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Photo miniature tank and time development Product booklet
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TENTHTHOUSAND www.orphancameras.comPRICE TV/ENTY.FIVECET{TS
ln!$ TANK AND
TIME DEVELOPMENT
I ts Practical Advantages as a
Simpleand CertainM.1hod.of
- DevelopingNegatives-Roll
films,iut-nlmsind Plates,The
ApplratusAvailable; With full 'Useful Instructions,Formulreand
Tablesfrom ExperiencedWorkers
Notes and Comment . Books
and Prints, etc.
VOLUME VII : DECEMBER,L9o7 : NUMBER84
t{'l
NEWYORK- TENNANTANDUAND
- LONDONDAMBARN&\4APDTTD
Published Monthly: Subscription Price, $g.fo per yea,r, postfree
Copyrigbt, 1908,by Tennaat apd Ward, New-YorkView original page 2Page 3 · Read text
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The Best Photographic Library money can
buy is a complete=J@fnset of@t:t future Mtlsto Published Monthly; with Illustrations;
Per Year $2.50: Single coPy 25 cents.
$ Ptain and practical information, simply written
without waste of words or space; always clear end
right to the point; comprehensive, but not long-
winded.
$ Every number deals with a different subject, cov'
ering iis practical applications with actual working
methods, processes and formulae.
I tts pages are written by men who Lnow of what
th"y Cpcaf ; nothing is given place ugfess it has
praltical experience or sound sense bchind it. No
other magazine is so carefully edited.
q AU the news of the photographic world-men'-
methods, conventions, cxhibitions and affairs of
interest- are discussed in pithy paragraphs and
departments for profitable reading. -qnd
{ The magazine is carefully printed linen
slitched, solhat it opens flat like a book. A pleasure
to read or handle. Convenient in size for pocket
usc or the library shelf. www.orphancameras.com
$ The earlier issues of The Photo-Miniature -are as ' 'interesting and as helpful in their information, as
is thie paiticular numbJr, the set forming_a practical
cyclopidia of photographic hnowledge. Sgme of the
numblrs are rapidlfgoing out of print and-will soon
be unobtainabli eicept at a premium. Those who
want a complete sef should get such numbers as 'lacL without delay, to avoid disappointment.they
Subscriptions received and any number supplied
by dealers in photographic supplies or news agents'
TENNANT & WARD, Publishers, NEW YORK
Chicago Wholesale Agents : BURKE & JAMES
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.)
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A NE\X/ SELECTED LIST OF
PHOTOGRAPHIC BOOKS
I M P O R T E D A N D F O R .V/ARDS A L E B Y TENNANT AND
122 F,AST 25th STREET. NE\v YORK
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPEY
Aerial Photography. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 52. 25c,
ANIMATED PHOTOGRAPIIY
Animaterl Photography. The A B C of the Cinematograph. By Cecil M.
Hepworth.1900. 128 pp. ; illustrated. Cloth, 50c.
Living Pictures: Their Eistory, Photo-Reprotluctionancl Practical Working.
By HenryY. Hopwood.1899. 265 pp. and index. Cloth,$1.25.
APPARATUS
PhotographicApparatus. A practical guide to the making of photographic
apparatusand how to adapt what one has to various purposes. Ey Geo.n.
Biown. 1902. 128pp.; 180diagrams. Paper,50c.
PhotographicCamerasancl Accessories. By Paul N. Hasluck. 1901. 158 pp.
andindex. Cloth,50c.
flow to Buy a Camera. By II. C. Shelley.1902. 144 pp. ; illus. Cloth, 75c.
ARCHITECTURALPHOTOGRAPHY
Architectural Photography. The Photo-Miniature No. 55. 25c.
BEGINNERS' HANDBOOKS
Photography by Rule. By J. Sterry. 1903. 160 pp. 50c.
Photography. By Paul Hasluck. 1903. 160 pp. 50c.
Photographic Failures : Prevention antl Cure. By " Scrutator." 1903. 90 pp.;
illustrated. Paper,50c.
CHEMISTRY
Photographic Chemicals and How to Make Them. By W. Taylor. 1905. 108pp.
Cloth,50c.
Co'rling on Chemicalsin Photography. By J. Cowling. 25c.
The Elementary Chemistry of Photographic Chemicals. By C. Sordes Ellis.
1903. 113pp. ; index. Cloth, 50c.
Chemistry for Photographers. By Chas. F. Townsend. 1906. 139 pp, and
cyclopadicindex, 4th edition,revised. Paper, 50c.
CEILDREN, PHOTOGRAPEING
PhotographingChiltlren. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 19. 25c.
COIORING AND FINISHING. See also untler "Enlarging," "Lantern Slides."
Coloring ancl Finishing Photographs. By R. Johnson. $1.
Coloring Photographs. The Photo-Miniature No. 44. 25c.
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A SELECTED LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC BOOKS
'Wastell The Eantl Camera. By anrlBayley. 204 pp. 50c.
Photographywith Roll Films. By JohnMclntosh.tgog. 1g6pp.; illus. cloth, 50c.
Eow ancl what to Photographwith Roll Films. By J. A. Iioitges. rg04. l2o
pp.; illustrated. Cloth,Soc.
Photographyfor the Press. By Erlitors of photogram. 50c.
EISTORY OF' PHOTOGRAPHY
who DiscoveredPhotography. The photo-MiniatureNo. 60. Illustratetl. 2sc.
KATLITYPE. Seeunder " printing processes."
INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHY See,,HandCamera.',
InstantaneousPhotography. By sir w. de IV. Abney. lggb. 96 pp. paper, 50c.
INTENSIFICATION OF NEGATIVES
Intensificationantl Reduction. By H. w. Bennett. 1904. 126 pp. cloth, 50c.
Intensifying and RetlucingNegatives. The photo-MiniatureNo. 74. 2sc.
