Nikon S rangefinder User manual

Preparqtion for
       Taking Piclures

Thot the most brilliont resultr ccn be hod by rimple hcndling
 is qn oulslonding feoture of the Nikon Comero.

The following three bosic fqclers qre to be considered before
 toking o picture with lhe Nikon.

  l.   Shutter speed-Setling of speed
      Wind shuiter up firsl qnd fhen sef the shutter speed.
      See Fig. 5-9.

     Lens openi4g,-Seliing of diophrogm opening
        Lens operlure is set by turning lens diophrogm ring.
      See Fig. 10.

 3.  Focusing-Selling of distonce
   .   A focus is obtoined when double irnoge in the ronge.
         finder is broughf to coincidence.
      See Fis. ll-13.

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      Shuffer Speed

 lTinding Knob
 Turn the winding knob clockwise until  'it  stops (FiS.S).,
 This meons thot fhe knob hos mode one complete turn, od-
voncing one frome of film for exposure, ond thot lhe shutter
hos been wound ond is reody for releose

 Shutter Dials
There ore two  shutter speed diols, fost ond slow, orronged
one on top of  the  other.  The engroved numbers on  the
diols  indicote  froctions of  o  second, e.g. 60 meons l,/60
sec. exposure lime.
To set lhe shulfer bring the desired speed ffgure to the orrow.
Shutter setting should always be made after winding the
film. !f shutter speed is set before film winding, correct
shutter operation will not resutt.
When fost shuller is releosed, the diol mokes o. clockwise,lur,n,
ond brings the shutter speed figure from ihe orrow to the red                                                                                                     t.t,mork. Incidentolly, this foct serves to show whot shutter speed
wos used on the previous piCiure, in cose this knowledge is
desired before winding shutter for the next exposure.

FAST S}IUTTIR t)IAL
When setting fost shutter spced
see ?hof the slow' shutter diol
rests qf " 20-1" (FiS. e).
 lifr the diol slightly ond turn it
to desired rpeed. Then drop tho
diql ond moke sure thot it seltles
down into ploce properly.


   SI()W SHUTTER  DIA.T.
When setting o dow shuller speed,
the fost shutler diol must be set
ot " 2O-l " ogoinst lhe orrow.
Move the slow shuiler dicl by
.meons of the,srncll lever (Fig. 7).


  BUTB EXPl|SURE
 First set slow shutler diol ot 20-1,
then sei ti\e fost shulter diol ot
 " q "  The shutter will remoin
open os long os lhe  shutler
 butlon is depressed.


  TIMT TXPtlSURE
Set fost shutter diol qt "20-1",
then sel slow shulter diol of "T".
When the shulier button is once
pressed (Fig. 8), the shutter witt
remoin open even if pressure is
removed. To shut lhe shutler (Fig.
9), move the tever clockwise
untll lhe one second morking
pqsses lhe orrow.

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  loev      lens Opening
 To set the iens opening
, By turning the diophrogm ring (Fig. lO\, set the proper
 morking fo the dol on tho milled ring of fhe lejiis-borrel.
 lens 0pening
r The following knowledge of the relotion between lens operlure
 ond shutter speed will be useful  :
 f-ens Opening 1.4  2  2.8 4  5.6 8    ll   t6 22  32
 (Scole morking)
 Exposure Time t/B t/4  1/2   I  2  4  8 16 32  64
 (Rotio)
 In the lens opening scole morking, lhe lorger is volue of the
 figure, the smaller becomes the diophrogm opening  il refers
 lo.
 With regord lo lhe relotion belween lens opening ond ex-
 posure lime o smoll opening reguires o longer time of exposure
 'under the some light condition;  it will be noted lhst when
 ihe opening steps dovrn to the nexf higher scote figure, the
 fime exposure hos to be doubted in order to give lhe some
 degree of exposure. lt is for the benefif of showing the                    1c
 obove relotion thot lhe obove comporolive  list hos been given.
 It follows by no meons thot when o certoin tens opening  is
 used, the figure given directly betow is the corresponding
 exposure lime.

