Photogenic Studiomaster II User manual

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         PHOTOGENICSPEEDLIGHTWARRANTY

   PhotogenicMachineCompanywarrantsall electronicspeedlightsand
otherrelatedequipment,whenoperatedundernormalserviceconditions,to
be freefromdefectsin materialand factoryworkmanship.All partsand com-
ponentsarewarrantedfor oneyearfromdateof purchaseexceptthoseitems
whichmaybe consideredexpendable,suchas triggertubes,fuses,andmodel-
ing lamps,etc. For this periodof one year we agreeto repairany defectat
no chargeincludingmaterialand labor,if the defectiveequipmentis shipped
PREPAIDto our factory,or dealer,or an authorizedPhotogenicserviceagent.
We are underno obligationto replacecompleteunits;we are only obligated
to placeequipmentin good operatingcondition.We are in no way respon-
siblefor lossesoccurringbecauseof defectiveequipment.

   PhotogenicMachineCompanyreservesthe rightto examinethe defec-
tiveunitsanddetermineto our satisfactionwhetheror notthe defectis a direct
resultof defectivematerialor defectivefactoryworkmanship.Also,itemsare
not warrantedwhich in our judgmenthavegivennormalserviceregardless
of the periodof time whichthey are extended.The warrantydoes not apply
if the unit has beenabused,operatedcontraryto the contentsof the instruc-
tion manual,tamperedwith,or alteredby an unauthorizedperson.

   To validatethe warranty,the warrantycardincludedwitheachunit must
be completelyfilledout and mailedupon receiptof equipment.

                PHOTOGENICMACHINECOMPANY,INC.
                             525 McClurgRoad
                           Youngstown,Ohio 44512



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TABLE OF CONTENTS
                    PART I
GENERALINFORMATIONABOUTSPEEDLIGHTS
Section1  . . . . . Introduction
Section2      Use of Speedlights
Section3       Synchronizationand Triggering
Section4       SafetyPrecautions
                    PART II
STUDIOMASTER.IISPEEDLIGHTS
Se c t i o n 1 . . . . . G e n e r a l
Section2      Unpackingand Setup
Section3       Characteristicsand Use of the Equipment
                  A. PowerSupply
                 B. LightingUnit
                 C. MultipleOperationof Studiomaster-llSpeedlights
                 D. AE04,AE05,AE06 200 Watt-Second                                                '                    Studiomaster-llBoosters
Section4       TechnicalCharacteristics
Section5      ExposureInformation
                   PARTIII
SERVICEAND MAINTENANCE
Section1  . . . . . SafetyPrecautions
Section2      Theoryof Operation
Section3
                  A. GeneralMaintenance
                  B. GeneralTroubleshootingProcedure
                 C. Servicingthe PowerSupply
                 D. Servicingthe LightingUnits
                  E. Servicingthe 200 Watt-SecondBooster
Section4     CommonSymptomsand Their Causes
Section5       FactoryServiceand AuthorizedServicemen
Section6      SchematicDiagramsand PartsList
                    PART IV
STUDIOMASTERII SKY-LIGHTER
Section1  . . . . . Assemblylnstructions
Section2       TechnicalInformation-8OOWatt-SecondPowerSupply
Section3       TechnicalInformation-Sky-LighterLightingUnit
Section4      ExposureData-Sky-Lighter
Section5       Sky-LighterLightingTechniques
                   APPENDIX
Section1  . . . . . Definitionsof Terms

PART I


            GENERALINFORMATION
             ABOUTSPEEDLIGHTS


SECTION1. INTRODUCTION
    "Electronicflashunits"or "speedlights,"as theyaregenerallycalled,
arehighlyversatilesourcesof illuminationwhichwillfillnearlyeverylighting
needin the photographicstudio.Thesesourceshaveadvantagesthatcan-
notbeobtainedwithanyothertypeof lightingandthereforeremainoutstanding
in all phasesof photography.Amongtheseadvantagesare:
    1) Motionstoppingability
    2) High levelsof cool illumination
    3) Constantdaylightquality
    4) Lowerpowerline currentdrain
    5) Stabilizedlight outputthroughvoltageregulation  ,
    Functionally,a typicalspeedlightconsistsof a high voltageDC supply
which chargesa bank of storageor powercapacitors.The energyin the
storagecapacitorsis madeto dischargethrougha xenon-filledflashtubegiving
a resultantintenselightpulseof shortduration.The peakintensityof this light
pulseis thousandsof timesgreaterthanordinarycontinuouslightsources,
and thereforeit can effectthe same exposureas other sourcesin a much
shorterperiodof time,typically1/1000second.Thisshortexposuretime results
in an abilityto stopmostmotionencounteredin the photographicstudio.The
shortdurationhighenergylightpulsemakesspeedlightsan effective,efficient
sourceof highlevelilluminationwithoutthe intenseheatpresentin continuous
sources.
   The light emittedfrom speedlightshas a colortemperatureof approx-
imatelydaylightquality.This is a fixed quantitycharacteristicof the xenon
gas and is unalteredby any normalvariationswithinthe system.This single
characteristicremainsthe mostimportantdistinguishingfeatureof electronic
flash.
   Althoughspeedlightsproducehighlevelsof illumination,servicelinere-
quirementsare quitelow.This is explainedby the gradualaccumulationof
chargein the capacitorstoragebankduringthe chargingperiod.This em-
phasizesthe factthatspecialpowerrequirementsare not necessary.Further-
more,voltageregulationcorrectingfor linevoltagefluctuationis availablein
highqualityspeedlightequipmentto providelightoutputstabilityfor consis-
tent exposures.