Finishing Negative. The Processes betweenFixing antl printing. By II. !t_e " Snowden p;p.",iO". Ward. Revised. 122 pp. 1908.
INTERIORS
PhotographingInteriors. The photo-MiniatureNo. 80. ZSc,
f,ANTERNS AND LANTERN SLIDES
Mg{e^rnMagic Lanterns and rheir Management. By R. child Bayley. 1g92.
106pp.; illustrated paper,50c.
0ptical Lanternsantl Accessories.BypaulN. Hasluck.1901.1bzpp.Cloth,50c.
The Lantern antl How to use rt. By c. GoodwinNorton.1901.52 pp. cl., 50c.
Eow to Make Lantern slides. By s. L. coulthurst. 1g01. 92 pp. cloth, 50c.
Lanternslitle Making. By Rev.F. c. Lambert. 1901. cloth. 50c.
PracticalSlide Making. By G. T. Harris. 1902. 184 pp. 50c.
Lantern Slitles. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 9. 25c,
ColoringLantern Slitles. The photo-MiniatureNo. gB. 25c,
LENSES, PEOT0GRAPHIC. Seealso,, Telephotography."
PhotographicLenses. By Beck and Andrews. 1909. 2gg pp.; illus. cloth, z5c.
The Lens. By Bolas& Brown. LglZ. 172 pp. Cloth,$1.25
The choice antl use of PhotographicLenses. Thephoto-MiniatureNo. 7g. 2sc.
LIGHTING. Seeunder,, Studio.',
Lively's Methotls of Lighting. 190?. Cloth, $2.50
MOUNTING AND FRAMING
Practicaltr'rameMaking. By cor. w. L. Noverre. 1904. 100 pp. cloth, 50c.
NEGATM MAKING. Seealso under ,,Enlarging,",,Exposure,',,,Develop-
ment,"" PhotographicFailures.',
Bin-ishingtheNegative., Ey H. snowdenward. Revised1g0g. 12gpp. paper,-ag..50c.
DefectiveNegativesantl Practical Remecries.Thephoto-MiniatureNo. zsc.
{9re Light in Negative Making. By D. Cook.1908. 176pp. Cloth, 01.50
Night Photography. By RobertDykes. 1907. Illustrated. 50c.
TENNANT A \WARD. I22 EAST 21th STREET, NE\v YORKView original page 6Page 7 · Read text
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A SELECTED LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC BOOKS
/
ORTEOCEROMATIC PHOTOGRAPIIY. Seealso" ColorPhotography."
The Photographyof ColoredObjects. By C. E. KennethMees. The latest and most practical work on OrthochromaticPhotography.75 pp. Many illustra- i.II
tions. 1909. Paper, .50c.; postage,6c.
Practical Orthochromatics. The Photo-Miniature No. 92. Paper, 25c.
Practical Orthochromatic Photography. By Arthur Payne. 1903. 178 pp.;
manyillustrations. Canvas,50c.
IsochromaticPhotography. By R. JamesWallace. 1902. 79 pp. Paper,10c. I
Color-CorrectPhotography. By T. ThorneBaker. 1906. 50c. i
PANORAMIC PEOTOGRAPHY I1
PanoramicPhotography. With Ordinaryand SpecialCameras.The Photo-Mini
atureNo.73; with Mellen'sMethodsandfull instructions;illustrated. 25c,
PEOTO-CERAMICS
PhotographicEnamels. By ReneD'Heliecourt. 1906. 96 pp. Cloth,$1.25.
Photo-Ceramics.By W.E. Henryand H. SnowdenWard. 1896. 86 pp. 50c.
PEOTO-ENGRAVING; PEOTOGRAVURE; PHOTO-LITHOGRAPEY. See under" Photo-MechanicalProcesses." I
PHOTO- MECHANICAL PROCESSES. Seeunder"Year Books."
Practical Guitle to Photographic ancl Photo-MechanicalPrinting Processes.
By W.K. Burton. 1892. 415 pp. $2.
Manual of Photo-Engraving. By N. Amstutz. 1907. Revised and enlarged.
440 pp.; illustrated. Cloth, $3. ltslI Photo-MechanicalProcesses.ByW.T.Wilkinson.1905.216pp.;illus. Cloth,$2.
The Ilalf-Tone Process. By Julius Verfasser. 1907. 348 pp. ; illustraterl. Re-
vised and enlarged. Cloth,$2.s0.
Photo-Lithography. By Geo. Fritz. 1896. 88 pp. ; illustrated. $1.75.
The Wet CollotlionProcess.ByArthur Payne.1907.140pp.;illus. Cloth,$1.50.
Wet Collotlion Photography. By Chas.W. Gamble. 1895. 101 pp. Cloth,50c.
Photogravure.By HenryR. Blaney. 1895. 43 pp. Paper,50c. Cloth,$1.
A Treatise on Photogravurein Intaglio by the Talbot-Klic Process. By Her-
bert Denison. 140 pp. Cloth, 92.25.
Photo-Aquatint and Photogravure. By ThomasHuson. 1897. 116 pp. $f .
Three-ColourPhotography. By Arthur VonHubl. Translatedby H. O. Klein.
1904. Cloth, $3.50.
CollotlionEmulsion. By II. O. Klein. 1906. 95 pp.; illustrated. Cloth,$2.50. Penrose'sProcessPocket Book antl Diary. Yearly in December. 50c. -
PEOTO-MICROGRAPHY
The A B C of Photo-Micrography. By W, H. Walmsley. 1903. 155 pp. $1.25.