so    Lens Focusing
Press the infinity lock (Fig. ll) ond rototer the lens focusing
wheel slighlly lo releose lhe oulomotic device locking the
focusing mechqnism ot inflnity selting.
Focusing  is obtoined, when lhe double imoge of lhe subiecl
in lhe cenler squqre of the fleld oppeorlng in lhe view flnder
eyepiece coincides, which'is occomplished by rototing the lens
focusing wheel (Fig. 12, l3).
In oscerloining coincidence, verlicol lines of the imoge ore
helpful, which, when focused, become solid ond the blur of
the double imoge disoppeors.
Whcn thc comero is held verticolly, however,  it is the horizonfol
lines of the imoge lhol couse coincidence.
The focusing dislonce or octuql dislqnce belween comero ond
the obiect when coincidence occurred moy be found out by
reoding the flgure on the distonce scole (Fig.l-0)  found
ogoinst the block bqll index.

www.butkus.usShelffer     Refecrs ing
 framing of Picture
 When moking exposure froming of picture is to be token,
 Froming of picture should be msde with the eye os close os
 possible lo lhe ronge ond view finder eye-piece. The extent
 of picture {ield rhus token is identicql with thot of the oclusl
 picture thot will be mode.
 Compose fhe picture in the view finder ond press lhe shutter
 reteose butlon slowly. Do nol press hord ond do nol press
 fosl to qvoid o possible shoking of the comerq while shutter
  is closing. Use o tripod or rest for ony shuller speed slower
      t/to second. lfn                                             ls



 How fo Hold Camera
 It is obsolufely importon, to hold comero steody ovoiding o
pOssible shcke or shifting of comero when shutfer is reteosed,
 in order to moke o shorp picture (Fig. 14 ond l5).
Therefore,  il is suggested thol the cqmero be steodily pressed
 ogoinsl cheek wheri holding comero in horizontol position or
..ogoinsl foreheod when in verticol posifion, ond to hold il  in
both honds, using the righthond index finger to operote lhe
'teleoso bulton ond the middle finger in turning lhe focusing
wheel.
The elbows .ore to be helcl os low os possibte ogoinst the
 sides of the body.
 ll  is olso suggested thot deep breoth be token ond held
 while releqsing button os in shoofing o  rifle.

                                                                   --/I

Red mark 0n tho top of shutter release button.
This serves to indicate the movement of the fllm, while lhe
fitm is being wound bcck by meqns of rewinding knob.

Red mark on tlto top Plate of camera
A red spot betow the ccmero number inscribed on lhe top
of the comero (fig. tO) indicoles the position the ftlm posses'
which will be helpful in photoglophing close-up subiefts.





                                              t6
 In other words, wind the knob directty before toking ihe
  picture !                                                                                           .
 To leove shutler in q wound position for ony leirgth of time
 would tire shutler $pring, moreover you might occidentolly
 press releose butfon ond expose fllm, if you csrry your
 comero with wound shuller.
  lf  it hoppens thot you do not wanl tc moke o picture offer
 you hove wound lhe shutler, the sofesi woy is lo expose ond
 releose the shutter spring, bul if you wonl to sove the film
 you rnoy releose lhe shutler, covering lens opening with hond
 or lens cop, ond when o picluro is to be token go through
 the sqme procedure described for double exposure. (See Fig. l8)

www.butkus.us      Depth           of Field
 Depth of field is, by definition, o ronge of disfonce between
 the neoresl ond the forthest limits within which o comero
 subiecl gives permissible shorpness of irnoge.
 Depthof field depends upon lhe lens opening (f '1.4, f '5.6,
 f  : 8, elc) ond upon the disfonce from fhe €omero to the
obiett upon which the lens is focused. The smoller lhe
 operlure used, lhe greoter lhe depth of  field ond in the
 opposite woy lhe lorger lhe operture, lhe smoller fhe depth
 of field.
                               ln the Nikon Comero the depth
                           of field is so designed os lo
                      be reod, nol by reference to
                     o seporote toble, but directiy
                       from fhe revolving  dislonce
                               scole, which is -used in com'
                                  binotion with the depth of field
                             scole, orronged symmetricolly
                            qround the index dof, engroved
                       on fhe lens mount bose.
        Example
Focus the lens on on obiect 20 feet owoy from the cctmero,
Evhich couses fhe 20 feet morking of fhe distonce scole to
resl ogoinst lhe index dot on the depth of field scole. Set
fhe lens opening to f : 8 (Fig. lZ).
The depth of focus sought is o ronge of disloncc on the
distonce scqle lhof folls between lhe two f : B morkings on
fhe depth of field scole, one ot either side of index dot,
nomefy 12-50 tt.
In other words, piqtures token qt   , f  : 8 opening of  obiecta
lyihg belween 12 feet qnd 50 feet from the comero will be
lhorp enough; Everything else will be out of focus in some
degree.