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The lightoutputof thisequipmentis determinedby the watt-secondrating
of the powersupply."Watt-second"is the amountof energystoredin the
powercapacitorbank,and the resultinglightis proportionalto that quantity.
Doublingthe watt-secondcapacitydoublesthe light output;however,dif-
ferencesin the efficiencyand distributionof variouslightingunits makesit
impracticalto describelightoutputin termsof the watt-secondratings.This
quantityis usedonlyas a roughguidein determininglightingrequirements.
   The outputof a givenlightingunitis moreaccuratelydescribedin terms
of "effectivecandlepowerseconds"(ECPS)which is a weightedaverage
measurementof the lightoutputoveran angleof 171/zdegreeson eitherside
of the beam."Beamcandlepowerseconds"(BCPS)is a quantityoftengiven
to describethe outputand is usuallyhigherthanthe ECPSrating.Thisquantity
is a measurementtakenon the beamof the lightingunit and is lesseffective
in describingthe outputcharacteristicsof that unit.

SECTION2. USE OF SPEEDLIGHTS
      It is not the purposenor the intentionof this manualto explainin detail
the rudimentsof basiclighting.lt is assumedthatthe useris an experienced
photographerand alreadyfamiliarwiththeseconcepts.lf this is notthe case,
then additionalpreparationwill be necessarybeforethe user can obtain
satisfactoryresultswithspeedlightsor anytypeof lighting.A publicationthat
all photographerswillfind helpfuland enlighteningis EastmanKodakCom-
pany'sDataBookentitled,"StudioTechniquesfor PortraitPhotography."
    In general,the speedlightdifferslittlefromothertypesof illuminationwhen
usinga typeof sensitizedmaterialsuitedfor this purpose.Lightingsmay be
madein muchthe samemanneras you are accustomedto makingwithother
typesof illumination;however,it mayrequiresomeslightamountof experimen-
tationto adaptyourselfto this typeof light.This is chieflydue to the fact that
you will be usingthe outputof the modelinglampsfor your visualwork.lt
shouldbe consideredthatyou areworkingat levelsof illuminationwhichare
probablylessthanone-tenthof thoseto whichyou havebecomeaccustomed.
This may causeyou to misjudgethe balanceof light,but afterthe first few
negativesyou will find that you will be ableto compensatefor theseerrors.
      It may be desirableto use a foot candleor exposuremeteruntilyou are
accustomedto readingthis typeof illumination.ln usingthe meterit is ad-
visableto maintaina three-to-oneratiobetweenhighlightand shadow.This,
of course,is for standardthree-quarterlightingsandcan be variedto suityour
purpose.Witha smallamountof experience,youwillfindthatyou will be able
to interpretthe light withoutthe use of the meter.
   The exposureis computedby meansof "guide numbers"suppliedin
mostcasesby thefilmmanufacturers.Knowingthe ECPSoutputof the "main"
or "Key" light,a guidenumbermay be selectedfor the properfilm.Dividing
this guidenumberby the distancein feet of the mainlightfromthe subject
gives a figure which when correctedfor "bellows extension"and "filter





                                                                                                                                                                                                 .,:;$j{*

corrections"approximatesthe f-stopthatshouldbe usedfor properexposure.
 ln usingthis method,careshouldbe exercisedto be certainshadowsreceive
properexposurefor detail.Selectingthe properlightingratioand highlight
exposureis necessarywith this methodin orderto preventunder-exposure
 in the shadowareas.Colorfilmspresentthe majordrawbackwiththis method
since under-exposurecausescolor shifts not ordinarilynoticeablein black
and white photography.
   Because under-exposurein shadow areas is a problem in color
photography,some photographerspreferto "exposefor the shadows"by
determiningexposuresbasedon the "fill" lightinsteadof the mainlight.By
this methodthe shadowsalwaysreceivecorrectexposureand the highlights
are obtainedby settingthe properratio betweenthe main and fill lights.
    Guide numbersfor this methoddiffer from standardguide numbers
becauseof differencesin highlightand shadowexposurelevels.Sincethis
methodis notin generaluse,guidenumbersarenot usuallypublished.Com-
plicatedfill light systemsof two or more lightsmake exposurecalculations
of f-stops from guide numbers somewhatcomplex and thereforetheir
usefulnessis limited.lt is bestto experimentallydeterminea combinedguide
numberfor the entirefill light systemwith a seriesof test exposures.
    Foreithermethoddiscussedaboveit is possibleto experimentallydeter-
mineguidenumbersfor a givenfilm, cameraand ECPSoutputby making
a seriesof test exposuresof a typicalsubject.Multiplyingthe correctf-stop
by the distancefromthe lightor lightsystemfromwhichthe exposureis based
will give a correctguidenumber.
   The photographermay take advantageof certainother accessoriesin
perfectinghis portraits.Diffusersmay be usedoverlightingunitswiththe result
of cuttingdownlightoutputbut increasingthe coverageof the lightingunit
and softeningits effect.Barndoorsand headscreensare incorporatedto pro-
vide a meansof producingcontrollablefeatheringor gradationof the light
for moredimensionalappearance.Reflectors,such as a "SilfoilReflector,"
may be used to give additionalfill light in shadowareas.
SECTION3. SYNCHRONIZATIONAND TRIGGERING
    Triggeringis accomplishedby usinga trip cord from the powersupply
to the camerashuttercontactsof "X" or "zero" delay.Other units in the
systemare thentriggeredby "slave" usinga phototube.ft is bestto connect
the fill light directlyto the camera,since it will be positionedfurthestback
in the studio,andwillprovidesufficientilluminationto triggerthe otherunits.
It is suggestedthat all wallsand ceilingsbe paintedeitherwhiteor in light
neutralcolorsfor most reliableslaveoperation.
    Triggerconnectionsare extremelyimportantand greatestcare should
be takenin makingall connectionsto the trip cord.lf theseconnectionsare
not madeproperlyand in rightpolarity,an intermittentconnection,electrical



