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Schneider Lenses Product booklet
Product booklet for Schneider Lenses. 45 pages in English. Read the original PDF, download or print a copy without registration.
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"Schneider" Lenses
qre used crll over the world!
When, in 1912, Mr. Jos. Schneidersen. ond his son Mr. Jos. A. Schneider,
fhe octuol monoger, founded the businessthey storted monufocluringopticol
equipment with only 12 workmen.
In 1938 580 troined speciolistswere busy in up to dote foctories. The doily
output ot the Kreuznoch ond the offilioted Gottingen works exceeds200 lenses.
ln 1936 the 1,000,000th Schneider lens wos sold, proving the greot sotis-
foction these lenses enioy everywhere.
The monufocturers evolve ond monufocture onl;, one speciolity: lenses for
photo ond cinemotogroph opporotus.
The most fomous Schneider tens, the "Xenor" wos monufoctured first in l9l9
in forge quontities, though its operture size (f 24,5) wos on exlroordinory
high one ot thot time.
loter on further types were developed: the "Rodionor,,, rrTete-Xeno/r,the
exlro wide ongle lens "Angulon", the Cine "Xenon,, ond ihe minioture
comero lens "Xenon".
Allschneider tensesore of speciol design, potented in oll countriesond ore
lhe very best offered to the public for their specific purposes. They ore the
results of mony yeors of procticol workmonship ond scientific invesligotion.
Schneider lens mounts ore monufoctured with o precision of 0,01 millimeter
(0,0254 mm - 1/1ssoinch)
No lens leoves our works without hoving been previously submitted to
monifold exominotions by experts using most complicoted speciol equip-
ment for the purpose.
All these laclors have conlributed lo mcrking
"Schneider" lenses a leclding brand crll over lhe world.
This generol cotologue oims to give you informolion of fhe whole ronge of produclions of
the Jos. Schneider & Co. Opticol works ond the fields of opplicotion of Schneider lenses.
To fqcilitote o reody understonding of technicol descriptions mony lobles, formulos ond dotq
ore given ond on "Oplicol Introduction" for omoteurs is odded.View original page 5Page 6 · Read text
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Elemenlcrry photogrqphic optics
Focal length crnd full clperlure
In order to understond properly the technicol points which orise in o descrip-
tion of vorious lens types, it is necessory to hove some knowledge of optics.
In the first ploce, every modern lens is distinguished by hoving the vqlues
for its focol length ond full operture engroved on the mount nexl to the
foctory number. Thus, o lens might be obtoined which is morked ,'Xenor
F24,5 f :75 mm". The first volue - F:4,5, or sometimes124,5 - is o
meosure of the full operture*) or "speed" of the lens, while the second in-
dicotes the focol length in millimetres. The focol length is o meosure ot ihe
opticol performonce of o lens, since it decides lhe scole on which obiects in
front of the comero ore reproduced. A lens of long focus will give o lorge
imoge scole, ond vice verso. In order to determine the focol length of o
lens with high occurocy, it is normolly necessoryto use o lorge full operture,
but o sufficiently occurote volue con be obtoined by meosuring the dislonce
from the plone of the negotive to the cenlre of the lens, ossuming thot
obiects ot on infinite distonce (usuollyooon the focussing scole) ore in focus.
Relcrtive aperlure <rnd the iris diclphrclgm
On o ring surrounding the lens will be found o further scole of volues, such
os 2,8 - 4- 5,6 - 8 -ll ond so on. These numbers indicote vorious relo-
tive opertures when the iris diophrogm is used to reduce the "speed" of
the lens, ond the scole is olwoys orronged so thoi os one posses from ony
number to the next higher number, the lens is reduced to holf its eorlier
"speed" by the foct thot only holf the eorlier quontity of light is ollowed to
poss through it. As the numbers increose in volue, therefore, the time of
exposure olso needs increosing. These focts con be seen quite cleorly by
opening the comero, setting the shutter ot time ond opening it, ond then
looking through the lens ot light os the iris diophrogm ring or pointer is
moved obout. The effect of the diophrogm is to stop some proportion of
light possing through the lens, so thot reducing the operture of the lens is
frequently referred lo os "stopping down". lf the iris is fully opened, how-
ever, the full operture volue is produced, ond oll the light striking the front
nt" f"ll of o lens is the rotio belween its focol length ond iis efrective diometer.I
The effective "*-urediometer is fhe diomeler of o porollel beom of iight wnich con ond iusl enter
poss through lhe glosses of lhe lens. The octuol diomeler of the iris diophrogm is usuolly
somewhot less in physicol size lhon lhe effective diometer volue.