PICTORIAL PEOTOGRAPHY
Compositionin Portraiture. By SidneyAllan. 116 pp. ; 137 illus. 1909. Cl., $3. Dssentialsin Portraiture. By Hartmann. ThePhoto-MiniatureNo. 95. 25c. IIi
Practical Lan<lscapePhotography. By G.T. Harris. 1902. 118pp. Canvas,50c
TENNANT f' VARD. I22 EAST 25th STREET. NE\x/ YORK
I
-{t*
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A SETEETEDr,iST OF PHOTOGRAPHIE BOOKS
Practical Pictorial Photography. By A. Horsley Hinton. 1900. In two parts.
illustrated. Cloth,50c.pef part.
PracticalPictorial Photography. Parts I and II in one volume. By A. Horsley
Hinton. Cloth,$1.25.
Pictorial Principles. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 53. 2Sc,
Pictorial Compositionanrl the Critical Jutlgment of Pictures. By Henry R.
Poore.1904. 225pp.; illustrated. Cloth,$1.50.
Art antl the camera. Little Essayson GeneralTopics. By AnthonyGuest.With
manyillustrations. Cloth, $2.
PTATINUM PRINTING. Seeunder "Printing Processes."
PORTRAITURE. Seealsounder " Sturlios,"" Lighting."
Essentialsin Portraiture. The Photo-MiniatureNo. C5. 2Sc.
Compositionin Portraiture. By SidneyAllan. Cloth,93.
Art Principlesin Portraiture. By otto walter Beck. 190?. 243 pp.; illus. $3.26.
Out4oorPortraiture. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 58. . 25c.
EomePortraiture. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 65. 1904. 25c.
F'igureComposition. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 64. 25c.
POST CARDS, PEOTOGRAPHIC
The PhotographicPicture Post Cartl. By Wall and TV'ard.1906. 104 pp. 50c.
PhotographicPost Cartls. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 94. 25c.
PRINTING PROCESSES.
BLUE PRINT
F'erricand Eeliographic Processes. By Geo. E. Brown. 1900. 128 pp.; illus-
tratetlwith fac-simileprints showingthe processes. Cloth,$1.
. BROMIDE
BromitlePrinting. By Rev.F. C. Lambert. 1902. 71 pp. 50c.
DevelopmentGaslight Papers. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 93. Paper,25c.
BromicleEnlarging Matle Easy. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 87. 25c.
Toning Bromides. By F. W. Somerville.112 pp. Paper,50c.
Toning Bromide Prints. By R. E. B. Smith. 1904. 50c.
CARBON
'ByCarbonPrinting. Max Boelte. 1900. 32 pp. Paper,50c.
CarbonPrinting Matle Easy. By Thos.Illingworth. 1903. 154 pp. Paper,50c.
CarbonPrinting. The Photo-MiniatureNo. 86. 25c.
CarbonPrinting. By. E. J. Wall. 1902. 104 pp. Cloth, 50c.
CarbonPrinting. By IV. H. Weston. 1896. 64 pp. ; diagrams. Paper,75c.
GENERAL
Printing ProcessesDescribetlantl Comparetl. By W. Gooilwin. The Photo-
MiniatureNo. 78. 25c,
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A SELECTED LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC BOOKS
Ozobrome, Kallitype, Sepia & Blue Printing. The Photo-Miniature No.81. 25c.
'Popular Photographic Printing Processes. By Ilector Maclean. 1902. 350 pp.
Paper, 50c.
Combination Printing in Pictorial Photography. The Photo-Miniature No. 59.
1904. Illustrated. PaPer,25c.
GUM BICHROMATE
Photo-Aquatint or the Gum Bichromate Process. By AlfrerlMaskell and Robert
Demachy. 1901. 55 pp. ; illusbrated. Cloth, 50c.
Practical Gum Bichromate. ByJ. C. Richards. 1905. 118 pp.; illus. Cloth, S1.25. {
OIL PRINTING
How to Make Oil ancl Bromoil Prints. By R. Demachy antl C. H. Hewitt. 1908. i
20 pp.; illustrated 25c. I
Oil antl Bromoil Process. Bv- lVlortimer & Coulthurst. 1908. 50c.
PLATINUU
. 'W.
Platinotype: Its Preparation antl Manipulation. By Sir W. d; Abney anil I
Lyonel Clark. 1895. 196 pp. 50c. I
The {'Camera Notes " fmprovecl Glycerine Process for the Development of i
Platinum Prints. 12 pp. ; illustrated. Paper, $1. l 'Warren.
The Platinotype Process. By W. J. 85 pp. 50c.
PROF'ESSIONAL PHO TOGRAPHY :
Professional Photography. By C. H. Hewitt. 1904. In two volumes, about
260 pp. ; illustrated. Complete. $r.
REFERENCE BO0KS. See also " Text Books, Atlvanced."
The Photographer's Note Book. By Rev. F. C. Lambert. 1897.94 pp. Cloth, 50c.
Who Discoveretl Photography? The Photo-Miniature No. 60. 1904. Illus- I
tratetl. PaPer, 25c. \
A Reference Book of Practical Photography By F. Dundas Totld. 1900. 96 pp.;
diagrams. - PaPer,50c. I
The Dictionary of Photography. By E. J. Wall. 1902. 656 pp. Cloth, $3.75. I 'Wilson's Cyclopetlic Photography. By E. L. Wilson. 1893. 453 pp. Cloth, ${. I
The Photographic Reference Book. By J. Mclntosh. 344 pp. ; 1000 references.
1905. PaPer,7Sc.
RETOUCHING ,t
Practical Retouching. By Drinkwater Butt. 1901. 78 pp. ; illus. Canvas, 50c.
The Art of Retouching Systematized. By Ida Hower. 1908. $1.
The Art of Retouching Negatives antl Finishing antl Goloring Photographs.
By R. Johnson. 1898. 8? pp.; illustrated. Cloth, $1.
Retouching Negatives antl Prints. The Photo-Miniature No. 12. Paper, 25c.
Retouching. By Arthur Whiting. 1904. 89 pp.; illustrated. Paper, 50c.