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leak,or impropergroundwill causeunreliableperformance.When making
any connectionto the trip cord,polarizeit withthe groundsideof the power
supplyconnectedto groundin the camera.Alwayssolderconnectionswith
rosincore solder(no acid fluxes)and wrap with plasticelectricaltape.
    Afterthe trip cordis properlyconnected,it is importantto checkthe syn-
chronizationwith the camera.Adjustthe lightingunit to the same heightas
the cameralens and face the light into the lens.The lens apertureshould                                                                                                                                  'be openedto its fullestextentand set on "X" or "zero' delay.Movethe
cameraback.lt is bestto performthistestwiththe modelinglampsturnedoff.
   Lookingat the lensthroughthe backof the camera,operatethe shutter.
A few sheetsof white paperin front of the lenswill cut down the brilliance
of the flashand aid in makingthe observation.The flashof the lightshould
thenappearas a circlethe samesizeas the aperture.lf the circleis flattened
on the sides,or if no lightappearsthroughthe lens,the shutteris not syn-
chronizedwiththe light.lf the lightappearsnot to be synchronized,the shut-
ter contactsshouldbe checkedby a reputablecamerarepairman.


SECTION 4. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
    Despitethe extrememeasuresthat havebeentakento makespeedlight
equipmentfoolproof,it mustbe recognizedthat highvoltagesdo existwithin
the powersupply,cables,and lightingunit. Therefore,certainprecautions
must be observedin handlingthe equipment.
   DON'T- Permita lightingunit cable to becomefrayedor loosein a
           connector.
   DON'T- lnsertor removea flashtubeor any replacementpart unless
           the powersupplyunit is fullydischarged.
   DON'T- Removecoversfrom the powersupplyor lightingunit or
           place a hand near any part insidethe unit until you are cer-
             tain that the powercapacitorbank is fully discharged.
   DON'T- Inserta screwdriveror other metalobjectinto the flashtube
           socketor any electricaloutlet,socketor receptacle.Contact
            with high voltagemay result.
   DON'T- Attemptto make majorrepairsto the speedlightoutfit if you
           are not familiarwith electronicequipment.Your dealer
           shouldbe consultedregardingan authorizedelectronicor      -            radioserviceman.
   DON'T- Use a higherratedfuse than is recommended.
   DON'T- Plugthe unit into any service,except100-125V,60cycle
          AC. lf this unit is pluggedinto a DC service,it may resultin
            seriousdamageto the componentparts.
   DON'T- Defeatthe purposeof three wire line cord by not connec-
             ting the ground.

PART II


        THE STUDIOMASTER-IISPEEDLIGHTS

                                                                                                       I t  ' /                             /2'                 o- J/ru - u>
sEcrfoN 1. .ENERA,Vu[f"'
    Thismanualcoversthe Studiomaster-llAESeriesspeedlightequipment.
The Studiomaster-llAD Seriesspeedlightequipmentis essentiallythe same
line adaptedto Master-Rail.Muchof the text in this manualmay be applied
to that series.
   The AE seriesconsistsof powersupply,lightingunit, and casterbase
standintegratedinto one compactunitfor convenientuse in the studio.The
AD Seriesis a new conceptof overheadsuspendedlightingwherebythe
lightingunits are suspendedfrom springcounterbalancedlight lifts incor-
poratedinto a systemof ceilingmountedmovablerails.The powersupplies
are then wall mountedwherethey may be easilyobservedand operated.

SECTION 2.  UNPACKING AND SETUP
   Unpackall unitscarefullyin orderto makecertainthat all partsare re-
movedfromthe cartons.Do not discardor destroypackingmaterialuntllthe
equipmenthas beenthoroughlyinspected,assembled,and all partsaccounted
for.
    Afterunpacking,all partsshouldbe examinedfor any damagewhichmay
havebeencausedby roughhandlingduringshipment.lF ANY DAMAGElS
DETECTED,CONTACTTHE DELIVERINGCARRIERAT ONCE BEFORE
DESTROYINGSHIPPINGCARTONS.IN MOSTCASES,THE DELIVERING
CARRIERIS SOLELY RESPONSIBLEFOR SHIPPINGDAMAGEAND
CLAIMSMUSTBE INITIATEDBY THE RECEIVERAT ONCE.
     In settingup AE Seriesequipment,the casterbasestandsare assembled
first,accordingto the assemblyinstructionsincluded.The powersuppliesslide
and lock into the mountingbracketsprovidedin the casterbaseto cradleit
neatlyand low to the floorfor stability.Forbackgroundlightingunits,the power
supplyis put on the floor in an out-of-the-waypositioninsteadof mounting
it to the base.
   The lightingunitsare attachedto the stands,and the cableassemblies
connectedto the outputconnectorat the rearof the powersupply.Installthe
modelinglamp in the properpositionas specifiedby the tag accompanying
the unit,or accordingto the followinginstructions.(Notethatwhenthe lamp
is held basedown,one filamentis noticeablyhigherthan the other.)



