Scientific Simplicity in Photography Product booklet

h.
         SCIENTIFIC
          SIt\4PLICITY
                      IN
        PHCTOGRAPHY

ScrENTr FIc  SlrvrpLtCrrY
                                                       I N
       Puo T O G R A P H Y

                S E C T I o N A L            I N D E X

                                 P A G E
                                                                            P A G t s
                                                                                            I     S c i e n t i f i c     S i r u p l i r ; i I y -
 S c i e n t i f i c     S i u r p l i c i t y -
                                                                                                                          I n   R e c l u 0 l i o n               2 8
                        l a   E r p o s u r e
                   I n   D e v e  l o p m e D t , , .       1 0                          I n      - I o D i I g     a u d

                                   2 7                S t a i n i a g                   3 0

                                 P h o b o g r a p h i c    C h e m i c a L s ,    p a A e s   3 4 - 3 6


                         - I N T R O D U C T I O N

 S t x c e  the  beginning   of  the  present  century  tlre
 science  of  photographv   has  been  undergoing   a
 process of evolution.   Photography,  in  itself, has not
 altered  materially,  but  the  technique  and  procedure
 invoived   in  the  various  stages  of  picture-making
have undoubtedly  undergone  a radical change.
   Until  a comparativeiy  recent date photography  was
really a mixture  of tt joys and sorrows', to the average
              'Iheamateur.        very  mention   of  the name  conjured
up a vision  of the trouble  and  uncertainty  associated
with messy solutions and  stuffy dark-rooms.   There
were doubts and  fears as  to whether  exposure had
been  accurate,  or  the  plate   left  in  the developing
solution  for the  correct  length  of time.   Such  triais
and  tribulations  undoubtedly  had  adl
adverse   effect  on  the  quality   of  the                                                                     ;j,".t;:;'
photographer's  work.   His  mind  was
so encompassed  n'ith  the  complications  associated
with  the  various   steps,  so  besieged  with  a  sub-
conscious feeling  that photography  r,vasin every way
a garnble, that  there was   iittle  or  no room   left  for
                                          r) #                                      *                                      "o

S C I E N f I F I C     S I M P I ,  I C I T V        I N   P H O T O G R A P H V

tire development   of  that  artistic  tendency  u'hich had
prompted  irim  to take up ohotography.    ll'he eiement
of  luck  entered  too  iargely   into  each  operation,
and,  unfbrtunately,   Iuck  was  mol'e  often  than  not
bad  luck   ;  consequently,  a  large  proportion   of  the
results were  failures.

   Iiappiiy,  those days  have  passed.  Photography
has now become a series of simple, scientific steps,
and  the  element   of   luck   need   enter   into  the
                                                'l-he               question  no  longer.         research
scientific
l*"i,r,"",,."      rvork  of the chemist and physicist has
              been instrumental   in the sirnplification
of the many  complexities,  and  their  findings  have
been carefully  tabulated  in a sin-rple way that can be
undelstood  by  anyone.

    It  is obviously  beyond  the  scope  of  this  booklet
to include  in  its pages every  process employed  in
photography,  but  a perusal  of  its contents  u'iii show
how  the  essential  stages  have  been  reduced   to
Scientific   Simplicity.      Its   rnain  purpose   is  to
stimulate  the  amateur   to  a   fuller   realisation   of
the  joyr   of  photograpl.ry;   joys  u'hich  can  never
really be appreciafed  by  adopting  as your  method,
" Press-the -button-and-let-someone    - do - the - rest."
Photography     is   not    really   photography   under
those circumstances.

   Individualism   should  not  commence  and  finish
rvith  the  making   of  the  exposure  in  true  aurateur
photography,  as   it does   if yeu  are  content  to hand
T h e            over  your  exposures  to someone  else
p e r s o n a l          to  develop  and   print.   Your   prints
t o u c h              wiil  be devoid  of the personal  toucir.
Individual  charm  and  expression   will  be  lacking,
and your photographs  wiil merely be prints, whereas
they  realiy  ought  to have been  pictures.