Doubfe Exposure
 By lurning winding knob the film is odvonced for the next
 exposure. Unless you do lhis, lhe shutter releose will not
 operote, thus prevenfing o possibrlity of double exposure.
 Should, however, o double exposure be desired for some
 porticulor reoson or other, do os follows ,-
 Afler the firsl exposure push the shulter releose bullon ogoi:r
 (Fig. l8), ond without releosing your finger off the button, iurn
 left the highspeed diol os for os it goes ond stops, lhen
 toke off your finger from the button. Shutter is now reody
 fo operote. (ln lhe course of the obove procedure you musf
 nol turn lhe windirrg knob.)
 lf you require o  different shutter speed for the double
 (seconC) exposure from the firsl, you moy re-set fhe shutter
 diol.
    Infrq-Red Picture
 Wi'ren infro-red piclure i; to bo token, obloin d focus by
 rneons of doublo imoge concidence ond then furn lhe distonce
-scole in such o rnonner lhol the distqnce morking ogoinst
 lhe index (block spot) moves round ond resls ogoinst " R ",
 ond shoot.

Filrn Cossewww.butkus.ustte
The Nikon comerq will toke up o doylight looding cqJtridge
of ony moke, conloining o reody<ut length of 35 mm fllm,
usuolly found in the morkef.
The Nikon cosselte or mogozine ovoilqble ol extrc cost ccn
be lqqdecl with reody'cuf lengths or fed from o stock roll
of 35 mnr film.
The cosselie consisls of outer ond inner shells ond o spool'
The figures on the bottom of the outer shell ore ASA exposuro
index numbers, ond moy be used lo indicote the speed of
the filrn looded, the white spot on the brim being thc inde:l'
                          t9





                                                                                       SIIELL      ,ffi9ffiSHELT                         The block figures ore for blqck
                       qnd white film ond the red for
                             color ftlm. When the film hos
                        been exposed the red spot in-
                        dex should tqke ihe ploce of
                         21ihe white                                   .:.:/
              To 0pen the Cassette
                       Hold the cossette in your left
                           hond, with fhe proiecting end
                           of the spool toword you.
                            q smoll button wilh
                           ^^Depressingl4he  right hond index finger, turn
                            lhe inner shell of fhe cosselte
                            cfockwise (fis.  20), until the
                           operlures of bolh lhe  shells
                          ore over eoch other ond ot the
                   some time the  inner  shell
                                   slightly pulls out.

                     23

FILM FEEDII{G
                          (lll  Tltt 0ARr( n00il)
 Trim the end of lhe film so. os lo form o longue, ond holding
 the spool in your left hqnd with the proiecting end toword
 you'(Fig 2l), thrbod the fllm with your right hond, emutsion
side downword, rhrough the slot in the spool, feeding  if ot
lhe lorger opening, until the teefh inside bite the film ond
 prevent its getfing loose, ond then wind lhe film up wilh its
 emulsion on the inside.
The spool with the film wound on it is ploced in the inner
 shell with the proiecting end foremost, ond then the ouler
 shell is slid over if, wiih the leoder of the film pulling outside
 (Fas. 22, 23).
fushing the edge of the inner shell, turn it  qnfi-clockwise
 until o click is heord.
Now thot fhe cosselte is ctosed the film is perfectly prolecled
 from light, ond reody to be ploced in the cosselte chomber
 of rhe comero.
        T(l TAKE.tlUT FII"M
                     (tr{ rHE DARI( R00il)

The looded cossetlc being opened os described obove, loke
oul the spool ond unroll the film, ond cut  it ofi the spool
 Gig.2a).
To remove the film end
remoining in lhe slof. do
nol pull  lf bock in the
 direction  il wqs inserted,
but should be pulled off
ot the other side, lhof
is, ot the smo ller  slot.
The tonguc of the film
should be foshioned, when
feeding, nol loo wide for
the slot so lhol it  should
eosily be pulled out'