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gloss of the lens con be tronsmitted. As the iris is groduolly closed, more ond
more light is shut oui, so thot the exposure time must increose occordingly.
Thus,os q generol rule: Lorge operture meonssmoll operture number ond short
exposure - smoll operture meons lorge operlure number ond long exposure.
Depth oI focus
Aport from vorying the time of exposure necessory,the iris diophrogm hos
onother very importont function - thot of vorying the depth of focus.
Depth of focus is o quolity which vories with both focol length ond lens
operfure: it becomes lorger os the relotive operture of the lens decreoses,
ond smoller os the focol length increoses. Colculotion shows thot the reolly
importont point is the diometer of the beom of porotlel roys entering the
comero through the iris diophrogm, ond since the operture volue of the lens
vories both with this quontity ond with the focol length, it is eosy to see thot
for the some depth of focus volue, o short-focus lens will hove o lorger
operture thon o long-focus lens. Lensessuch os used on minioture ond cin6
comeros thus hove o lorger depth of focus for the some efiective ,,speed,,
of the lens. Depth of focus con be increosed in o given lens only by stoppipg
down: if foreground, middle distonce, ond horizon must oll be shorp, it isfirf* necessory to odiust the focussing distonce correctly ond then to stop down
to the necessory extent. From whot hos been soid obove, itwill be necessoryIi
to get)Ix toeverythingstop downshorp.further on o long-focus lens thon on one of short focus
The lield circle
The field circle is the circulor oreo covered shorply ond fully illuminoted by
o lens set to focus on infinity, ond it is usuot to distinguish between the totot
field covered ond the useful field circle. At full operture, the lotter is somewhot
smoller thon the former, though when the lens is stopped down the difference
between the two decreoses. ln other words, the totol field covered by the
lens con only be completely utilised when the lens is very much stopped down.
It is very importont thot in the useful field circle the imoge is fully shorp right
up to lhe extreme edge, ond it is consequently olwoys essentiol to choose o
lens which hos o useful field circle lorger thon the diogonol of the negotive
size with which it is to be used. The Schneider series of onostigmot lenses
hove the useful quolity of producing o porticulorly lorge effective field circle,
which implies thot even ot full operture the imoge given con be relied on
to be obsolutely shorp right up to the edges of the negotive imoge.
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Opticcrl crberrations
However corefully o lens is produced ond qssembled from o number of
component glosses,o certoin number of residuol "oberrotions", or errors in
performonce, ore bound to remoin in it. To reduce these oberrotions to o
point where their effect on the imoge is negligible, lengthy ond tedious col-
culotions ore required, ond it is sometimes possible, by coreful choice, curvo-
fure, ond positioningof the glossesto ploy off one oberrotion ogoinst onother #
so thot both vonish. ln oll good-quolity lensesthe residuoleffect of the ober-
rolions is so smqll thot it con be entirely neglected in procticol work.
Troces of the following oberrotions con, however, be found in virtuolly
every lens:
Chromotic qberrotion. This trouble is coused by the foct f hot the different
colours of light possing through the lens ore refrocted differently, ond do
not come to o focus in exoctly the some plone. At the some time, the imoges
of the obiect formed by the red, green, ond blue light roys moy not be the
some size, which results in on imoge with coloured fringes round it. Lenses
with this porticulor ober-
blue rotion ore quite uselessfor
green colour-film exPosures. lf
yeuow both of these oberrotions
red hove been removed by
,"9 coreful design ond con-
yellow
strucfion,the lens is stoted
sreen to be chromoticolly cor-
blue rected.
Comq. This is o difficulty which moy eosily orise in o lorge-operture lens.
when it is present, o lock of shorpness oppeors ot the edges of the imoge,
eoch pointof the imogechonging
into o comet-likeshopewith o dot
foro heod ond o foirly long "toil".
(Thisfoct gove rise to the nome
"como".) A lens with como con
only be mode to produce o
good imoge by stopping it down
considerobly.
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Sphericql oberrqfion. When it is impossible to focus o lens to give o
shorp imoge in the centre of the field, it is probqble thot this form of ober-
rotion is present. lt should not
be forgotten thot some degree
of zonol sphericol oberrqtion is
present to o minor extent in
every lens,for the difficulty con-
not be completely corrected.