STUDIOS AND TEEIR USE
The Photographic Studio. By T. Bolas. 1895. 89 pp.; diagrams. Cloth, $1.
i '\X/ARD. ;
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A SELECTED LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC BOOKS
The stutlio antl what ro Do rn rt. By II. p. Robinson. 1888. 1b0 pp.; tlia-
grams. cloth, $r.25.
Stutlio Construction. The Photo-MiniatureNo. b0. 2Sc.
TELEPEOTOGRAPHY
PracticalTelephotography. The photo-MiniatureNo. g0. 2Sc,
ElementaryTelephotography. By EarnestMarriage. 1901. 118 pp.; illus-
trated. Ckth, $1.?5.
TelephotoWork. By C. H. Deller. 1g04. 63 pp. paper,50c.
TEXT-BOOKS ADVANCED
Iustructionin Photography. By Sir W. de W. Abney. 1g0b. 6?6 pp. ; illus-
trated. Ctoth,$z.so.
BarnetBook of Photography. 1903. 284 pp. Cloth,Z5c.; postage,10c.
The Scienceand Practiceof Photography. By ChapmanJones. 190b. b6g pp.
Cloth,$2.50.
Photographics.By EtlwarrlL. Wilson. 1881. 359 pp. $+.
Wilson's Quarter Century in Photography. By Edward L. Wilson. 1886.
516pp. Clobh,$4.
The Book of Photography. Practice, Theory and Applications. By Paul N.
Hasluck.1905. 744 pp.; 1,000illustrations. Cloth,$3.
TheCompletePhotographer.By R. ChildBayley.1908.4l0pp.; illus. Cloth,$3.67.
WET COLLODION
The Wet CollotlionProcess. By Chas.TV'.Gamble. 1895. 101 pp. Cloth, 50c.
The l\Iet CollotlionProcess. By Arthur Payne. 1907. 140 pp.; illus. 91.50.
WINTER PIIOTOGRAPHY. The Photo-MiniatureNo.57. 1903. Paper,25c.
Photographyin lllinter. By H. S. Ward. 1903. I24 pp.; illustrated. 50c.
YEAR BOOKS
AmericanAnnual of Photography. Publishedin November.200pp. ; 300 illus-
trations. Paper,75c ; postage,1.5c. Cloth,$1.25; postage,20c. extra.
British Journal Photo Almanack. Publishedin December.1,200pp.
penrose'sprocessworkers' lill"'rt"kr:l'll'#ff:li-'a i"li: il53:Photogramsof the Year. 200""",pp. " Paper, $t Cloth, $1.50.
The Photographic Annual. Incorporating the Figures, Facts and Rormula of
Photography.Yearly in July. Paper, 50c. ; postage,8c. Cloth, g1; postage,10c.
The most practical and comprehensive library
of photographic information in the English lan-
guage is The Photo - Miniature series of hand-
books, a list of which is given on the following
page.
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A COMPLETE LIST OF
=J@fnfutuw @,tte Fwies Mboto
Giving the titles of all the numbers thus far published. Numbers marked with
asterisk (") are out of print, but may possibly be obtained from some dealers.
* r . Modern Lenses, April, r899 Outdoor Portraiture
t 2 . The Pose in Portraiture Combination Printing
* 3 . Hand-Camera Work Who Discovered Photography ?
* 4 . l'hotography Outdoors Methods of Control in Pictorial Print-
* 5 . Stereoscopic Photography Vacation Photography linet 6 . 0rthochromatic Photography Photography in Advertising
* q Platinotype Processes I.'igure Composition
rl. g. Photography at Home Home Portraiture
Practical Methods of Development Slides 9. Lantern*ro, Practical OrthochromaticPhotography Print,tt etc. The rr Blue
* t r , Devclopers and Development Decorative Photography
12. Rctouching Negatives and Prints Printing-Out Papers
* r 3 . Photographing Flowers and Trees Advanced Pinhole Photography
r4. Street Photogtaphy Marine and Surf Photography
* r ( . lntensifi cation and R eduction Photography for Profit
* r6 . Bromidc Printing and Enlarging Panoramic Photography
* r 7 . The Carbon Process Intensifying and Reducing Negatives
* r 8 . Chemical Notions for Photographeru Bromide Printing, Toning and En-
r9 . Photographin g Children The Hand-Camera llarging
xact, Trimming, Mounting and Framittg Focal Plane Photography
*Lt. Albumen and Plain Paper Printing Printing Papers Described and Com-
T z 2 . Gum-Bichromate Printin g Choice and Use of Lenses Iparerl
Photographic M anipulations Outdoor Photography
*24. Photographing Clouds Ozobrome, Kallitype, Sepia and Blue
*zs. Landscape Photography Modern Dark-Rooms IPrints
*26.*.. Telephotography.Pinhole (Lensless) Photography TankColoringandLanternTime DerelopmentSlides
*28. SeashorePhotography Photography with Flashlight
*zg. Flashlight Photography Carbon Printing
3o. Photographing Interiors Bromide Enlarging Made Easy* j r . Photographing at Night Defective Negatives and Remedies
Defects in Negatives Photography with Films
The Dark-Room (See No. 8l) Practical Telephotography
*34. More About Development Photographing Outdoor Sports
45. Enlarging Negatives Practical Orthochromatics
*16. Lens Facts and Helps Development ( gasli ght) Papers
* f 7 . Film Photography Photographic Post cards
*r 8. Color Photography Essentials in Portraiture
*19. Photographing Animals Leaves from an Amateurts Notebook
*4o. Platinotype Modifi cations Photography with Small Cameras
4 I . Copying Methods Stereoscopic Photography*42 Genre Photography Reflex Cameras
*41. Photographic Chemicals Enlargements from Small Negativer
44. Coloring Photographs IraPhY Photographic C hemicals*+t. More About Orthochromatic Photog- Trimming. Mounting and Framing
*46. Developrnent Printing PaPers Toning Bromide and Gaslight Prtnts
*47. Kallitype Process Night Photography
*+8. Commercial PhotograPhY Correct Exposure
*49. Dark-Room Dodges Oil and Bromoil Printing
5o. Studio Construction Hand'Camera Work
* 5 r . Press Photography The Six Printing Processes
52, A€rial Photograpby Drapery and Accessories
1sr.- s1. PictorialOutdoor ExposuresPrinciples. CommercialPhotographyPhotographyas a Business
t t . Architectural PhotograPhY Lighting in Portraiture
*56. The Hurter & Driffield SYstem Gum-bichromate Printing
l f . - Winter PhotographY
For out-of -Drint numbers neealed to complete volumes for bintling, or for full
sets of tble magazine, acltlress the publishers.