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T N T R O D U C T I O N

     Photography    is   really  a  succession  of  steps
    inr.oiving  a  series  of  chemical   changes,  and   in
    ordel  that  full advantage  nray be taken  of the rules
    of  Scientific  Simplicity,    it   is  essential  that  the
    chernicals  used  should  be  accurate,  dependable
   and  unvarying   in  action.
          ( T A B L o T D '                                            I , H o r o c R A p H I C    C H n M T c A L S
   were  introdr-rced to provide  fi-xed and  constant  uuits
    in pirotogr;aphy.  They are units  of chemical  force  of                            'I'hus,    constant  factor.           the  amateur  photographer,
   equipped  with  a method  which  is  scientificaliy  and
   mathematically   correct,  ancl with  chemicals  of  fixed
    standarcl and supreme efficiency, is so fortified against
    f'ailure as to be practically immune  to  it.  Not oniy  is
    the risk  of failure reduced  to the minimum,  but  tire
   use  of  these  products  presents  a  method  which,
   w h e n  a d o p t e d , e n s u r e s S r u p L r C I T y ,   A c c u R A C y
    a n d   t r c o N o  [ I Y .
*,     The scientific simplification of photography cannot be
   instanced  in a better manner than by considering  the
   M E T H O D   O F  D E V E L O P I N G             t N  A  B R I G H T     L I G H T
     There  are many  and  varied  methods  associated
   with  the developing  of  a  negative.   Each  method
   has   its  adherents,  but  the   fact  that     , TABLoTD  ,
   DusnwsrrISER  has  leapt so rapidly   into  the favour
    of  those  astute  photographers  who  tvere  quick   to
   realise   its  possibilities,  indicates   that    its  wider
   adoption  is assured, r,vhen once  its ease of operation
   and   great   convenience   are  more
                            'Ihe
    widely   known.           introduction     of    3""r';*,-,:'.'"7
         ' - f A B L o r D '        I ) r s E N S r r r s E , l r       i s  a
   notable  example   of  the   results   that  have  been
   obtained  from   the  recent   investigations   directed
   torvards  the   simplification    of  photography.      Its
   action  is  to lessen the sensitiveness of the plate to
    light  without  in any 14'avimpairing  the  latent image
                                               -I'here   created   during   the  exposure.             are  two
                                      ( T A B L o T D '  m e t h o d s o f u s i n g                              I ) n s F l N S r r r s n R .

S C I E N T I F I C    S I M P L I C I T Y          I N   P H O T O G R A P H Y

F i r s t  M e t h o d :
  Take   sufficient  water  to  cover  the  plate   in  an
ordinary  developing  dish.   In  each ounce  of  this
                     'Tabloid'  I)esensitiser.   Transferlr'ater dissolve one
the  plate  from  the  dark   siide  to  this  solution  in
darkness,   or',   if  preferred,  ruby   light.   After  one
minute,  transfer  the  plate  to the developing  solution
and  complete  the  development  by  candle  light,
shaded gas or shaded electric  light.

S e c o n d  M e t h o d :
                  'Tabloid'   Desensitiser  in each four  Dissolve one
ounces of developing solution and slip the plate  into
this  solution   in  the  dark,  or,   if  preferred,  by  ruby
light   ; rock gently  for one tninute  and  then complete
development by  candle  or shaded  light.
    'I'his          metlrod    is  most   suitable    for  use   rvitl'r
t T A g L o I T ) '  ( R v r o L '   a n d   t T a g L o I D '           ' T A N c o L '
D nvnt-o  pIJRs.     It  can be used  u'ith films as well
as  rvith  plates.

  No special care is necessary u'hen using either the
first or second metl-rod, even u'ith special rapid  plates
and  films,  but  rvhen  p'lates  of extreme  rapidity  or
colour  sensitiveness  are  employed,    it   is  rn'iser to
keep  the  dish  covered  with  a card  during  develop-
ment,  except  for  those  brief  periods necessary  for
inspection.
    ''fabloid'   I)esensitiser  enables  the  photograpl-rer
 to  develop   panchromatic   plates   in  yellow   light
 instead  of having  to do so  in  complete,  or  almost
 complete,  clarkness,  as  \,vas previously   necessary.
 There   is now no more  inconvenience  and  difficulty
 experienced  in developing  a plate  or  film than there
 exists  in producing  a gaslight  print.