Disiortion is o further form of oberrotion, in which the stroight lines of the
obiect photogrophed ore bentto some extent in the imoge given by the lens.
It must be mentionedthotthis oberrqtion hos nothing to dowith perspective
distortion, for the lofter is cqused either by not hoving the comero level
during exposure, or else (where the perpendiculors of the imoge ore
porollel, but the horizontols seem completely unnoturol) by toking o
photogroph too close to some
subiect with o lens of too short
focus. The lolter type of per-
spective distortionis frequently
seen in exposureswith o wide-
Fig. 4 negotive corrected positive
ongle lens.
Astigmqtism is on oberrotion lhot ir presentonly in the more simple types
of lenses.A lens not corrected for it will resolve o point in the obiect os o
poir of lines,lying of right ongles to eoch other ond in somewhot different
Token with Rodionor
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focol plones, on the ground-gloss screen. When focussingwith such lenses,
it is cleorly necessoryto focus shorp on one line or the other. Moreover, the
plone in which one line oppeors does not remoin the some in oll ports of the
Fis. 5
field covered by the lens, so thot o certoin omount of curvoture of field
is present in the imoge. Modern onostigmotic lenses ore so well corrected
for both ostigmotismond field curvoturethot no troces of either con usuollybe
found in the imoge.
It will be qpprecioted thot it is
very much less eosy to remove
residuol troces of oberrolions
from o lorge-operturelens thon
from one of only medium oPer-
ture, qnd thot in ony cose eoch
porticulor lens tYPe requires fhe
most coreful design qnd com-
putotion. The time to ken for
computotionsolone will normollY
toke o few weeks or o few
months,while with q lorge-oPer-
ture lens it is sometimesnecessory to devote one or two yeors to the work'
12
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XENAR
The Xenor lens oroused considerobleinterestond proise olmost os soon os
it oppeored on the morket. lt hos proved of extreme service ond volue in
oll kinds of comerosfrom the minioturelype through the lorge studiocomero
ond the oeriol instrumentsof modern type.
The lens is mode in o number of different forms, qll of which ore fully pro-
tected by potents. Opticolly, the lens is unsymmetricol,ond the design very
different occording to the use to which the lens is to be put. By thus odopt-
ing o single bosic principle in different woys, the efficiency of the lens in its
own porticulor field of work is moteriolly increqsed.
The primory merits of the Xenor design ore on exceedingly brilliont imoge,
complete shorpnessup to the negotive edges, ond universol suitobility for
widely differing purposes. The design involvestwo uncementedcomponents
ond two cemented components (in the F 22,8 type three uncemented),ond
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the correction of oberrotions - porticulorly sphericol ond chromotic types,
but olso ostigmotism ond field curvoture is on improvement over other
lens designs. Even when other oberrotions hove been corrected to the fullest
extent, the design con deol with distortion qnd como, so thot even of lorge
full qperturesthe lens gives o needle-shorpimoge of greot brillionce.These
remorkoble quolities moke the Xenor lens o voluoble oid to the professionol
ond omoteur photogropher, os well os to those who speciolise in orlistic,
scientific,ond technicol photogrophy. As with oll unsymmetricolonostigmots,
the bock component connot be used seporotely.
Apqrt from this, the mechonicol build of the Xenqr lens is very shorl, so thot
it cqn be recommendedfor use in oll studio ond hond comeros, os well os
reflex instruments. With smoll negqtive sizes, the excellent correction for
oberrotions in focus are speciollyodvontogeous,in thot they ensure o nego-
tive of full shorpnessond greot brillioncethot enlorges to o brilliont print.
For speciol purposes,o new design of the Xenor hos been introduced, ond
it is intended os o universollens for roll-film comeros in medium smoll sizes
such os the 2tloin.squore negotive. The full operture is F 22,8,ond the design
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RADIONAR
This lens is o stondord type, ovoiloble in mony full operture voluesond focol
lengths,ond in spite of low price produceson imoge of extremelyhigh quolity.
