Pl Oel 160/1.40incident-light objective
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DO: objectives can be used with or ce betweenthe objectivefront lens and
without coverglass,O: objectives must the top surface of the object) differs in
not be used with coverglass. the individual objectives because of
These details can also be found in the their differenttotal length.
table on p. 7. Below the detail of tube The tables on the facing page provide
length and coverglass correction the information on all important details.
followingdata will be found:
Reproductionratio, e.g. 32 x, numerical
aperture, e.g. /0.50. ln addition, the
state of correction is indicated by cer-
tain letters in front of the magnification
value:
Pl - plano objective
Fl : fluoritesystem
Apo : apochromat
R : radiation-resistantobjective
Objectives without any letters in front
of the magnificationvalue are convent-
ional achromats.
Objectives to be used only in an im-
mersion medium (e.g. immersion oil)
are engraved to this effect (e.9. Pl Apo
Oel160x/1.40).In additionall immersion
objectives have a black ring in the
bottom third of the objective mount for
quick identification.Incident-lightphase
contrast objectives have the additional
designationPhaco.
Objectivesfor incident-lightbrightfield/
darkground observation have the de-
signationHD.
All high-power systems have a spring-
loaded front mount to protect the front
lens.
All LEITZ-incident-lightobjectives for
metallographic microscopes have an
adjustmentlength of 45mm. This means
that after correct focusing the distance
between the shoulder of the objective
in the revolvingnosepiece and the top
surface of the object is 45mm. Change
of magnification therefore requires
only minor refocusingwith the fine ad-
justment.The working distance (distan-
.ld .View original page 8Page 10 · Read text
2.3 Eyepieces High-point eyepieces have a pupillary
In the optical system of the microscope distance of about 20mm and therefore
objective and eyepiece form a unit. In allow observation through spectacles
the METALLOPLAN largefield micro- and thus a compensationof the astig-
scope field-of-viewindices of up to 28 matism of the eye. The upper rim of the
can be obtaineddependingon the op- high-pointeyepiecesconsists of a spe-
tical equipment.The field of view of an cial plastic material which prevents
eyepieceis the area of the intermediate scratcheson the spectaclelenses.
image in the tube that can be surveyed The tables below list the eyepiecesthat
with the eyepiece.The diameter of the can be used on the METALLOPLAN
image formed by a GW 6.3 x eyepiece metallographicmicroscope.
of 28mm field-of-viewdiameter (field-of-
view index 28) appears to have the same
dimension as the diameter 6.3 x 28 : GW PERIPLANwidefield eyepieces
(30mm @)176mm of an area at a distance of
250mm in front of the observer.At this Designation Field-of-viewindex
size the image can also be reproduced 28 .-c_cw-a9u250mmabovethe eyepieceon a ground- G W S x 26
glass screen. G W 1 0 x 24
GW10x M 24
High-pointeyepieces
GW6.3x 28
GW10x 22
GF PERIPLANwidefield eyepieces
Object field (23.2mm Q)
lf the diameter of the field of view is G F 1 0 x 1 8
divided by the objective magnification G F 1 0 x M 1 8
and the tube factor the diameter of the GF 12,5x 1 8
object field that can be observed is ob- GF 12,5x M 1 8
tained. With the above-mentionedeye- G F 1 6 x 1 5
piece and a 32 x/0.50 objective and G F 2 5 x 1 0
0.8x tube factor an object field of G F 2 5 x M 1 0
28
: 1.1mmdiameterwill be ob-
32'o'8 served.