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iffi





T H E  R O Y A L   T O U R  T O  N E W   Z E E L A N D  A N D  A U S T R A L I A

     The  Duke and Duchess  of york  landing  at rhe yacht  Club
                             L a s   P e I M A S

         N e g a t i v e d e v e l o p e dw i t h , T e e L o t D '            . R y r o L '

S c r E N T l F r c , S r n a p L t c t r y       t N E x p o s u R E

  t r x p o s u R n - t h e       p r e l i m i n a r y   s t e p     i n  n e g a t i v e -
 making-ir,   and  probably  always  will  be, the  point
 upon  rvhich  the  photographer   must   necessarily
 concentrate his keenest attention.  So much depends
 upon  accurate  exposure.     It   is  possible  in  some
 circumstances  and   to  some  extent  to  improve  a
 negative  resulting  from  an  error  rn
 exposure, but to avoid the necessity of                                                         :l::::X::;
 alter-treatment, and to ensure the best
 possible  result,  correct  exposLlre  is  emphatically
 indicated.   At  least  ninety  per  cent. of  failurres in
 the  cout'se  of  negative-making   are  due  to   faulty
exposures.  'It    is  these  faulty  exposures  that  have
caused  photogrerphy  to  be cons idered an expensive
hobby.  But most hobbies are expensive  if reckoned
in terms of failures.

  The   art  of  correct  exposllre  can be  acquired   in
                  -fherevarious  ways.           are  a  few  apparently   gifted
individuals  to whom the art of exposure is an  instinct
and nothing  else.  When asked how  they  arrived  at
the  correct  exposure, they  invariably   s?y,  (( I t    j ust
came into my head," meaning  that, by  looking  at the
subject, intuition conveys  ro them  that  the exposure
will b" just so much.  Now  to arrive  at  this  stage  of
automatic    efficiency   has  meant   a   considerable
expenditure of time and materials.  The
                      ((                                                      s iveold   saying,                Experience   teaches,"                                        experience"loen
has  a  very   definite  application   ro
photography.     It  was by  their  failures-their    faulty
exposures-and  by the lessons they were able to draw
from  them,   that   the   proficiency   of  these  gifted
individuals  has  been  acquired.   Now   a  method
which  will  eliminate   failures,  a  method  which   will
ensure proficiency  and  accuracy,  even  in  the  initial
exposures of the photographic  novice, surely recom-

S c I E N T I F I c ' - S I M P L I c I T Y             I N  E x p o s U R E

 E x P o s u R E - t h e      p r e l i m i n a r y   s t e p     i n  n e g a t i v e -
 making-is,   and  probably  always  will  be, the  point
 upon  rvhich   the   photographer   must   necessarily
 concerltrate his keenest attention.   So much depends
 upon  accurate  exposure.      It   is  possible   in  some
 circumstances  and   to  some  extent  to  improve  a
 negative  resulting  from  an  error   in
 exposLrre,br-rtto avoid the necessity of                                                  off ln"ltanceaccuracv
 after-treatment, and to ensure the best
 possible  result,   correct  exposLlre  is  emphatically
 indicated.   At  least  ninety  per  cent.  of  faih,rres  in
 the  course  of  negative-making   are  due  to   faulty
exposures. 'It    is  these  faulty  exposures  that  have
caused photography   to  be considered  an expensive
hobby.   IJut most hobbies are expensive   if reckoned
in terms of failures.


  The   art  of  correct  exposure  can be  acquired   in
                   'Iherevarious  \vays.          are  a  few  apparently   gifted
individuals  to whom  the art of exposure is an  instinct
and nothing  else.  When asked how  they  arrived  at
the  correct  exposure, they  invariably   s&I,   ,( It  just
came into my head," meaning  that, by  looking  at the
subject, intuition  conveys  ro them  that  the exposure
will be just so much.  Now  to arrive  at  this  stage  of
automatic    efficiency   has  meant   a   considerable
expenditure of time and materials.  The
old   saying,    t{ Experience   teachesr"  ExPelsive                                         experience
has  a  very   definite   application   io
photography.       It  was  by  their  failures-their     faulty
exposures-and   by the lessons they were able to draw
from  them,   that   the   proficiency   of  these  gifted
individuals   has  been  acquired.   Now   a method
which  will  eliminate   failures,  a  method  which   wili
ensure proficiency  and  acclrracy, even  in  the  initial
exposures  of the  photographic  novice, surely  recom-