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            Set    f ever on " A " (Fig. 25) so rhoi film moy
          be odvonced.
           The bock ond boltom of the comerct ore mode
              in one piece. To remove, lurn fhe lwo semi'
              circulor locks on the bottom (Fig. 26) until fhe
            engroved orrows poinl lo  " o ".  The comers
            bock is now unlocked ond moy be rernoved by
               sfiding it with lhumb os shown in fig. 27.
             Ploce o film cortridge or o looded film mogo-
             zine in the left end chomber so lhot proieclion
         on the ouler shell of the mogozine  fits in lhe
             guide notch.
                Insert the end of the leoder of the mogozine
               film into the slit on the loke-up spool (Fig. 28)
         ond let o  little proiection ot the enlronce of
             the slit cotch lhe perforolion on the film-
            Then lurn the spool forther ond lel the sprockei
              cotch lhe perforotion of the film (Fig. 29).
          When film hos been looded reploce lhe comero's
           bock ond secure it by turning the semi-circulor
               locks until the orrows point to " S "
         h is importoni thot the comero bock is properly
             reploced ond locked. lf there is ony difficulty
              in locking, open ogoin ond see if the film  is
              properly in ploce.
              In order lo  oscertoin thol the loke-up spool
           hos cought ihe film properly, turn the winding
           knob slightly ond see if rhe rewinding knob
            rototes in rhe  d irection opposite lo   thot
              indicoted by lhe orrow
            Before sforting to ioke piclures with o newly
             looded film, turn the winding knob ond press
              lhe releose bufton, gnd repeol lhe some opero'
               tion ogoin in order to poss thot porl of  the
                fitm which hos probobly been offected by light
              during looding.
        Automatic Exposure 0ounter
              Set the counter (fig. 30) ot zero,
              using the two smoll lugs on the
              foce of it.  The counter indicofes
             ihe number of pictures loken.         ,
           not the number of unexposed
               fromes.

                               30

To remove the exposed film rewind the film bock into the
cortridge or film mogozine,
A roll of film which hos only portly been exposed con olso
be rewound ond removed for some purpose or olher  The
.some roll cqn be looded ogoin ot o loler dole, ond the
unexposed port used ogoin. In this cose nofe the number
of exposed fromes indicoted on the exposure counler, ond
 use il for guidonce when using lhe film ogoin.
To rewind o wholy or porlly exposed roll, lurn the reversing
 lever (Fig. 3l) to " R " ond revolve the rewinding knob  in
 thbi birection lo which the engroved orrow points. When      t
 the film is completely rewound, resistqnce is feh, bul keep
 on lurning the rewinding knob until fhis resislonce  is no longer                           I
 felt ond lhe turning of shutter releose buffon slops, which          {,
                                                                                                                                                       lt con be oscertoined by wotching lhe red mork on lhe top
 of the bullon. The film hos ndw been complelely rewound,
 ond moy be unloqded.

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               Filter   When o color fflter is used, il needs lo  lengthen exposure
    lime or lo enlorge lens opening i.e, lo choose o Jower
    diophrogm scole figure occording to the requiremenl of  lhe
     fiher focfor, which should olso be odiusted by the sensitivity
    of the film used.
     Fihers occurotely mode ond well finished ore supplied (Fig.
    32) tor stondord 5 cm F : 1.4 ond ,F : 2 Nikkor lenses in the
     following colors ond foctors  :
    Yl  Light Yellow   1.5-2  times
   Y3 Medium Yellow 2.5-3  times
   R0 Oronge      3.5-4  times
     Sizes of fhe filter ore 50 mm
     in  diometer, Series Vll  for
     F:1.4 ond 40mm, Series Vl for
     F :2.  Both surfoces of  fiher
     gloss ore onti-refleclion cooted.
   Eoch one is  furnished with
      ploslic cose.

         Hood
    Use of Jens-hood is recommended or somelimes necessory,
   when the lens hos to be protecled ogoinst frontol ond
     sidewoy stroy light. Lens-hoods  (fig. 33) for Nikkor sfondord
      fens (f-50 mm) f : 1.4 ond J ,2 ore ovoilobte ot exlrochorge.
    The hood is first screwed onto odopler ring, which in lurn
     screws on lhe lens. Filter gloss when used is held belween
                             the hood ond the odopter. Core
                            must be token lest fhe filter should
                                     fall olf vrhile hondling.
                      When the hood is nol used, the
                                     filter is otlqched to tho lens by
                           meons of  filter holder, furnished
                              with the hood
                        Hood odopter for 50 mm F t 1.4
                               sfondord lens is olso used for 35
                    mm F: 2.5 wide ongle. For 35mmS        F : 3.5 slip-on firpe lens.hoocj  is
                                    ovoiloble.
-