Eyepieces are generally computed so Further details of objectives,eyepieces,
that the observer's eye must be about and availablegraticulesfor GF and GW
8 to 10mm above the top surface of the PERIPLANeyepieces are contained in
eyelens of the eyepiece.This is called our list "lmage-formingand llluminating
the pupillarydistance. Systemsof the Microscope" No. 512-99.View original page 10Page 11 · Read text
2.4 Vertical illuminator for incident- 2.5 Vertical illuminator
light brightfield with plano for incident-light phase contrast
objectives The vertical illuminator consists of the
The vertical illuminator consists of the horizontalchangingslide 6.18,the quin-
horizontal changing slide 5.18, the tuple objectiverevolvingnosepiece6.22,
quintupleobjective revolvingnosepiece and a rotating light ring drum 6.30
5.22 tor plano objectives5.23, an aper- which contains 4 annular stops for the
ture 5.26 and a field diaphragm 5.25 in various magnifications in phase con-
the light tube 5.24, which houses the trast and a changing lever 6.29 for
ifluminating optical system 5.21. The brightfield illumination.The 1 x tube
0.8x tube lens system 5.19 is installed lens system 6.19 is installed in the
in the changing slide. The objective changingslide.The final magnifications
revolving nosepiece has 5 threaded obtained with a 10x eyepieceare en-
bushes for the objectives.The bushes graved 6.27 on the light ring drum. The
are numbered. Each outfit is accom- annular stop necessaryfor the required
panied by an objective/eyepiecechart. magnification is in the optical path
Among other information it indicates when the final magnification value is
which nosepiece thread the individual engaged in the top right as seen by
objectives are matched with. lf possible the observer.The annular stop for 50 x
the objectives should not be removed magnification also serves for 100x
from the nosepiece. Should this be- magnification.For observationin bright-
come necessary, care must be taken field the drum can be set so that the
that they are replaced in their proper word "hell" (German for bright) is set
threadedbush. insteadof a magnificationvalue.
ba/*,,rs.,t'q
1 8 1 9
F i g . 5 F i g . 6
Vertical illuminator for incident-light brightfield Vertical illuminator for incident-light phase contrast
20 Lever for decentring the aperture diaphragm 28 Setting ring of the aperture diaphragm
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For comparison of brightfield and
phase contrast the changing lever 6.29
can be operated so that the phase con-
trast beam is modified to give bright-
field illuminationsuitablefor comparison
purposes.The individualannular stops
for phase contrast are permanently
centred in the factory before despatch,
so that recentringwill not be required.
Should, however, resetting of an annu-
far stop become necessary,the direc-
tions given in our list No. 560-6 should
be followed.
-,[ 2.6 Iertical illuminator\-1or brightfieldand darkground
17083a - 560
F i g . 7
Further details will be found in Instructions No. 560-23.
www.orphancameras.com1 0View original page 13Page 14 · Read text
2.7 Lamp Housing 100 lamp 9.37 into the mount, turn it to the
The Lamp Housing100 is designedfor left and remove it.
the use of light sources of up to 100W.
fts normal version has a 2-lens frosted Insertionof the new lamp:
condenser,which for microphotometry insert the filament lamp with the broad
must be replaced by a non-frostedone. lug in the larger recess of the lamp
The large connecting tube 8.35 with mount, lightly push it in and lock it by
bayonet lock 8.14 is mounted on the a turn to the right. Fully insertthe lamp
housing with the cooling louvres.The mount into the tube and clamp it by
connectingtube accepts the 3 f ilters.On meansof the grub screw.
the top is the knob 8.32 for the vertical Evenly illuminate the rear focal plane
adjustmentof the lamp, and on the left of the objective by adjusting the lamp
(as seen by the observer) the controls condenser 9.36 and simultaneousob-
for the lamp condenser8.33 and for the servation through the eyepiece tube.
horizontaladjustmeni8.34 of the lamp. With the 12v 60W filament lamp cen-
The lamp housing can be opened on tration is not necessary.Thecentration
the right after the knurled screw 8.31 of the 12 v 100W tungsten halogen
has been unscrewed. lamp is describedon p. 14 in the sec-
The lamp housing need not be opened tion "Operatingthe microscope".
for the excirangeof the 12v 60 W fila- The Instructions514-119 contain de-
ment lamp. For this purpose only the tailed directionsabout other lamps and
lamp mount 9.38 is pulled out of the their use in the Lamp Housing.100 or
housing. Lightly push the filament 100z.