nlerrcls itself.       I t  i:; cer t:rin11' more economrcal  anr-l
nlore conducive  to proficiency  :rt an  earll' stage, to
interpiet   " lrxperiellce  teaches ''  as meaning  solne
other.person'.s crirericnce :rncl rrot one's o\vr-rper.son:ri
experlen ce.
  t'Sroine other person's experietlce"  is to  br: fottntl
i n  t h e '   \ \ i e l l c o n r e '   l ) h o t o g r a p l r i c ! l x p o s u r e ( . : r l c i t l a t o t ' .





                                                                 ' I ' l L e          ' \ \ ' , : i j c o t r L r                '   1 ) l i ( ) t c _ ) d r a i r L r . i c         l t x p , o s u r i ' c    U i l l c u l t _ r - t . , , r '
   'l'his         Caiculaior', rvhicir.,rvith the uecessary tabies of
speeci values and  iighi  valrtes, is includecl  in  ezlch
copy of the  t \Vurt,colttr      ' PgoroctiAPHIC   Ext,osut{L,
Ci\r.cULA'r'OIt Al{D    ll al+luoo  K, has been  devisecl
from   the   finrlings   of   scientists,  photograpirers,
tra'n.eilers,etc., in ail itarts of the r,vorld ; their results
have been carefr,riiy tabulated) so as to forrn a concise,
Simplified   Scientific   Exi,'osure   Caicr,il:r"tor.  One
movement   is   si-ifific:ient to  determine    ttre  cori-ect
exposlire for  a  normal  subject  ttnder  an)'existing
condition.    tJnusuai   siibjects  demand   a   sirnple
                                          'fhesupl-rlementary turn of the  scale.       consistent use
of  this  scientific method  is  of  tire greatest possible
lielp, both to the beginner and the experience d r,vorker.


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S C I E  } { T I F I C    S I M P I - I C I T Y          t N   E X P O S U R E


         H O W    T O   U S E   T H E   C A L C U L A T O R
   Suppose you want  to take a photograph  of a  street
 scene at four o'clock on an April  after.noon in latitude
 40" N.  The sun is obscured by light clouds, but strong
 enough  to  cast a  slight  shadow, and  the camera   is
 ioaded  rvith a Spee<i Film.   The  light  table  for  the
 month  of  April  gives  314 as the  light  value  for  the
 particular  time  and  conditions   in  u'hich  you  are
 vrorking,  and  the  speed  table  gives
 l/8   as  being   the   factor   for   the  The key to      \                                        'fhere- particular   film you  are  using.                  ::;'.""""t."
 fore 1'ou turn  the  little white disc  until
 the fiim factor  l/B  is opposite the light value S/+ in the
 upper sector. Then. opposite each stop below, you get
 the exposure  in  fractions  of  a  second-l  16 at  f  II
 ( u . s .  8 ) , 1 / 1 2 a t f B    ( U . S . 4 ) , L 1 2 5 s e c . a t , f 6  ( U . S . 2 ) ,
anci so on.  Everv other problem  in exJrosure is settled
 rvith  eqtral ease and  certainty.

   In  the Hanclbook  there  are also numerous  useful
and  helpfui  tables, such  as exposures  for  Interiors,
Telephotography,   Copying  and  Enlarging,  Moving
Objects,  Night   Pirotography,  Colour  Photography,
trlash-Light  Photography.    In  fact,  the   ( Wellcome,
Photographic  Exposure  Calculator  and Handbook   is
a veritable photographic  encl'clopzedia.

  The  following  report  from  a beginner  summarises
its immense  utility  :-
                '( Last summer was my  first seasonof photoqraphy.
     Naturally,  to begin  with,   I  was completely at sea as
    regards correct exposure,but  I was not long in finding
    out  that  your exposure guide was  to be  relied upon
     absolutely."

    It   is  being  used  in   all  parts  of  the  world,  by
photographers  who  understand   the supreme  impor-
tance of correct exposure.