Pncepetco'a'25 Post'Free'$2'50 s:i:; f;b"6[nl::::"I:;,"^:r'
T E N N A N T & W A R D , P U B L I S H E R S
122EAST 25th STREET,NEW YORK .WHOLESALE CHICAOO AGENTS, BURKE & JAMES
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@bvlFbots'frItntaturr
A Magazine of PhotographicInformation
E D I T E D B Y J O H N A . T E N N A N T
Volume VII DECEMBER, t907 Number 84
@unbenb @tme
Debilopment
Tank development is in the air. It is the newest
royal road to successin photography,the latest "fool-
proof" method of getting good negativesas a maker of
tanks tersely describesit. The dealers' storesare lined
with tanks of many sorts and sizes; photographic
writers are everywhere crying to high heaven for and
againstthe method: the amateur,whose name is legion,
is busy with experiencesthat are not "all in the tank,"
despite the alluring phrase of advertisement,and even
the conservativeprofessionalis inclined to give the thing
a trial if he could find a common-sensetank in the mar-
ket suited to his notions. In short, gentle reader, the
time has come to discuss tank and time development in
Trtn Prtoro-MtNteruRE, since, with the rest of the
world, we are ourselvesinterested in its possibilitiesin
a practicalway.
First, then, tank development,now writ large across
the photographichorizon, is not a new idea. According
to some, it was first advocatedin 1882, when the pres-
ent writer made his first excursions in photographic
fields. But more careful historiansaver that the method
was first suggestedby Dr. A. Meydenbauer in r892.
Those who have accessto Eder's monumental "Aus-
fiihrliches Handbuch der Photographie" will find the
historical data interestingly dbveloped in the section
dealing with "Die Praxis der Photographiemit Gelatine-
Emulsionen" (Halle a/S: Knapp), and "re-hashed" at
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550 THE PHOTO_MINIATURtr
length in "Stand-Entwicklung: als [Jniversal- :gmg
Method fiir alTe,Zweeke," by EI Blech (gJi":
Schmidt), W. had thesetranslatld for our infoimation,
but friendly considerationfor the reader and a proper
respect for the antique forbid more than the- mlre
mention of the referenceshere. As a later scribe says
at the end of a three-pagedissertationon the subject_
"much that has been written about tank develop*."i i,
pure buncome." And so it is.
t,oi I permit myself one reference to stand Develop-., ..,e history of the subject as showing the ment in 1882- reader that once again modern praitice
is.not wholly the new thing the unlhinking photogr"ph.,'Mr. might supp_o_se.In a recently publishel'artici-e,
GeorgeT. Harris, F.R.P. S:, h u..urute and pains-
taking worker, gives some data relative to the early
employmentof stand development,which comesto me
with the freshnessof novelty. He saysthar Wratten and
Wainwright, the plate-makers,introducedstanddevelop-
ment with- pyro-ammoniaabout the year rggz, and that
it was in daily.u-se-a quarter of a ceniurl ago, 6y serreral
Iargecommercial produced negitives of great {I*r,.who
excellenceand uniformity byit.-Mr. Mr. Ha-rrisfirst,i* i,
used in the workrooms of J. Hudson, the photo-
graphic publisher, who employed it exclusively ior all
srzesup to rzx ro.- As many as twelve dozen enlarged
negativeswere madg an{ developed in one day by iwo
pers.onsusing stand developmentwith pyro-urnrnoniu,on
the lines.suggestedby Wralten and Wainwright. Three
dippingbaths were used by each worker, u"? tt,. ,oiu-
tion made.up in the morning was employed throoeho;t
the day, being strengtheneAwhen half the *orti *r,
by the addition of dry pyrogallol and ammonia.9o1.,
It is curious to find, as the r.ud.. oT the present
of the Tsn PHoro-MTNTATURE will see for himsell,";;b;,
that in this matter time has wrought one of it, -ort
peculiar revenges,for a notable seniation of the photo-
graphic world in -the closing months of ,9o7, *r,
1!_e published condemnation of stand develodmlnt U"
Wratten and Wainwright, and its able defence ar th,e
hands of Mr. Alexander Mackie, whose reioinder f ulro
present to the reader. So much for historv.View original page 13Page 14 · Read text
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TANK AND TIME DEVELOPMENT 55I
^fft""j:rfta-^:^-+ --, It is necessary,however, in the begin- ing, to.point oui that tank'develop{rllnt, - as we know it today, is altogetherdiffer-
ent from the tank development of which Wratten,
Meydenbauer, Miethe, Fourtier, Neuhauss and others
wrote so learnedlyyearsago. Then the systemcomprised
nothing more than the simultaneousdevelopmentof a
number of exposed plates, b;' placing them in a verti-
cally grooved box or tank and covering them with an
extremely dilute developing solution. Time and tem-
perature, now all important, were then of little or no
account. So long as the plates did not frill, or fog or
stain by prolonged soaking, the development was
extendedover a period of several hours, the negatives
being examined from time to time, at the convenience
of the worker, and removed to the fixing-bath as each
plate attained the desired density. In tank develop-
ment as now practiced, the tank is merely a convenient
receptacle for several plates or films during their auto-
matic development,the range of contrasts in the nega-
tive being securedby the careful adjustmentof a definite
formula used at definite temperature for a definite period
of time-a significant difference.