Tan ffiemnova ["gms

lf  it is desired to dismount the lens
    l.   Set the dtstogroe scste ot lnflnity.
  2.  Depress the spring cotch (Fig. 34) with the left thumb.
  3.  Turn the borrel clockwise with the right hond until
       the red index mork on the borrel meets the recl
      mork on the comero body.
The lens borrel con now be removed genily from lhe comero
body.
Mor.rnting of the lens con be performed by reversing the
obove procedure.
'The opening in the comero body,  if lhe comers is loqded,
should not be exposed to o  brighr light while lens is re-
moved.  lt is odvisoble to hold the cqmero toword your body.

 Leather case and rear lens cap for l{ikkor standard lens.
These ore avoiloble ot exlro chorge. They protects the lens
from domoge or dusl when lhe lens hos been dismounted
 ond kept sepcrote.

Inlerchangeclblewww.butkus.ustrens
!n order to fix telephoto or vride ongle lens lc the comero
body,
    I   Set lhe ronge scsles borh of cdmers ond lens
       ot Infinity.
  2   Push lho len: into the opening of the comero body
        (Fig. 35) cs for os it goes, moking sure thot o red
      mork on the lens borrel is on lhe some line os thot
       of the comero body
  3.  Then lurn the lcns to the left (onti-clockwise) until it
       stops with o click.
  4.  See thot in this position the fluted piece returns lo
       the originol position.
Dismounting of the lens con be performed by reversing lhe
obove procedure with the fluted piece depressed,

Focusing
Telephoto lens should nol be focused by meons of  the
focusing wheel on the comero, but by turning the knurled
ring on lhe lens borrel.
When infro-red film is used, the distonce selting obtoined
by meons of double imoge coincidence lhrough ronge finder
hos lo be rectified before shooling by wheeling round the
distonce morking ogoinst the index mork represented by o
red rod to R.                                      ?{

                                                             :;;.'"-".'r1"                                                      i
                                                       !i





Telephoio [ens should be ploced into its leofher eose, hood
firsl. lf hood is neor.the enlronce, chonces ore lhof you pulf,
fhe l.ens out by the hood ond the lens drops off.

Vfeur Ffilder
The wide cngle lens covers o lorger fleld of view' ond the
lelepolo lens tokes o smsller field of view compored with
0hcl covered bY o stondord lens'
Hence, fhe use of speciol view finders to suil interchongeoble
lenses.

             &ffiI}ilVADIJAL UfrEW FINI}HR
 There  are the folicwing three kinds. One is good for one
 focsl length only.




                                       For Wide Angle Jle)@For Telephofo        rJ, ri"Prrot"
  lens   'l 35 mm          lens 85 mm        lens 35 mm
          IINIIfIRSAL VIEW FINI}ER
 Whileonindividuo|viewfinderisgcodforgomeonetypo
 of focol length only, o universol view finder is designed for
 universol duty for oll types' There qre two kinds : vorifocol
 ond vorifrome.
         VARIF(IGAL UIEW FIT{DEN
 Siip the finder with its proiected eye piece towords the
 bock of tlre comero onto the occessory shoe (Fig. 3Z)'  Set
 ihe indicotor to the scole on the body of the flnder occording
 to the focol lenglh of the lens being used. When 2'8 cm
 lens is used, put cn oitcchment lens on the finCer front,
                                  indicotor being set ot 3.5 cm.
                              Focus the lens ond then set
                            lhe porollox odiustment scole
                             ot the view fincler bqse in
                                    conformif y with the focused
                                 distonce shown on the borrel
                             of the lens (Fig. 38).
                      Use the red  ind icotor for