33 34 3s 14 38
1 8 5 1 -r 5 1 4 17369-514
F i g . B F i g . 9
L a m p H o u s i n g 1 0 0 l n t e r c h a n g i n gt h e f i l a m e n t l a m p
1 1View original page 14Page 15 · Read text
3 AsserTrlrling the rTricroscope
F i g . 1 0 F i g . 1 1
41 Drive casing
Release clamping screw 10.40, insert Insertthe diaphragmtube into the light
object stage No. 661 10.8 in the chang- aperture.
ing guide 10.39 and lower it as far as
possible.
Fig .12 F i g . 1 3
By means of the coarse adjustment Depressthe locking lever 13.12and in-
lower the stage so that after the clamp- sert the tube into the bayonetchanging
ing screw 1.5 is released the vertical mount from above, at any rotation posi-
illuminatorcan be easily and fully in- tion. Release the locking lever 13.12.
serted into the horizontal changing After insertion it must be possible to
guide. Retighten the clamping screw. rotate the tube through 360" without
Dependingon the height of the object effort. lf the tube is to be clamped in a
raise the stage and fix it with clamping certain position,lightly pull the locking
screw 10.40. lever13.12out.
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F i g . 1 4
Adjust the bayonet ring on the Lamp
Housing 100 so that the red dot on the
bayonet ring and lamp housing face
each other. Attach the lamp housing
to the stand and lock it by rotating the
bayonet to the right. Connect the lamp
housingto the mainsvia its transformer.
Further information can be obtained
f rom the Instructions " Lamp Housing
100 and 100Z" No. 514-119.
1 3View original page 16Page 17 · Read text
4 Operating the lTticroscope
4.1 Vertical illuminator for incident- Turn the regulatingknob on the trans-
light brightfield former to switch on the lamp and set
The sample (polished section) on the the brightness most favourablefor vi-
metal object slide is pressed into pla- sual observation (about 4amp for the
sticine by means of a handpresswhich 12v 60 W lamp) with it. The 12v 60 W
must be kept in its lower position for lamp in the Lamp Housing 100 is pre-
some time so that the surplusplasticine centred. Centration is therefore unne-
can be squeezed out from under the cessary. Recentrationis required when
block. The alignment of the polished a 12v 100W tungsten halogen lamp is
section to the optical axis requiresonly used.This is done with the verticalillu-
a few seconds' preparationper section. minator removed. The image of the
The handpresshas an adjustablestop fight source is projected onto a cen-
to match the samples at the same level. tring disc held in front of the light
As a result,series investigationsrequire aperture of the diaphragm tube and
only minor refocusingwith the fine ad- focused by adjustment of the lamp
justment every time a sample is chang- condenser16.33.This light area is cen-
tred to the light aperture by means ofed. In addition, the objectives do not
the vertical and/or lateral adjustmentcollide with the sample when the re-
16.32and 16.34on the Lamp Housingvolving nosepieceis rotated for magni-
100.Furtherdetailsare containedin In-ficationchange.
structionsNo. 514-119.
F i g . 1 5 F i g . 1 6
Handpress with various polished sections Side view of the Lamp Housing 100
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Replace the vertical illuminator as Close the aperture diaphragm until the
shown on Fig. 12, p.12. best possible contrast, but also opti-
Turn in a low-power objective (e.g. mum resolution of the object is ob-
Pl 8x/0.18).Close the field diaphragm, tained. Ensureoptimum illuminationby
open the aperture diaphragm,turn out adjustment of the lamp condenser onItII the eyelens of the eyepieces until the the Lamp Housing100.I,r
engravedmarking ring becomesvisible. The desired brightness of the micro-
Raise the object stage with the polish- scopic image must not be produced by
ed section in position by means of the adjustment of the aperture diaphragm
coarse adjustment and move it a little but only by regulation of the lamp
closer to the objective than the free brightnesson the transformer.
working distance indicated in the table
(for the Pl 8 x/0.18 about 13mm). Ob-
serve the image and lower the object
stage until critical focusing has been
achieved.