The modern system is systematicin the exact sense
of the word, being based on the researches of Hurter
and Driffield, of which some account is given in Tun ffi
Pnoro-MINIATURE No. 56. The sum of these inves-
tigations, as utilized for the scientific basis of modern
tank development,is that the truthfulness of the photo-
graphic records depends upon correct exposure (within
well defined limits), development simply determining
the range of opacitiesor contrastsin the negativeby its
duration. The elasticityof the method lies in our con-trol over the duration of development,this being obvi- H
ously variable according to the range of contrasts best
suited to the subjects in hand, the printing processto
be employed, or the preferences of the individual. a n-!: Throughout this monographthe terms T ^"ri:l' "stand,"""time " and- "Lnk-" develop-
ment are used interchangeably,and it ITis as well to bear in mind that they mean one and the
same thing. It is too soon, perhaps, to effect a total
tIView original page 14Page 15 · Read text
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552 THE PHOTO-MINIATURE
revolution in the nomenclature of the process: but it
is probable that before long the words " stand " and
"tank " will be swept from the photographer'svocabu-
lary and that the expression " time " will be used to
include all referencesto the subject. For our present
purposes, however, it will be sufficient if the reader
realizes that wherever I or any of the authorities I quote
make use of the words "stand," "tank" or"time"
development only one thing is meant, viz., to quote
from the preceding paragraph, the employment in
development of a definite formula, at a definite tempera-
ture for a definite period of time. The tank is the
accessory:an important one, as we shall see, but still of .thesubordinate interest in considering subject in its
broadest aspect, that of the entire theory and practice
of photographic development.
-r-ne - Now, what are the advantagesof time iic"r.ence development over the older or tentative
ol rt method ? Mr. R. Child Bayleyso tersely
summarized them some time ago that I cannot do better
than quote his exact words at the outset of this section.
Said Mr. Bayley:
"r. It gives us perfectly uniform negatives when
exposure has been correct, whether we develop daily or
only have a few to deal with every noiv and again.
"2. It brings everythingout that can be got out of an
under-exposed plate, and removes the temptation to
over-develop in the hope that more details may be
obtained.
"3. It givesus as good resultsas can be got with over-
exposed plates, and prevents any risk of insufficient
development which may be caused by the difficulty of
judging how far development has gone when the plate
rs very opaque.
" +. It reduceslight-fog to a minimum, and in the case
of roll films, does away with it entirely.
" 5 It overcomesentirely the difficulty of determining
when developmentis complete. '"6. It can accommodateitself to the nature of the
subject or to the printing processto be used, or may be
settled,oncefor all, to give a good,'all-round'negative."
In time development, then, we are face to face with aView original page 15Page 16 · Read text
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TANK AND TIME DEVELOPMENT 553
condition of things almost revolutionarY in efiect and
p..-it.lro, iur, ;; ,h;;;tk of Hurter and Driffield in
photometry swept away-all our previous notions it- l-"
ih;;;T;;;f the ?rial at d ertot svstemof exposure' so rn
time and temperat;i. dtutlopment we are getting down
i"^ii. p"i"i tirt.t. .*actitudi of method steps.in to.the
confusionof sheergo.rr-*otk or -empiricism. The signs
;i;i;-;i;.' point :G;;lv to the fact that rule of thumb and blow' hard another ;; ;h".gi"rjrty ttut^ t.ti'iued to afford longer cll worker ;i;^;;;?li-fishio".d 1ro
Iiri.g"ta ,ne scientificmethod in his dark-room practrce'
Fi; h?d 6.ri t..ig" himself to the inevitable and throw
ull ttisios.ili,ed notions a-sto tentative devel-
"".rf.^ia;;;;;;-;.ing of ;[;;tigh*st further use to him' He
in., pt'otog:'upt'vi'. dailv more and more
"i;;;';;i;.;;;;"a;;; on fundamental precision in the production
of the finishedPicture. "'il;t';;iy *iitti" the past year or two that time devel-
likea ti.i u.hi.u.Janything oprr,*, J?gue' rtal special"11lv "-11:i91"designed s and mate ;i;#i;y;i;;p"'atu^;o'rri
F;;-;h. t,it' made its appearu"tt ott the marliet'
Tir.;;;; ,"r,t , irrto*tt"blt, iotttt of which are figured
in subsequ.", p^g.t; devg.lop.ing-andfixin-g powders'
and the liLe; at d'utove all, thtEttt*an Kodak CoP-
oanv has given po*.tf ol impetus to time -photograplf
ty'l"ppiyittg' t " tt"k-i^"kfilm developer and the necessar'
accessorles- rot deuelopm.ttt lends itself quitc
;iliy-; rott lut films, glass negatives' liil:1"
"nd and obviously to paper-p.ost-ll-ve slides, transparencies,
iltk, .ttit t"t' has so far not,beenp]:Tl"tgtv
;;;bi,.d."d;;'sht'h. -un I envy is the beginner..rn pho- and simplicitv when a time '; ;h;';;;;; ;;#;rht d remotest their re.ached have to would seem id.i."iy
limits; the man I;i'y is he who will cling to.antiquated
methods in face of i-fi. r.-arkable progress that is. daily
;;ki;g place around us' But enough of sermonrzrng:
let mE hattett on with'i^ mY subject''the
oto-it.d reader earlier in this
Time ,noniei.ptt that I would print the criti-
Development ..ir- in time development which -w-as
i:::; #;:-"1u",J,T,'H'J,::iixH*,0,il'I#jiT',View original page 16Page 17 · Read text
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554 THtr PHOTO- I,IINIATURE
eminence in virtue of the valuable researchwork in
color sensitivenes-s,photometry, and other subjects,
which is published from their laboratory, and thaf con-
sequentlyvery great importance is attached by photog-
raphers in all parts of the world to wharever-theymiv
contribute to the recordsof the progressof photography.