S c l E N T t F t c  S l u p l - l c t r Y        l N D E v E L o P M E N T
Tur   next  essential  stage  in  the production   of the
                                                             'Ihe
perfect   negative    is   correct.  development.
developing  of the  negative  has been  the  blte noire ol
many  an  amateur   photographer.    This   can  be
accounted  for because the difficulties surrounding  the
old methods  of developing  were  great owing  to  lack
of  definite  information.   One method  rn'as to judge
when a negatir,'e u'as sufficiently  dev-'eloped by holding
 it  up  to  the  dim  dark-room   light.   Even  experts
admit  that this  is a most  difficult thing  to do because,
              owing  to the presence  in the negative
unscientiri"                  of unaltered silver bromide,  it  is not so
m e t h o d s
              easy to visualise the appearance of the
negative as  it  will be after fixation.   Another  nethod
which had  its adherents u'as to examine  the reverse
 side of the negative  and  to  stop development  when
 the main features were  plainly  I'isible.   This method
leaves too much room  for doubt.

   Scientific  research  and   continuotts  experiments
have pror.'ed conclusively  that there are two  standard
 rules which govern  correct development  :-

  R u l e   ( 1 )  C o r r e e t  e x p o s u r e s  s h o u l d  b e  d e v e l -
              o p e d   f o r  a d e f i n i t e P e r i o d o f   t i m e     i n
               a  s t a n d a r d   d e v e l o P e r   o f  c o n s t a n t
                 activity.    This  time  varies according
                 to the temPerature,  the  Plate  or  film,
               a n d      t h e   P r i n t i n g   P r o c e s s     t o   b e
               e m p l o y e d .

   Rule  (2)   Incorrect   exposures  must  be  devel-
               o p e d    f o r    t h e  s a m e    t i m e  a s  c o r r e c t
               e x p o s u r e s ,  t h e o t h e r  c o n d i t i o n s  b e i n g
                              t h e s a m e .

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S C I E N T I F I C    S I M P I , I C I T Y         I N   D E V E L O P M E N T             1 3

   There  are  three  faetors  rvhich  govern  the  period
 of time  necessary  for  complete  development,  and   it
 is upon  those  three  factors  plus  a known  constant
 that  the  wirole lheory   of  scienti{ic  development   is
based.  These three factors  :  (1) tem-
perature,  (2) character  of plate or fihn,   1"1!"r,r,"
                                   wav (3) desired  contrast  in  the  negative
according  to printing  medium  selected, wor.rld prove
of very little value  in enabling one to lay down a hard-
and-fast rule  for deveioping  times unless there was a
constant  to which they could harness them.
   This  constant  is  the  activity   of  the  developer.
Unless one is very careful  in  the choice  of a suitable
developer there may be found  to exist  a pr-onounced
variation.   Should  this be  the  case, then  the  r.vlrole
construction   of  scientific  development   fails  to  the
ground.   Scientific  Development,  or  as   it   is  mol'e
commonly   knou'n,   the    ,, f ime  and  An
Temperature  NIethod,"  is dependent   essential                                              ractor
upon  the  unvarying   activity    of  the
developer.   With   a  reliable  developer   of  constant
activity,  no  matter  what  variety  of  plate  or  film  is
used, the time and temperature method  of develop-
ment  will  always  ensrlre the production   of a perfect
negative,  provided   that   the  exposute  has  been
reasonably  accurate.   Development  may  be  carried
out in a dish, or tank, and  it  is equally  effective with
plates or films.

A p p l i c a t i o n      o f   S i m p l i f i e d     S c i e n t i f i c
   D e v e l o p m e n t
  Be  sure  of  your  developer.   Use  an  unvarying
p r o d u c t . s u c h a s    ' T A e L o I D ,    ( R y r o L '   o r  , T A s L o t n   ,
' Tawcol.'    Ascertain  the temperature  of the solution
and  tl-ren, according  to the developing  speed  of the
plate or  film  usecl, the time  for  correct development
may easily be found from the accompanying  tabies.

t 4         S C I E N T I F I C     S I M P L I C I T Y            I N   P H O T O G R A P H Y

     " T t M E    ^ A N D T E M p E R A T U R E "   M E T H o D   F o R
              D I S H  D E V E L O P M E N T
                                ' T a b l o i d '           ' R y t o 1 . ' - O n e    p a i r o f  U s i n g
products in  fo,ur ounces of water.