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1)  In lightingunits usingthe large,three pin flashtubes,the EAJ
      modelinglampis insertedwiththe highfilamenttowardthe marking
      on the face of the flashtubesocket.
    2)  In all spotlights,the EAJ modelinglampis insertedwith the high
       filamenttowardthe rear of the unit.
    3)  In the "Hi-Lighter,"the EAJ modelinglamp is insertedwith the
       highfilamenttowardthe left side facingthe unit.
    In unitsnotcontainingbuilt-inflashtubes,the flashtubesmustbe installed.
Theseare keyedso that they can be insertedin only one direction.Please
note that some 400 watt-secondunits requirequartzflashtubes.A list of
flashtubesand their ratingsare givenon the partslist in section48'
   Eachpowersupplymust be suppliedwith 100-125volt 60 cyclepower
and is connectedwith a threewire linecordprovided.Pleasenotethat standard
units are constructedfor operationon 60 cycleAC poweronly. Unitscon-
structedfor 50 cycle powercan be providedon request.DO NOT USE DC
POWER.Also,notethatthe linecordsusea three-prongplugfor yoursafety.
The largeprongis connectedto the metalcaseparts;wheninsertedin a prop-
erlygroundedreceptacle,it will protectthe userfromelectricalshockshould
an inlulationfailureoccur.Extensioncordsand plug-inboxesor stripsshould
also be threewire. In caseswherethreewire receptaclesare not provided,
an adapteris supplied.Then usingthe adapter,firmlyattachthe grounding
lead to a groundedreceptaclebox beforeoperatingthe equipment.
   The equipmentis turnedon by depressingthe On-Offbuttonon the ex-
tremeleft side of the "powercontrol."The equipmentis turnedoff by de-
pressingthe buttona secondtime.Furtheroperationof the powersupplyand
 lightingunitsis discussedin section3A.
SECTION3.  CHARACTERISTICSAND USE OF THE EQUIPMENT
    A) PowerSupply
   A separatepowersupplyis usedwitheachStudiomaster-lllightingunit.
The AE Seriespowersuppliesare the samefor all lightingunits,whether
 floodlight,spotlight,or backgroundlight.AD SeriesMaster-Railpowersup-
 pliesare identicalto the AE Seriesexcepta wall mountingbracketis sup-
 plied.
   A pushbutton"power control"selectsone of the properpowerranges,
 Hl, MED,LO, and EX-LO,givingfull,one-half,one-quarter,and one-eighth
 power.The On-Offbuttoncontrolsthe inputpower,and a lightilluminating
 the buttonprovidesa visibleindicationthatthe unitflashedand showswhen
 it has reachedfull charge.A coloredlight undereach powercontrolbutton
 illluminatesthe buttonswithdistinctivecolorsof red,yellow,greenand blue,
 respectively,for identificationat a remotedistance.





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             1   .   :   . 1   ,    '   l  r   i   \   t

U

   A pushbuttonselectorfor the modelinglamp is providedto give OFF,
CONTROL,and FULL.With the CONTROLpositionbuttondepressed,the
modelinglampintensitychangesin proportionto the powercontrol.Thisper-
mitsthe use of a light meterto set exposuresand checkthe balancebetween
highlightsand shadowsevenwhen all lightsare not set at the sameoutput
power.Notethat the colorof the modelinglampdoes not changeappreciably
as the intensitychanges.This meansthat the user,canaccuratelyjudge his
lightingbalanceand see exactlywhatresultshe willobtainbeforethe exposure
is made.
   FULLpositionmaintainsthe modelinglightat full intensityregardlessof
the powercontrolsetting.This is suppliedas a focusingaid in the eventthat
sufficientilluminationis not obtainableon lowerranges.
   The power supply is equippedwith a combinationtrigger cord and
phototubeoutletso that the unitmay be triggereddirectlyor by slave.An AE71
non-directionalphototube,combinedwiththe sensitivityof the triggeringcir-
cuit,willgive reliableslaveoperationon the lowestrangesundermoststudio
conditions.
   The Studiomaster-llpowersuppliesare voltage-regulatedto providelight
outputstabilitynecessaryfor colorphotography.lT tS THE NATUREOF THE
REGULATINGCIRCUITTO HAVEA LOW LEVEL60 CYCLE HUM. AND
THEREFORETHIS SHOULDNOT BE CAUSEFOR ALARM.
   The charging rate is fast for effectiveuse with automaticcameras.A
chargeindicatorprovidesa positivesignalto showwhen the powersupply



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has recycled.The indicatorremainson for the durationof the chargingcycle
and extinguishesat approximately980/oof full charge.Photographsshould
not be takenuntilthis light goesout; however,the powersupplywill not be
damagedif this is not observed.
   The powersupplyis built with modularconstructionin orderto make
repairsas easyas possible.One "etchedcircuitplug-inmodule"contains
,mostof the electroniccircuitry.Powercapacitorsarealsoa plug-intypeand
can be easilyremovedfor testingand replacement.





                    Etched  Circuil                                                                                   Lighting Unil
                    Plug-in Module                                                                                     Outlet





                                               AEO2POWEBSUPPLY


    The powercapacitoris usedbecauseof its lightweightand compactsize.
 Othertype capacitorswouldbe heavierand bulkierrequiringa much larger
 and more costlypowersupply.
    Becauseof the natureof operationof this type of capacitor,they must
 not be permittedto remainidle for long periodsof time. A processof "de-
 forming"occursand "reforming"is then necessarybeforethey regaintheir
 propercharacteristics.
    Reformingrequiresno specialequipment.Eachcapacitoris essentially
 reformedslightlyeach time the powersupplyis turned on. However,if a
 capacitorreachesa certaindegreeof deformation,it becomesdifficultor im-
 possibleto reform,and replacementmightbe necessary.lt is suggestedthat
 powersupplieswhichare notto be usedfor longperiodsbe allowedto charge
 for a periodof 15 minutesevery60 days to ensureproperformationof the
 capacitors.