J sive the essentialportion of Mesirs. Written'i prp.t
in condensedform :
" A method of developing plates which always
appeals its apparenrsimplicity and economy, is thit by 'Standwhich is known by the name of development.'
At first sight this method seems easy, and at the same
time, owing to the dilution of the developer,economi-
cal :- in actual fact, however, we doubt whether it is
either. It can scarcelybe consideredeconomicalin the
first place, becausethe tanks made for the purpose, in-
genious and convenient as they are, require a very large
quantity of developer; o,neof the smallest,for instance,
requires 29 ounces of developer to develop six half-
plates; and after a developmentlasting for half an hour
the developerwould be so oxidized that it would not
be advisable to use it a secondtime ; so that the claim
of economy can scarcely be justified.' It must also be
rememberedthat in dealing with stand developmentwe
cannot go away and leave the plate to develop itself for
an indefinite time any more than one can with an or-
dinary development. If a plate would require 3 minutes
in an ordinary developer, and 3o minutes to give the
same result in a stand developer,then if it were left for
an hour in the stand developerit would be just as much
spoiled as if it were left for 6 minutes in the ordinary
developer; so that it is essentialwith stand developmeni
to know the time,which.thedevelopmentwill take.
Another point to which we wish to
Fog call attention with stand development
tanks, relatesto the defectsarising from
generalfog, and from edge markings, on plates devel-
oped in these tanks. A plate during development is
peculiarly susc€ptible to fog, as much so as at any
period of its existence,and particularly to chemical ac-
tion, so that the long development time of a stand-
developed plate always tends to produce a danger ofView original page 17Page 18 · Read text
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TANK AND TIME DtrVELOPMENT 555
fog. In tanks made of zinc, the zinc may-itselfnot only be
attacked.b.lthe_che.micalsused, but may also fog
plates. All bad air, fumes of burned g4S, stagnant
water, and the multitude of chemical impurities ii the
air and solutions of a badly ventilatedand not always
thoroughly clean dark-room, will unite to attack platls
which are soaking in a developer, whilst tanks *t i.t,
are also used for the p-urposeof firing, are always liable
to.the-suspicion.of hypg contaminition. It may be
pointed out that the developers given here contain no
bromide. The acdition of f small quantity of bromide
will generallydiminish any slight trice of iog, but;hen
using bromide it must be iemembered that fJi moderate
amounts of bromide the time of development should
not be_altered, but the time of .*posur6 must be in-
creased: that is to say, a plqte which is to be developed
in a bromided developerwill require a somewhat fuller
exposurethan one b. developid without bromide. !o.
ndgg nrarkings are frequently accom-
Markings panied by a lack of gradation in- the hieh
- - lights. The cause of the edge markiig
and the lack of gradation is the same; it is that in mani
of the tanks on the market the plates are too close to'-
gether, and are too close to the bottom of the tank; the
result is that the plate is, to a certain extent, starved of
developer, so that the development progresses more
rapidly i-n tlre half-tones and shadows ihan in the high- "
lights. of the plate, producing a flattening of itr.
high-lights; while the marking on the lowei edge is
causedby the solution of the backing, which falls io the
bottom of the tank and accumulatesbn the lower edse
of the- plates, the backing from one plate afiectingtf,e.
face of the plate immediately behind ii. This can 5. to
some extent prevented by placing all plates face to face
and back to back rj nairs in the tank.]'
lhe. reply to _Messrs..-Wratten,was Time published in the tsritish Journat of D"";i;;;.rr,
tiliffil" Photography.It is from the pen of Mr.
Alexander il{ackie, who incidentallv
statesthe case for time development in a very co-mon'-
senseway.
" The economy of the system is impugned on the
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5s6 THE PHOTO - MINIATURE
'theground'that tanks rnade for this purpose,ingenious
and convenient as they are, require a very large quan-
tity of developer.' Presumably it is intended to say,
they require an unnecessarilylarge quantity, and it is
the fact that the commercial articles generally do. But
that goes to prove that the tanks are really neither'ingenious nor economical.' The fault is with the tanks
therefore, and not atuibutable to the system. But
accordingto Messrs.Wratten's measurementsthe quan- 'onetity employed in of the smallest' of the commercial
tanks constructedfor six half-platesis zg ounces,say 30
ouncesto make a round number, and as throughout the
paper a solution consistingof a normal developerdiluted
ten times is given as typical, and therefore the equiva-
Ient amount of normal developer for six half-plates
would calculate out at three ounces, it can hardly be
conceded that they have made good their case against
economY.
" It seemsmore than possible that Messrs. Wratten 'standhave used the expression development' in a
limited and somewhat misleading sense, without real-
ising that they have done so. The context of their
papers shows that they regard stand development as
essentiallyconnected with the use of extremely diluted
developer. It does not necessarilymean anything of the
kind. The objects of the method of placing the plates
upright in a rack are, primarily, two : in order to save
the table space required when a number of dishes are
used, and in order to prevent the mottling that fre-
quently occurs when plates are developed in dishes
without constant rocking. A more dilute developer
than usual is generally,but not necessarily,employed,
but the precisestrengthof the developeris very much a
matter of personal convenience. A developer that acts
too quickly to allow the plates to be removed from the
tank without risk of showing a marked difierence in the
stagesof development between the first and the last is
naturally not a convenient one, while, on the other
hand, a developerthat requires an hour or more is likely
to cause inconvenience in another direction. Probablv
the balanceof advantagewill be found in arranging for
development to take from 15 to 30 minutes. This willView original page 19Page 20 · Read text
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TANK AND TIME DEVtrLOPMENT 557
not involve extremedilution of the developer,and thus
the risk of thosetroublesarising, which Messrs.Wratten
have referred to as incidental to the method of develop-
ment, will be reduced, and with a really ingeniousiy
designed tank the cost of the developer wiil ,ti"il b. *.fl
under that required with the ord-inary rray methoe.