                         T A B L E

   At  4b" F. develop for 8f   mins.
  At  50" F.       ,,       ,,  7        ,,       These  times  are  for
                                                 plates    of   average
  A t 5 5 " F .        , ,        , ,  6         , ,        developing speed an<l
   At 60" F.       ,,       ),  5        ,,         the   resuiting   nega-
                                                  tives    will   be    of
  At 65" F.      ,)       ,, 4%    ,,        medium  contrast.
   At 70" F.      ,)       ,,  3t6     ,,


P l a t e s
  NIake  up  the  developing   solution  as  indicated
above, using one  pair  of products   in  four ounces of
water.        ' I{ytol'    is  easily  soluble,  and  as  soon  as
solution has been  effected the developer  is ready  for
use.  Now take the temperature   of the solution.   In
                   total  darkness   or   in  a  safe   light'
g-::'^T:"-1.t^::-u e s s - w o r l (     remove  the  plate  from  holder,  place   it
                   in the developing  dish, sensitive side
upr  and  pour  on  the  developing   soiution.  When
doing  this, take care to flood the surface of the plate
as evenly  and  as  quickly  as  possible   in  order  to
prevent  the forrnation  of development  patches or air
bubbles.   Cover  the  dish  with  a piece  of card and
allow tl-re plate to remain   in  the  solution  for the time
indicated  in  the  table  according  to the temperature
of  the  solution,  rocking   gently  from  time  to  time.
If the temperature   of the  solution  is 55"F., the table
tells you that tbe period  of time necessary  for correct
developrnent  is  6 minutes.  When  the  time   is  up


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S C I E N T I F I C     S T M P I - I C I f Y          I N   D E V E L O P M E N T         1 5

       remove the plate from tfrJaeveloper,  rinse   it in clean
        water and place  it face upwards  in the fixing solution.
        Allow   it to remain   in  the  fixing  solution  for twice as
        long a time  as  it  takes  for  the  milky  appearance  to
        vanish  from  the back.   This   will  ensure  complete
          fixation.   Trhe next  step  is the thorough  washing  of
         the  negative.    This   should  be  carried  out   in  a
        shallow dish and preferably  with running  water.  The
         plate should be free from  all  traces  of hypo  in about
          fifteen  minutes.     If  no  running   water   is  available,
        then wash in  frequent  changes of clean water-about
                                                         'l'he          six baths  of ten minutes  each.       permanency  of
        a  negative  depends  upon  complete   fixation  and
        proper  washing.

      R o l l   F i l m s
           Roll  films may be cut up  into  separate  exposures
'6.     and  developed   like  plates,  or  a  strip  of  exposures
       can  be  held  at  eacl'r end  and  passed  through  the
        developer  for the necessary period  of time.   But  the
        best way   is  to  use  one  of  the  many  varieties   of
        daylight  developing   tanks  on  the  market.   They
       enable  scientific  development   to be  carried  out  in
        a  very   simple  and  convenient   manner,   as  the
        necessity  for  a dark-room    is  avoided.

                     T A N K  D E V E L O P M E N T
         Tank  developrnent,  for both  plates and  films, has
       undoubtedlv  become  the  most  popular  method   of
       developing.    It possesses a great advantage over the
        older  methods,  because   it  practically  elinrinates  the
       need  for a dark-room.   A number   of plates  (usually
         six  or twelve)  can be developed  at  the same  time.
       Unnecessary   handling    is  obviated  and   the   risk
         of  mechanical   injuries   greatly   diminished.     f'he
       process is similar to that of dish development, but the
        plates  are  loaded  into  the  tank  instead   of  being
        pl;rced  in  a  dish.