This procedure preventsaccidental im-
pact of the objective front lens on the
sample and therefore damage to the
objectiveor the sections.
Open the field diaphragm so that it
just disappearsbeyond the edge of the
field of view. This basic setting must be
preserved for all objectives. When eye-
pieces of different field-of-view indices
are used a correspondingreadjustment
of the field diaphragmis necessary.
1 5View original page 18Page 20 · Read text
Rotate the eyelens of eyepieces with Refocuswith the fine adjustment.lf ob-
graticulesso that a sharp image of the servation in brightfield illuminationis
graticuleis obtained. intended,the drum must be rotated so
Turn in the 20 x/0.35 objective on the that it engages at the word "hell" on
revolving nosepiece. Rotate the light the top right-hand side. This setting
ring drum so that the marking 200 ap- applies to all magnificationranges in
pears on the top right hand side and brightfield.
ensure that the drum clicks into posi- lf during the observationof an object in
tion. phase contrast comparisonwith bright-
Focus the microscopic image with the fiefd is desired,the lever 17.29must be
coarse and fine adjustment. Replace actuated. By pressure on this lever the
one of the eyepieces by the focusing phase contrast beam is modified to
magnifier.Rotate the eyelens of the fo- produce brightfieldilluminationsuitable
cusing magnifieruntil the image of the for general comparison purposeswith-
light and phase ring appears sharp. out the need to change the setting of
Move the tilting object holder so that the Iight ring drum. The observer is
the light and phase rings are in precise thus able to view a given object in phase
register.After a change of magnification contrast and in brightfieldin rapid suc-
recentringof the light and phase rings cession.
is no longer necessary,but the correct
setting of the light ring drum for the
associated objective must be ensured.
25561c - 513
Fig. 18 a phase ring centred, b phase ring off centre
1 7View original page 20Page 21 · Read text
43 Investigationswith the vertical the GW eyepieces until the marking
illuminator for brightfield and rings becomevisible.
darkground Focus the object. Close the field dia-
The vertical illuminator for brightfield phragm until it just disappearsbeyond
and darkground is used alternatelyfor the rim of the field of view. Close the
investigationsin brightfield or dark- aperturediaphragmuntil good contrast
ground. One of the two types of illumi- becomesvisible in the object while op-
nation becomes effectivewhen the cen- timum resolutionis still obtained.
tral diaphragm 19.43 is swung into or To producedarkgroundilluminationthe
out of the beam. central stop is turned in (lever 43 is at
Remove the diaphragm tube from the the rear stop). Fully open the field- and
upper light aperture. Insert the bright- aperture diaphragffis,i.e. the 2 levers
field/darkgroundvertical iliuminatorin on the tube are in a horizontalposition.
the horizontalchanging guide accord- With darkground observation, slightly
ing to Fig. 12 p. 12. Place the sample increase,if necessary,the brightnessof
on the object stage. Switch on the illu- the lamp with the regulatingknob of the
mination by means of the regulating transformer.Any filters (e.g. for photo-
knob of the transformer. micrography)can be accommodatedin
Turn out the darkground central stop the filter slot of the lamp housing. For
(lever 43 points to the front as seen by further details consult InstructionsNo.
the operator).Turn out the eyelens of 560-23.
-A r lFt; T i::+N
17A84b - 560
Fig. 19 Vertical illuminator for brightfield and darkground incident light
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5 Vario tulre
Although the Vario tube serves mainly to 35mm photomicrography.
for observation,it is also a valuableaid
ffi
Fig. 21 METALLOPLAN with Vario tube
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7 PhotorTricrography
General !nformation 7 .1 4 x 5in large-formatcamera
These instructions have been written on the METALLOPLAN
for the correct use and operationof our 44 50
microscope and its associated acces- 51
sories.The operatoris assumedto have 45a knowledgeof photomicrographyand
microscopy;they are not an elementary
g u ide.