f n the operture volues F:2,9 ond F:3,5 speciol core hos been poid to the
importont questionof high imoge quolity when close-upsore token: nor6olly,
some deteriorotionof imoge quolity tokes plcce with o lorge-operture lens
under these circumstonces.The Rqdionor, however,hos proved very troctoble
in this respect,ond we con foirly cloim thot oll such difiiculties hove been
obvioted- The F:2,9 qnd F:3,5 Rodionor lensesqre thus eminentlysuitoble
for ony kind of minioture photogrophy. In the F z4,5 Rodionor, core hos
been token to moke the lens qs compoct os possible,in order thot it moy
be used in smqll comeros of folding type, ond still not be too bulky.View original page 15Page 16 · Read text
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Aberrotions hove been reduced to o minimum, ond both the centre ond
edges of the field show excellent definition, while lhe removol of como ond
ihe ovoidonce of internol reflection in the component glosses ensures
o porticulorly sporking negotive imoge. The imoge quolity moy be described
os being similor to thot of the mony four-component onostigmols of nor-
mol design, but the potented Xenor design hos o still better resolution of
fine imoge detoil.
All Rodionor types con be delivered in rigid mount or with focussing by
rototing front component.
Aperture Focol length For negotive Circle of shorp Size of Exterior diq- definiiion ct-
F : in. | .t size smo l! siop shuller meler of shutter
Rcrdionqr I :2,9
2,9 2 5 l t'gax1,%in. l ; I n . 0 0 l3a in.
2tnexliuond 2,9 214 7,5 2-7l n . O S 2ta in.
23 x23 in.
Rcrdionqr I 33,5
3,5 2 5 Ir%xIrsein. r;-I n . 00 l l t n .
2lux lftorid
3,5 2L'3 7,5 2-Z-I n . 0s 2* in. 2 € i n . " 2 3
Rcrdionar I :4,5
4,5 2 5 l1e6x 1136in. l ? i n 00 l l i n .
2rosxl ie ond 4,5 2LrE 7,5 21-in 0 0 1i- in.
2*x23 in.
4,5 4+ 10,5 3r%x2rosin. 3 ? i n O S 2l in.
4,5 43, 1 2 43-x2ftin. 4t in O S 2ta in.
4,5 5i% 13,5 4? x3lein. 41rBin I S 2ii in.
1 9
;:TffiWffi{",*View original page 16Page 17 · Read text
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XENON
M I N I A T U R E C A M E R A S )
This lens wos originolly computed os o speciolly ropid lens for professionol
film comeros,but hos been redesigned for use in mony minioture comeros
of the wish of mony professionol ond omoteur photogrophers.
The Xenon is designed os o lorge-operture lens with the highest possible
resolving power ond its very lorge full operture ollows the minioture pholo-
gropher o greot reserveof speed. For night snopshots,exposuresin theotres
ond circusesof oll kinds,ond for the voriety stoge, the Xenon is the lens por
excellence.At the some time, we must insistthot the Xenon Fz2 becouse
of its remorkobly fine imoge quolity ond lorge field ongle hos both the
quolities of o universol minioture lens os well os those of o speciolised lens
of extreme procticol ropidity.View original page 17Page 18 · Read text
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Schneider Xenon F:2,0 $or miniqture cqmerqs)
Aperlure Focol length For negotive Circle of rhorp Size of Exterior definilion ot diomeler
F : size smoll sfop shuller of shutter in. | .t
2,0 2 5 li%x i3 I n . l fe in. 00 lf in.
2,0 3+ 8 2re.x l-'euI n . 2r%in. n 4 t l 3rt in.
CINE-XENON
As wos noted obove, lhe Xenon is mode in two forms - one for still photo-
grophy (see poge 20: Xenon F : 2) ond the other for the professionolcinemoto-
gropher. In both coses o remorkoble definition is shown in the imoge, ond
within the useful ongle of field we cloim thot the resolving power is unsur-
possed. In these lenses, sphericol ond chromotic oberrotion, ostigmotism,
field curvoture, ond como hove oll been reduced to the very lowest level.
For film comeros the Xenon is mode in the following focol lenglhs ond full
operfures.
Aperture Focol length
For negotive size
F :
in. | ..