www.butkus.us      disioncbs of 5 feef or less ond
      the block indicolor for distonces
     over 5 feet. Use of the red
       indicotor is in order to odiust o
        slight difference in view ongle of
     comero lens for neorer sr.lbiects+
    os ogoinsl thot  for   forther
        subiects.
      There ore two groduotions with-
F'r    out figures in the scoling, whlch                   3E
      indicote the points where the visuol imoge mognificotion  ir'
        I x ond 0.5 x  respeclively.
       VARIFRAME VIEW FII{DER
     The hondling of this type of view finder is procticolly the
     some os the vorifocol type, rhe only difference of  designs
     being thot, in the vorifrome type, the piclure frome oreo
     becomes lorger or  smoller, offecting lhe field of  view
      coveroge, occording to the chonge of the focol length
       setling, whilst in the vorifocol type, the mognificotion of
     imoge voiies within o ffxed picture frome, for inslonce the
     'imoge zooms up os the focol length increoses.
    What is Porallax ?
     The term porollox in this cose meons o slight difference in
     view field coveroge belween thof obtoined through'the view
      finder ond ihot through the comero lens.
      This is brought obout by the foct thot the view finder  is
l,    situoted hlgher thon the comero lens ond slightly sidewoys,
    ond this discreponcy becomes more pronounced when the I
      subiect gels closer to ihe comero.
    The horizonlol discreponcy is neg ligible, but -the veriico  I
*    discreponcy is corrected by meons of o compensotor which
      €ouses fhe view finder to tip down ond correlole the comerq
     Iens ond lhe comero distonce, so thct the octuol pictures
      will not be chopped off ot top or bottom.

To Use Flqsh
              Synchronlzer
                           The Nikon comero hos o
                                                      built.-,in fosh sYnchronizer,
                                      whiih' tights "outomoticollY
                              the flosh bulb on ony
                                morkeled flosh gun, when
                                      shutter is releosed.
                           When fost shutler 0 /20-
                             t/sOo sec) is used, push
                                                            l'   the smoller plugs on the
                                        connecting cord into sockef
  39                          morked " F" (Fig. 39) on                                the comero.
  When slow shulter (t-t/a sec) is used, push the smoller plugs
  on lhe connecting cord inlo socket morked " S " (Fis' 40) 91
                                              GE  the comero. Foi fost shutter speed, o flosh bulb (soy :
  No. 5, ll  Syl'Press 25, 40 etc.) must be used'
     Shulter speed   Fost 1/20-1/5OO    Slow l'll8
  Socket on  the             .rFr'                       .rsrl
  comero lo be used
   Flosh bulb to be GE-No. 6, No. 3l   GE-SM, No' 5, ll
" suted                Syl-F9,26, No.2A etc. Syl-SF, Press 25,40 etc'

                          When slrobe flosh hoving
                         no ffring deloy is used,
                                      set the shutter sPoed at
                                   1/30 t when the strobe
                                hos ony firing deloY set
                               the shufler ot 1/2O ot
                                 slower occording to  the
                                 deloy time.


                                                                                                                                                                                                      i.                   IMP(lRTANT !
              !   The flosh butb should not be otlqched, until the cord
       plugs hove been inserted into thi socket on lhe comero'
       For o shutter speed of l/500 of o second or when     7
      more thon two flosh bulbs ore consumed on the circuit,
        increose the dry bottery voltoge to nol less thon 4'5
           volts.

Clomping screw





   Rongefinder ottochment
                               Lens ottochmenl

      For por?roit work or in photogrophing onimols, plonts, etc' ot
       close ronge or for reproducfion of pointings. ond prints,, use
      of the Nikon comero with Nikkor Scm F/1.4 or F/2 fitted
       wirh NIKON CLOSE-UP DEVICE will prove quite odvontogeous;
      os occurote focus con eosily be obtoined wilh bu'ilt-in rqnge-
       finder ot o dislonce of less thon 3 feet-
                                                      cm     Two types of Close'up Devices moy .be hod one for 5
     F/2 fens qnd the olher for Scn F/1,4 lens, eoch.consisting
       oi Rongefinder Aottochment ond Lens Aftochmenf (Fig. 4l\'
     MODEL t  Close-up device for Nikkor 5 cn F/2 with leother
          cqse
     MODEL lf  Close-up device for Nikkor 5cnF/1.4 with leother
          cose
       Focusing rqnge with NIKON CIOSE-UP DEVICE  '   l.5ft-2.6ft
        Rotio-    of piclure size lo octuol obiect            .   rlz -    r/ts.t
                                                                 .      Areo photogrophed                                                                                                  rt                             6-r7,ir  r 1 I 5g                                                                                   l6lt (3??---)                                                                             srr^1 -   | t                               --  ) x 8  tB | ft,, (224                                                          (456--)                                                                               1,6,,                                               x

_1                                                            t