B) LightingUnits
       '    The AE10lightingunitis designedto operatewith severaldifferentsize
 reflectors.lt has a quickchangefeaturethat locksand unlocksthe reflector
 by rotatingthe frontcollarin the directionindicatedby the arrowon the lighting
 unit.





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                                                                                                                                                                                I I G H T O I S T R I B U I I O N C O N I R O I .
                                                             NARROW  -- WtDt  +



   A "light distributioncontrol,"readingin inches,is built intothe top of
the lightingunit to give an adjustmentof angularcoveragefor the various
reflectors.Standardreflectorsare suppliedwith readingsto whichthe light
distributioncontrolis set for a rangeof 40-60ocoverage.For example,when
the 16" portraitreflectoris set in the 40o angularcoverageposition,suitable
for modeling,the lightdistributioncontrolpointeris setat 2 inches.lf the same
reflectoris used for flood at an angularcoverageof 60o, the pointeris set
at 3 inches.See "Output Characteristics"section5.
   Among the variousavailablereflectorsare the AE65 14 inch, AE66
16-inch,and AE672O-inch.Theseare basicallyportrait-typereflectorsused
for mainandfill lights.The AE6514-inchreflectoris designedto offera small
versatilesourcesuitablefor generalpurposeportraiture.
   The AE6616-inchfeaturesa hot centerwhenset at 40" for experthead
and shoulderwork.The hot centerenablesthe photographerto featherthe
lightcorrectlyfor exactgradationin his portraits.Adjustmentto 60o makes
the lightexcellentfor a fill or grouplight.The AE6720-inchreflectorhasonly
onesettingand is mostusableas a fill or grouplightin thatit presentsa larger
diametersourcenecessaryto preventharshshadows.lt remains,however,
as a narrow-beam,highlyefficientreflector.



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When usedas main lights,best resultsare obtainedby usingthem be-
tween36 and 48 inchesfrom the subjectfor head and shoulderwork. By
featheringthe mainsourcelight,it willthenbe possibleto shadeandgradate
the lighton the subject.The fill lightmayalsobe featheredin orderto obtain
the propershadowilluminationand to obtainthe correctratiowith the main
light.lt is essentialto featherall lightsawayfromthe backgroundand toward
the axis of the cameralens.
    Featheringmay also be accomplishedby usingsuch devicesas barn-
doorsand headscreens.Suchaccessoriescan manytimesprovidemoreselec-
tivecontrolwhichcannotbe accomplishedby simplefeatheringof the lights.
    Diffusersareavailableto givesofter,moreevenlightingeffectsand reduce
shadowharshness.In usingsuchdiffusers,exposurecorrectionin the range
of t/zto 1 full stopis necessaryto adjustfor lightlossin the diffusingmaterial.
Spunglassand acetate-typediffusersare available.
   The AE11, 17 and 18 are 4t/z-inchfresnellens-typespotlightsbasically
used as hairlights.They are also effectivelyused as main source and
backgroundlights.Barndoorsand snootsare availableand recommended
for idealcontrol.
   TheAEl2 is an 8-inchfresnellens-typespotlightdesignedfor use as a
highlycontrollablemainor fill light.lt is ofteneffectivelyusedfor full length
portraits.
   TheAE13"Hi-lighter"producesa broad,evenflood.lt comesequipped
witha built-inpairof barndoorsfor control.Thislightis particularlyusefulfor
hairlighting,backgroundeffects,butterflylighting,and fill.
   The AEl4 "backgroundlight" is a versatilelightingunit for use in
backgroundlighting.lt featuresquick-changereflectorcapabilityand hasboth
narrowandwide-spreadreflectors.lt can alsobe usedwithotherquick-change
reflectorsand is often used as a bare source in backlightingas well as
backgroundlighting.
   The AE20 lightingunit is a highlyefficientumbrellasource,especially
designedfor use reflectedinto a photographicumbrella.The unit is of little
valuewhenuseddirectly,as the lightpatternis strictlydesignedto be reflected.
   The unit has a 250-watt,12O-voltquartzmodelinglamp which can be
dimmedto be proportionalwiththe otherlowvoltageStudiomaster-llmodeling
lamps.
   The AE06boosteractsas a junctionboxto powerthe highvoltagemodel-
ing lampand givethe optionof an additional200 watt-secondsof powerout-
put.The AE06boostermustbe purchasedto operatethe AE20lightingunit.


                             1 0

(C) MultipleOperationof Studiomaster-llSpeedlights
    Forthe averagestudio,fouror moreStudiomaster-llspeedlightswill be
used.Onespeedlightis triggereddirectlyfromthe camerashutterby means
of a trip cord.The remainingunitsare triggeredinstantaneouslyfrom light
pickedup by a AE71non-directionalphototubepluggedintothe powersup-
ply.This methodof triggeringis generallyreferredto as "slave" operation.
Mostreliableoperationis realizedif the directly-triggeredlightis selectedso
thatit normallyfloodsthe roomwiththe mostillumination.In mostcases,this
wouldbe the fill light.lt is alsohelpfulif the wallsandceilingarepaintedwith
lightneutralcolors
    In somecases,whenworkingwithlowlevelsof illumination,slaveopera-
tion mayfail to be reliable.Thereare two waysto remedythis difficulty.First,
the phototubemaybe removedanda systemof directwiretriggeringinstalled.
Secondly,if you prefer,a phototubeextensioncord can be placedin a posi-
tion wherethey will receivesufficientilluminationfrom otherlights.
    For some applications,it may be desirableto have more light than is
availablewiththe standard200watt-secondAE02powersupply.In suchcases,
the AE04200 watt-secondboostermay be usedto gain additionalpower.In
the AE Series,this unit simplyfastensto the standtube and plugsdirectly
intothe poweroutletof the powersupply,wherebyit increasesthe output
by 200 watt-seconds.
   The AE06 boosteris a specialapplicationbooster,incorporatedonly to
operatethe AE20 Studiomaster-llumbrellalightingunit and AA19 Aurora
lightingunit.lt incorporatesa modelinglampdimmingcircuitand alsofunc-
tionsas a junctionboxto operatethe 12O-voltmodelinglampcircuit.TheAE06
boosteris installeddifferentlythan the AE04.The AE06boosteris installed
as per the instructiondrawingbelow:


                                                        INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS FOB AE97





                                                                                   Lrghting                                                                                             Unir                              \                            Modet                                                                       AE20SC





                                                                                                 Modeling Light Dimmer


                           PMr   Cord lrom  Lighting  Unil                Studiomasrer-il  (AE06)
                                connect   lo 200 w-s  Booster              200 waltsecond
                               (AE06) Oulpul  on lop.                                                                                                                 boosler\

                                                                                                              1 1sVAC  Line Cord.
                                                                        Plug into 115VAC              Plug  into AE06  boosler
                                                                                    Wall Outlet





                                                                                                         1 15VAC cord from 200 W-S
                                                                                                                boosler  Plug  Into power
                                                                                                             supply AC roceptacte.


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Beforeusingthe boosters,checkto seethatthe flashtubein the lighting
unitis designedto carrythe extrapower.The spotlightsand "Hi-lighter"must
be equippedwith quartztubes for use on powersgreatersthan 200 watt-
seconds.(Seesection48. for flashtuberatings.)
   Wheninstallingthe booster,be surethatthe mainpowersupplyis turned
off and hashad ampletimeto discharge.Whenservicing,removethe booster
from the mainpowersupplyand allowa S-minutedischargeperiodbefore
removingfrom the case.
   A simpleHi-Loswitchprovidesa meansof switchingthe additionalpower
in or out.The Hi-Loswitchmustbe operatedonlywhenthe mainpowersupply
is fullycharged.Switchonlyafterthe chargeindicatoris out.Failureto observe
this precautionwill resultin a damagedswitch.

SECTION 4.  TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    A. AE02 200 W-S PowerSupplyand AE04 200 W-S Booster
         color temperature.              .6500oK(Approx.)
      DC outputvoltage                               . . . . 9 0 0 V .N o m i n a l
        Duty cycle of powersupply:
          continuousat 1O-secondflash cycle
          8 hour    at S-secondflash cycle
        Duty cycle of powersupplywith 200 W-S Booster:
          continuousat 20-secondflash cycle
          8 hour    at 1O-secondflashcycle
        Flashduration(Usingan AE10 lightingunit):
        H i . .                                       . . . . .            . . 1 1 1 0 0 0 S e c .
       M e d .                                                          . 1 / 1 5 0 0 S e c .
          L o . .                                                          . . 1 / 3 0 0 0 S e c .
         Ex-Lo                                                         . 1/1000Sec.
        Flashdurationon "Hi" rangewith 200 W-S Booster:
                        1/500Second
       Fuse                                            . . .2 amp.250V.MDL
        Phototube                                  . Non-directional#7043
                Input Characteristics:
         100-125V.60 cycleonly
          Currentduringrecharging.5 amp. maximum
            ldlingcurrentwith modelinglampon full 1.2 amp. maxrmum


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PowerOutput:
           Hi                           200 watt-seconds
       M e d . . . .                      100 watt-seconds
           L o . . . . .                        50 watt-seconds
          Ex-Lo                         25 watt-seconds
       PowerOutputwith 200 W-S Booster:
          Hi                           ....400 watt-seconds
        Med.                      ..300watt-seconds
          Lo..                         ..250watt-seconds
          Ex-Lo                          .225 watt-seconds
        RecyclingTime:
          3 secondsto 980/oof full charge(115V.input)
          6 secondsto 980/oof full chargew1200W-S Booster
             (115V.input)
           Indicatorgoes out at 98o/oof full charge.
                                                 ThyratronType
    B. LightingUnits
        Flashtubes:
        LightingUnit   Flashtube   ModelingLamp
        AE1O      H 9 - 1         EAJ
        AE11       H 9 - 2         EAJ
          AE12      H 9 - 2         EAJ
         AE13       c9-1        EAJ
         AE14       H 9 - 1         EAJ
         AE16       H 9 - 1         EAJ
          AE17      H 9 - 2         EAJ
         AE18       H 9 - 2         EAJ
         AE20      c9-3       EHT
         AA19      L4-3       ESP
        ModelingLamp                             . . . .Type EAJ 25125watt
        OutputCharacteristics. . . . See section5 on ExposureDate

SECTION5. EXPOSUREDATE
   Whenworkingwith speedlightsand filmsdesignedfor that purpose,the
exposureis influencedby the followingvariables:
    1) Filmspeed
    2) Lightoutput
    3) Distanceof the lightsfrom the subject
    4) Aperturesetting(f-stop)




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5) Filter density
    6) Bellows extension

    Shutterspeedis of littleimportancesincethe flashis approximately1/1000
of a secondin duration.The shutterspeedneedonlybe fastenoughto record
an imageon the film,but not fastenoughto cut off any portionof the flash.
A speedof 1/50or 11100of a secondis ideal.