1,5 ]EI l 1 3 8 mm sub-stondordfilm
1,5 I 2,5 8 ond l6 mm sub-stondordfilm
7,9 _6_8 1,6 X l6 mm sub-stondordfilm
2,3 2 5 l6 mm sub-stondord film
ond 35 mm stondord film
l15 2 5 35 mm stondord film
2,3 2 5 35 mm stondord film
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It moy be mentioned here thot one of the procticol odvontoges of the Xenon
series lies in the possibility of using either the minioture or cinemo type
interchongeobly with the longer-focus Tele-Xenor lenses which hove been
developed for similor purposes. (See pqge "Cine-Tele-Xenor")
KINOPIAN
Aport from the lorge-operture Xenon lenses for film work, o quite new lens
hos now been designed for use with 8-mm substondordfilm. This is the Kino-
plon, with opertures of F 22,7 ond F:3,5. In eoch cose the imoge is brilliont
ond extremely sho rp, so thot even with consideroble enlorgement during
proiection the screen picture is of first-clossquolity.
Aperture Focol length For negotive Circle gf.il:'p
F: in. mm sir! otor"#:illto
2,7 12,5 8-mmsub-
stondo rd
315 12,5 film
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7
I TEI.E-XENAR
I The growth in fovour of hond comeros, ond the not unreosonoble desire of
the user to include os much in lhe picture os possible, hos led to the point
where oll hond comeros ond minioture comeros ore fitted wiih relotively
short - focus lenses. These hove the one greot drowbock thot they ore
lioble, ot times, to introduce perspective distortion, ond this moy moke the
.{ print onything but pleosing to the eye. Every omoteur will know thot some
of his prints - in porticulor those of londscopes ond portroits - hove turned
out to be somewhot unnoturol,ond thosewho hove photogrophed mountoins
while on holidoy with o normol-focuslens will know thot the prinl does not
in ony woy give o suitoble impression of the grondeur of the mounloins,
since ihey ore olwoys much smoller thon they oppeored in reol life. The
some moy be soid of photogrophs ioken on cruises,of sporting snopshots,
ond, in generol, of oll kinds of subiectswhere it is o physicol impossibility
to get close to the moin subiect of the picture. The result is invoriobly thot
these importont obiects seem to be lost in the for distonce in ihe print.
Although these subiects hove been specificolly mentioned on occount of the
volue o telephoto lens is in deoling with them, the long-focus lens is equolly
useful in other kinds of photogrophic work. Where pointings or sculptures
high up on wolls must be recorded such o lens is o necessity,ond it is olso
very voluoble in photogrophing onimols, plonts, ond f lowers.l
The perspective distortion mentioned previously is porticulorly unpleosont in
the cose of portroit work, for excessivelylorge honds, feet, ond even noses
.in o true "close-up", frequenlly surprise the beginner who hos tried his
prentice hond on portroit photogrophy.
In the Tele-Xenor series the professionol photogropher - olso the od-
vonced ond experienced omoteur -- will find o speciol lens type which hos4I
cerloin importont odvontoges os compqred with the normol lens of shorter
focol length. The design of the whole series involves o considerobly longer
focol length thon usuol, coupled with lorge full opertures, ond the resulting
negotives hove excellent definition os well os good controst.
In spite of the long focol lengths of theTele-Xenor lenses,by meons of which
it is possible to produce on imoge of lorger scole thon usuol, it is frequentlyView original page 20Page 21 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com possible to mounl these lenses in the cell threods of normol shutter types, ond thus obtoin lorge-scole imoges from comeros of normol smoll size.*) The longer the focol length of the lens, however, the longer the bellows extension of the comero must be, but with the Tele-Xenor lenses moiters hove been orronged thot with o reduced comero extension o very much greoter focol length is ovoiloble. The focol length of the telephoto tenses, moreover, moy be voried by the use of supplementory lenses ploced either on the front or the bock component of the combinotion,though this implies thot o chonge in comero extension must simultoneouslybe mode. This tost chonge is noturolly not possiblewith most hond-comero designs thot consisl of o more or less rigid box. The speciol design of the Tele-Xenor is exceed- ingly odvontogeous,for not only do they give lorge-scole imoges with o reduced comero extension, but olso their opticol computotion permits o very much lorger operture volue lo be used thon would be possible in other lens systems. A normol lens of greot focol length ond lorge operture hos o very considerobleweight, ond on occount of ihe lorge diometer of the glosses will demond o correspondinglylorge shutier.A correspondinglylong comero extension is olso required, ond the finol result is thot the combinotion of co- mero ond lens is of considerobledimensionsond correspondinglylorge weight..