We are thereforeoutlining only a few
basic rules,which must be observed. 4C
1. The exact plane position of the ob-
ject.
2. Criticalfocusingof the image on the
groundglassscreen (largeformat)or in
the eyepiece or focusing telescope 47
(35mm).
3. The accurate determinationof the
exposuretime.
4. Absolutecleanlinessof allthe optical
surfaces accessible to the user, such 47
as objective,tube lens, eyepiece etc.
(See section Care and maintenance). 49
Particularattentionmust be paid to the
followingpoints:
The usefulmagnification.
The choice of a light filter and of the
suitableexposurematerial.
The following outfits are avaiable for
photomicrography:
4 x Sin large-formatcamera
4 x Sin large-formatcamera with fully
automaticexposurecontrol
ORTHOMAT@f ullyautomaticmicroscope
camera
Micro-attachmentfor the LEICA@with
vibrationdamper
Systemattachmentcamera
CB 100Polaroidcamera 47 Screwsfor fixing the guide rail 48 Cameracarrier
49 Shuttersupport
50 Pressuref rame and darkslideholder
51 Mirror tilting lever
F i g . 2 3 52 Groundglassscreen
4 4 G u i d e r a i l 53 Large-format camera with rotating darkslide
45 M irror ref lex attach ment f rame
46 Clamping screw for the mirror ref lex attachment 54 Bellows
( n o t v i s i b l e i n i l l u s t r a t i o n ) 55 Bellows lock
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Attaching the 4 x 5in large-format 7.2 Pholomicrography with the 4 x 5in
cameta large-format camera
Remove the lamp housing from the After the microscopic image has been
stand. Connect the camera carrier 23.48 adjusted in the observation tube and
by means of the 2 bayonet locks with the area of the sample to be photo-
the stand; for this purpose push the graphed found final focusing takes
lock downwards. Place the guide rail place on the groundglassscreen of the
23.44 on the camera carrier 23.48 and mirror reflexattachment:
screw it in positionwith the two screws
23.47.Place the lower light screening 1. Set the setting wheel 25.62at T and
collar 25.57 on the photo tube. Insert open the central shutter with cable
the eyepiece in the photo tube. Turn release 25.63.
out the eyelens of the eyepiece until Turn in the deflecting mirror of the
the engraved marking ring becomes mirror reflex attachment,(lever 23.51 to
visible. the rear); if necessary readjust the
Slide the shutter support 25.49into the lamp brightness".
guide rail (upper light screeningcollar 2. Set the desired picture area by ver-
25.61 pointing downwards) and lower tical adjustment of the mirror reflex
it by hand or the knob 25.64 until the attachment after releasing the clamp-
bottom edge of the upper light screen- ing screw 23.46.lf necessary rotate the
ing collar is f lushwith the corresponding mirror reflex attachmentto obtain the
marking on the lower light screening optimum picture area. The clamping
collar. With the GW 10 x eyepiece, for screw must be retightened after the
instance,it is the marking GW 10 x. See adjustment of the mirror reflex attach-
Fig.24. ment.
Clamp the shutter support on the guide 3. Refocus the image on the ground-
rail. glass screen 23.52with the fine adjust-
Slide the large-formatcamera into the ment of the microscope.
guide rail and clamp it in positionwith Use the focusing magnifier.
screw 23.46. First set the magnifierfor your own eye-
Lock the bellows of the large-format sight: place it in the centre of the
camera 23.55. groundglassscreen and focus it on the
Screw the cable releaseinto the thread- crosslines marked on the screen; do
ed bush on the shutter support. not move the eye too close to the ma-
Replacethe lamp housing. gnifier.
4. Set the field diaphragmof the micro-
scope so that it just disappearsbeyond
the edge of the groundglassscreen.
* for colour photography the colour
temperature of the filament bulb must
be matched with that for which the co-
lour film has been sensitized.
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tu::., -View original page 27From the M. Butkus archive. Original publisher and archive notices are retained.
Check the model and edition against your equipment.
PDF verified 2026-10-10.