   As a matterof practicalapplication,the "filmspeed,""lightoutput,"and
"distance"will be knownto the userandthe "aperature"or "effectivef-stop"
will remainto be determined."Guidenumbers"are publishedto enablethe
userto calculatean "indicatedf-stop" settingbasedon the exposurefrom
the main light.The followingformulais used:

    Indicatedf-stop= Guide Number/MainLightto SubjectDistance

   The indicatedf-stopobtainedwiththisformulais for the subjectinfinitely
distantfromthe cameraand withoutregardto othercorrections."Filtercor-
rections"and "bellowsextensioncorrections"mustthen be applied,andwill
dependon the typeof filterand locallengthlensfor makingthe photograph.

       lf the userexperimentallydetermineshis own guidenumbers,the follow-
ing formulais used:

   Guide Number = Effectivef-stop/MainLightto SubjectDistance

The correctguidenumberis computedfromthe formulaby substitutingthe
effectivef-stopusedwhichgivesthe desiredexposure.A guidenumberdeter-
minedin this mannerwill havebuilt into it correctionfor filterdensityand
bellowsextensionandwill be correctfor the lightoutputand film usedin the
test. For most exactingwork, this methodof obtainingexposuredata is
recommended.

   Thefollowingtablesgive"GuideNumbers"and "OutputCharacteristics."
Keepin mindthatthe followingtablesgiveresultsbasedon averagereadings,
and in actualpracticethesecan be expectedto vary due to manufacturing
tolerancesand maintenancefactors.

The followingnoteswill help in workingwith guide numbers.
    1) Acetatediffuserscut the light outputby 40o/o.
    2) Doublingthe watt-secondinputdoublesthe ECPSoutputof a lighting
       unit.
    3) Doublingthe ECPSoutputof a lightingunitmultipliesthe guidenumber
      by 1.414and increasesthe exposureby one f-stop.
    4) Quadruplingthe ECPSoutputof a lightingunit multiplesthe guide
     numberby 2 and increasesthe exposureby 2 f-stops.
                   PART III
            SERVICEAND MAINTENANCE
SECTION 1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
   Everyefforthasbeenmadein the designand manufactureof thisequip-
mentto make it completelysafe in operationor duringservicing,provided
that the user observesthe followingprecautions.
    1) Do not attemptmajorinternalrepairsotherthanthoseoutlinedin sec-
       tion 3A unlessthoroughlyfamiliarwith electronicequipment.
    2) Turn off power,removeline cord, and allowa 5-minutedischarge
      periodbeforeservicingthe powersupply.
    3) Disconnectthe lightingunitfromthe powersupplybeforeservicing.
    4) Do not attemptoperationof any unit with any part of the outercover
      removed.
    5) Never insert a screwdriver or other metal object into any outlet or
       receptacle.
  cAurIoN'             ]iff :,:3'T""?'T:il:''fff : Hff:''f:':il :?lifi            abovesafetyprecautions-ALWAYsBECAREFUL.
SECTION2. THEORYOF OPERATION
   The followingis intendedto be a generaldiscussionof the basicopera-
tion of Studiomaster-llpowersuppliesand lightingunits.For the locationof
sihematicsymbols,referto section6.
   The powersupplyoperatesfrom a 100-125volt 60 cyclepowersource
whichfeedsthe primaryof a "voltagestabilizingtransformer."The output
of the transformerprovidesregulatedhighvoltagefor threepowercapacitors
or storagebanksand low voltagefor the modelinglamp and triggertube
filament.
   The regulatedhighvoltagewindingchargesthroughsiliconrectifiersthree
storagebanksof capacitorsto a closelyregulated900VDC.A totalof eight
250mfd475VDCelectrolyticcapacitorsare used in the storagebankswith


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bleederresistorsacrosseachto providea dischargepathandto add stability.
The siliconrectifiersarecombinedto forma combinationvoltagedoublerand
isolationnetworkfor the threebanks.The threebankscontainenergystorage
of 50, 50 and 100 watt-seconds,respectively,for a total capacityo't 2OO
watt-seconds.

   Bank#1 is connecteddirectlyacrossthe flashtubein the lightingunit.
Powerselectionis accomplishedby a combinationof addingseriesresistance
to the flashcircuitand switchingbanks#2 and #3 intothe circuitof bank#1.
This powerselectionoccursin the "pushbuttonswitchassembly."On EX-
LO range,a resistoris insertedin serieswith bank#1 to presenta loading
of 25 watt-secondsto the flashtube.Depressingthe LO rangebuttonshorts
thisresistanceto givea loadingof 50 watt-seconds.Depressingthe MEDrange
buttonclosesrelayK2 whichconnectsbank #2 with bank#1 and increases
the loadingto 100watt-seconds.Finally,depressingthe Hl rangebuttoncloses
relayK2 and K3, connectingboth banks#2 and #3 with bank #1, to give a
maximumloadingol 200 watt-seconds.

   A blockoutcircuitis usedto preventclosureof K2 or K3 whenbanks#1,
2 and 3 are not all at the same potentialor equalized.The circuitalso pro-
videsa meansof operatingthe chargeindicatorlight.The operationis ex-
plainedas follows:

     A voltageis developedacrossresistorR1 wheneverthe unitis charg-
   ing.Thisvoltageis usedto closerelayK1 througha bridgerectifierand
   filternetwork.lf the unit is charging,thenthe banksare not equalized
  and K1 preventsK2 andK3 fromclosingduringthe chargingcycle.Back
  contactson K1 energizethe chargeindicatorlampfor approximately
  98o/oof the chargingcycle.