- All these disodvontoges ore ovoided by using theTele-Xenorlenses,whichhove: (l)o long focus, yet require smoll comero extension,ond - (2) con be exchonged ogoinst the ordinory comero lens, screwing into the normol threqds of the stondord shutter. (3) They hove o lorge enough operture to ollow ropid exposures ond (4) the print from the resulting negotive hos o much more noturol oppeoronce thon thot from lhe normol-focuslens. These four very importont points hove not been ochieved ot the expense of imoge quolity; Tele-Xenor negotives, on the controry, frequently surprisethe user by their brillionce ond shorpness. In the interchongeoble Tele-Xenor lenses o speciol operture scole, shown in the illustrotion,is provided, ond the coloured operture numbersore normolly those used. We ore prepored to mount the componenlsof Tele-Xenorlenses in lens mounts mode by ofher firms of low inclusive cost. In the Tele-Xenor series the scole of operture volues is not normolly token beyond F:ll, since smoller opertures thon this ore seldom required, ond in ony cose moy result in imoge deteriorotion. Aport from this normol type of mount, however, Tele-Xenor lenses con be obtoined mounted in lorge shut- fers, in which cose smoller operture volues con noturolly be used. *) The tobfe on poges 28129 indicoles which types ot lenses moy be used interchongeobly.View original page 21
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www.orphancameras.com The F z 4,5 Tele-Xenoris o speciolly lorge-operture telephoto-typelens with o fixed focol length. In design it is unsymmetricol,hos five components,ond is portiolly cemented. As with oll true telephoto lenses,the bock component is o negotiv€,ond connot be used seporotely,though the front component- given o reduced operture con be used for speciol prrposes such os reproducing o very smoll obiect on on enlorged scole. The F:5,5 Tele-Xenor is olso o fixed-focustelephoto-typelens in which the high quolity of the Xenor lens hos been retoined. In spite of its low price, this lens hos the greot odvontoge of wide opplicotion on occount of its simplicity in use. The design involves four components, divided into two cemented lenses in front ond two cemented lenses behind. The consideroble distortion introduced into some telephoto lenses hos been reduced, by this porticulor design, to o level where it hos no moteriol importonce. To obtqin q still greoter focol length, both the F z 4,5 ond F:5,5 Tele-Xenor lenses moy be modified by plocing o supplementory lens over the rim of the bqck component lens. By stopping down to F:9 or so, the resultis o still lorger-scoleimoge with on imoge quolity thot is sotisfoctoryfor most purposes. (Seefurther notes in the section"supplementory lenses"on poge 38 ond 41.)View original page 22
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CINE TETE.XENAR
The Tele-Xenordesign hos olso been qdqpted ond computed for cinemoto-
grophy, orld the ronge ovoilqble covers both professionqlond substqndqrd
film work- To suif the short exposureneeded in the film comerooq stiltgreoter
full operture hqs been provided. While core hos been tqken to ensure thot
the stroin on the comero mount cqused by the extro weight of o long-focus
lens remoins within reosonoble limits,the definition,which qpproximotes to
thot of the Xenon lenses,is of the highest closs.This lost point is importont,
since the Tele-Xenqr musf be used interchongeqblywlth the normql focus
Kine-Xenonlens. The toble below gives doto regording the interchongeoble
feoture of these lenses.
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It is olwoys possibleto use o supplementsry lens in coniunctionwith o normol-
focus comero lens to obtoin wide-ongle effects, but it will be cleor to onyone
thot such o procedure tends to introduce oberrotions into the composite lens
systemwhich hove corefully ond loboriously been removed by the designer
of the comero lens in the first ploce. The Angulon, speciolly designed for
wide-ongle work, is porticulorly corefully corrected for such oberrotions,
ond gives no trouble from these sources.
The correction,in foct, extends o greot distoncefrom the opticol oxis of the
lens, ond the foct thot como hos been reduced to o very low level ensures
shqrp ond brilliont imoges over on extremely wide ongle of field.
Aport from this, the Angulon F:6,8 is the first wide-ongle lens in which it hos
been possible to use the front ond bock componenls seporotely in order to
obtoin o voriety of three different focol lengths from the lens o foct
which mokes it possible to do owoy entirely with the use of supplementory
lenses. The relotive focol length of the complete lens to thot of the two
single components is in the rotio f : 1,5 qnd f z 2, so thot three different focol
lengths of reosonobly wide ronge ore provided. The Angulon is mode in
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"''l:;tl';t::,itffi:iffir1,:,;iView original page 28From the M. Butkus archive. Original publisher and archive notices are retained.
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