The arrangement should preferatly n. a rack .tank.
clo,:elyfitting into a tank, and so ionstru.t.d thut, while
s.ufficients.pacewas left between the plates, whire the
developeris required, no unnecessaryipace is left else-
where. This arrangementis especialiyionvenient from
the facts that the operarionsof fix;nf and washing can
be carried out without transferring the plates frori the
rack in which they were held for devilopment, thus
minimising the necessityfor handling them while wet,
and that the plates can be removed irom the tank and
the developerstirred from time to time if necessarv.
" ft is b.e gathered that Messrs. Wratten's depre- 1o
c_atgr-y-attitude towards stand development arises fiom
their having approachedthe subject from a particular
point of view, that point of view being that soire system
of development based upon the calculationof the time
occupied is the only desirable or correct method to
employ. It is perhaps a natural poinr of view for the
plate-makerto take, and it must be conceded that for
plate-testingit is useful, and in some special applica-
tions..of photography a lme system is tlie only system
possible. But becausedilution of the developerupr.t,
or renders more difficult the application of ihe time it
takes to complete development it does not follow that
the employmentof dilute developeris either unscientific
or undesirable. The majority of photographersdo not
practise axy timing method. They cou.r- their plates
with the-de.veloperand take them out when, according
to their_judgment,development has reached'thepropei
In using stand development-It they do the sa-e.:!?9e..
The time occupied is longer. is purposely arranged
to be so, but as in either case time is not a matter-of
consideration,it is only a matter of convenienceand
not of necessity-_toknow _evenapproximatelyhow long
development will take. It is inieresting to'learn thai
the time of development increasesout oi proportion toView original page 20Page 21 · Read text
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5s8 THE PHOTO_MINIATURE
the degree of dilution of the developer, anC that the L
I proportion further differs with some developersaccord-
ing to the amount of air in the water, but the knowledge
of these facts, which seem to Messrs. Wratten to haie so irirportant a bearing on the utility of the stand method Irf
of development, is really of quite minor importance
except from the particular standpoint from which they
view the position.
" In concluding their paper Messrs. Wratten deal
wrth tank markings and fog, and here they give a
lugubrious list of pitfalls to be enco.untered,and it
must be aclmittedthat their list is nor complete.
"It is hardly conceivable,for instance,that the air of
a dark-room that one could breathe without discomfort
could be sufrciently bad to affect appreciablythe whole
of a solution in a tank sevenor more inches deep in the
space of time that development occupies. That there
are certain precautions necessaryto he observed in
adopting the stand method just as there are in the ordin-
ary method and that the neglect of observing these pre- ,cautions under any circumstancesis likely to afiect
results injuriously is axiomatic. It is well to point out
what these precautions are, and in doing so gen-
eral terms were sufficient, but it was unfortunate that
general terms were maintained throughout the paper.-deve-
To say, that the use of pyro-ammonia as the
loper will cause green fog as a general statement is
not true, but to apply the same statement speci-
fically to a certain plate, or more broadly, to add,
with some plates, alters the position entirely. It is
reasonableto suppose that Messrs. Wratten intended
their depreciationof the system to apply to its employ-
ment with their own plates, but they do not say so.
They mention, incidentally, a particular variety of their
plates, but that is only in connectionwith time calcula-
tions. The omissionwas probably an oversight,or was
thought unnecessaryin a communication addressedto
users of their plates, but its effect is to reduce much of
what they say to the level of general statementcon. -the
cerning pyro-ammonia as above illustrated. That is
faulty from want of specificapplication. The plate is a
most important factor, and the behaviourof a particularView original page 21Page 22 · Read text
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TANK AND TIME DEVELOPMENT 559
plate under conditions of normal development, and the
quality of the results thus produced are no guide what-
ever to what it will do under the modified conditions of
stand development. Some good plates behave badly
under stand development, especially with extremely
diluted developer, just as some good plates behave
badly with pyro-ammonia. That it is so does not imply
a general condemnationof the plate, but knowledge of
the fact broadens out the scopeof an enquiry into the
theory and practiceof stand developmentimmensely."
I cannot enter into the reasoning which prompted
Messrs. Wratten to discount the practical value of time
development. It is probable that they will find occasion
to amend their views on the subject. But Mr. Mackie's
rejoinder is of such value, not only in destroying
Messrs. Wratten's objections,but as indirectly defend-
ing the systemfrom the attacksof the thoughtlesssuper-
ficialist-there are, alas! many such in photography-
and as anticipating the objections of iron-bound con-
servativesin the matter of development, that I think
its inclusion in thesepagesquite desirableand justified.
Porcelainand metal tanks suitablefor
Apparatu's time development are, as I have said,
already on the market: and the reader
bv a consultationof the commercial announcementsin
ttie press will find that he has a tolerably wide choice of
selection. I myself in the pre-time and temperature
days used grooved porcelain troughs: today in the new
conditions of things, grooved metal rack tanks ; dipper
tanks and other forms are in favor. But tank appara-
tus is in course of evolution. In the following pages
the available tanks are briefly described. Other forms
are, however, imminent for introduction to the market
and after another year's working we may expect to see
many additions to the resourcesof the tank develop-
ment worker. With characteristicenterprise the East-
man Kodak Company have met the need of the film
photographerdesirousof adopting the tank system of
development by introducing a piece of apparatus
specially designed for his (or her) use. To this tank
developer, I venture to think, the newest system of
development traces a very great impetus.View original page 22From the M. Butkus archive. Original publisher and archive notices are retained.
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