   Theflashtubein thelightingunitis madetoionizeorflashbyatriggercir-
cuit built intothe powersupplyand lightingunit.A .25mfd600VDCtrigger
capacitorin the lightingunit is charged437 VDC.This capacitoris then
dischargedintothe primaryof thetriggertransformerin thepowersupply.The
resultinghighvoltageoutputof thetransformeris coupledintothef lashtube,
producingionization.Whenthe xenongas in the f lashtubeionizes,the stored
energyin the powersupplydischargesthroughthe tube,resultingin an in-
tenselightpulse.

   The 200 watt-secondBoosterprovides200 watt-secondsof additional
stoiagecapacityto any Studiomaster-llpowersupply.lt containseightelec-
trolyticpowercapacitorschargeddirectlyfrom the outputof the mainpower
supply.An isolationrectifierand chargingresistormakeit possibleto switch
the additionalcapacityin or out witha simpleHi-Loswitch.Bleederresistors
areconnectedacrosseachcapacitorfor voltageequalizationanddischarging.




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'.tt


SECTION2. SERVICEAND MAINTENANCEFOR THE USER
    A. GeneralMaintenance
   Photogenicequipmentis constructedwith the finestand most reliable
componentsin orderto give long,trouble-freeservice.Despitethesestrict
requirements,certaincomponentscan be expectedto fail occasionallyandwillneedreplacement.Replacementof thesevithlcomponentshasbeenmade      I
as easyas is practicallypossible.The followinglistof componentsare those
thatthe usercan expectto replacefrom time to time. lt is suggestedthat he                                                        I
carrya stockof theseto avoidunnecessarydownperiodswhileawaitingreceipt
of parts:
    1) Flashtubes
    2) Modelinglamps
    3) Triggertubes
    4) Fuses
    5) Indicatorlamps
    6) Powercapacitors
    7) Phototubes
    Specificrepairpartsotherthanthoseconsideredas generalmaintenance
arereferredto in the followingparagraphsandin the partslistin thismanual.
    B. GeneralTroubleshootingProcedure
    Serviceproblemsmay be greatlysimplifiedby usinga systematicap-
proachin troubleshootingprocedure:
    1) Determinewhichunit is inoperativeand isolateit from the general
     systemof equipment.
    2) Checkthe line cord,trip cord,phototubeand fuse.
    3) lsolatethe troublein eitherthe lightingunit or powersupplyby ex-
      changingbothwith otherworkingunitsin the studio.
    4) lf the problemseemsto be in the lightingunit,replacethe flashtube
       or the triggertransformerin that order.
    5) lf the problemseemsto be in the powersupply,replacethe etched                                                                 I       circuitplug-inmodule.
    6)  lf thisdoesnot solvethe problem,referto the DetailedTroubleshooting   t
      Guide.       .
    C. Servicingthe PowerSupply
     In servicingthe powersupply,alwaysremovefromthe AC powersource
and permita 5-minutedischargeperiodto allowbuilt-inbleederresistorsto
bleedoff the high voltageDC charge.

The powersupplycontainssix basiccomponents.Any one of thesecom-
       ponentsmay be removedand replacedwith an entirelynew assembly.
            1) Pushbuttonswitchassembly
            2) Etchedcircuitplug-inmodule
            3) 8 powercapacitors
            4) Fuse
            5) Powercapacitorchassisassembly
            6) Transformerassembly

         The "pushbuttonswitchassembly"controlsthe powerselectionsand
      modelinglamp intensities.lt also containsthe "etchedcircuit plug-in
       module".Seven indicatorlamps are used in the "pushbuttonswitch
      assembly"to illuminatethe buttons.Whenone fails,accessis madeto it by
      removingfirst the top front coverand then the pushbuttonretainer,which
       allowsthe pushbuttonsto be removedrevealingthe lamps.
         Replacementof the "pushbuttonswitchassembly,""power capacitor
       assembly,"and "transformerassembly"can be accomplishedby stripping
       the unitof all caseparts,leavingonlythe componentassemblieson the base.
      Each is fastenedto the base by meansof screwsthroughthe base, and
     common electricalconnectionsare made beneaththe power capacitor
      assembly.
         The "etchedcircuitplug-inmodule"containsthe bulkof the electronic
        circuitry.Replacementof that componentwill correctmostmajorfailuresin
       the powersupply.Thisenablesthe averageuserto makea simplerepairout
        of what wouldordinarilybe a job for the serviceman.This componentisri#      mountedbeneaththe top front cover.
         The "powercapacitors"performthe functionof storingthe energythat
         will be dischargedintothe flashtube.Thesecapacitorsmayfail by opencir-
        cuiting,shortcircuiting,and highleakage.Of thesethreefailures,the latter
         is mostcommon.Powercapacitorsshouldbe discardedwhenthe leakage
 I     exceedsmay be replaced5 ma.at475by removingVDCafterthea 5-minuterearcoverwarm-upand rearperiod.top cover,Thesewithdrawingcapacitors
       the capacitorstowardthe rear.The capacitorshave keyedsocketsso that t     they may be insertedin only one direction.
          .The"fuse" is mountedin the lowerfrontrighthandcornerof the power
       supply.The fuse is providedto preventshort circuitsor heavyloadsfrom
      damagingexpensivecomponentparts.Thiswillalsoprotectagainstdamage
      causedby flashingtoo rapidly.
         The "transformerassembly,"in the backrighthandcornerof the power
       supply,consistsof the powertransformerand matching2 mfdcapacitor.This

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