1 6        S C I E , N A I F I C    S I M P L I C I T Y             t N   P I { O f O G R A P H Y

M e t h o d                          , / "
  Ascertain  the  capacity  of  the  tank  and make  up
                         (                    (                        'a solution  of   Rytol'   or   Tancol   according   to  the
strength  given  in  the  tank  tables, and  of  sufficient
quantity  to  fill the  tank.  Now  take  the temperature
of  the   solution.    Knowing   the   strength   of  the
developer and  its temperature,   it  is  a very-simple
matter  to ascertain  the correct  time  for developrnent
                                  'Iime        '-femperatureby  merely  glancing   at  the        and
'Iables.         The  tables  published  herewith  are suitable
for  both  plates  and   films   of  average  developing
speed,  and  subjects   of  normal   contrasts.   The
subject  of  Scientific   I)evelopment     is  exhaustively
treated   in  the  'Wellcome'   Photographic  Exposure
Calculator   and  Handbook,   rvhich  contains  com-
prehensive  and  self-explanatory   tables  affording  a
rvealth of information  regarding  time and temperature
development.    All  varieties  of plates and  films have
Tank         been carefully tested, and their relative
development   speeds  of  developrnent  ascertained,
best               so that no matter  what brand  of plate
one  may  be  using,  or  the  type   of  subject  one
may  be dealing  with,  the  correct  time  for develop-
ment  can be  fixed.  A number  of developing  agents
are  available as  'Tabloid'  products,  but   ( Itytot,'
          ( T e N C o L 'a n d                a r e  p r e - e m i n e n t l y  s u i t e d   t o    t h i s
m e t h o d  o f  d e v e l o p m e n t . ' ' f A B L o I D ' '    R y r o L '
produces  detail  quickly  and  builds  up  the  image
gradually.     It gives a stainless negative  vvhich prints
very quickly, and  is the  ideai  developer  for pictorial
rvork, because  all the most delicate  gradations  of the
subject are retained.         ' Rytol'   is absolutely  free from
metol  and  is  equally  suitable  for  tank  or  dish  de-
veloprnent.   For  those  workers  rvho plefer   tl're pyro
                                                                 ( T A N c o L ' " l o o k "     i n a n e g a t i v e , ' T A B L o I D '            w i l l
meet  the  most  exacting  requirements.       It  yields
negatives  of good contrast and, as  it  is free from any
restrainer,   it  is particularly  usefirl in cases of known
unoer-exposure.      L,/t?tu'b ulkrs'w

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S c r e N T t F l c    S t M p L r c t r y          t N  T H E

      A F T E R . T R E A T M E N T     o F  A  N E G A T I V E

                         ( l )    l r v r E N s t F t c A T r o N

T H n  necessity  for  after-treatment   should,  so   far
as possible, be eliminated  by care  in exposure and
development.  A  negative  to vvhich correct exposure
has been  given,  and  u'hich has also been developed
for  the  correct   period   of  time  by  the   scientific
method  of development, should require no chemical
after-treatment  l'hatever.   The  wealth  of detail-the
excluisite  gradations   and  charm   of  the  original
subject-will   be reproduced  faithfully and the density
be correct  lbr the printing medium  selected.  Revert-
ing  to  rule  No.  2  of  Scientific Development,  we find
tlrat, although  a negative,  for some reason or other,
has received an inadequate amount of                                                 *n.,
exposure,  yet  the  most  satisfactory  after-treatment
                                                rs necessarvmethod  to  adopt   is  to  give    it  the
same  time   for  development  as  in  the  case  of  the
correctly-exposed  negative.  A  very common  failing,
when  using   the   old  method   of  l)evelopment   by
Observation, was  to over-develop  an under-exposed
negative.   Over-development  cannot  possibly correct
an under-exposed  plate  any  rnore  than  can  under-
deveiopment function as a counter-balance  in the case
of  over-exposure.   Take   the  case   of  an  under-
exposed negative.    It must ever remain an indisputable
fact  that   "  it  is impossible  to develop-up  something
that   isn't  there."       If  one  continues  development
be1'ond the correct length of time, what happens ?  trog
is produced  in the shadows, thus masking  the scanty
                                 'fhedetail  already  present.           scientific  way  is  to
develop for the normal  time and to employ  a suitable
i n t e n s i f i e r . ' T A B L o I o '    C n n o l r r u u       I n r n x s r r r n R
was  introduced   to  provide   a  safe,  effective  and
tlroroughly  reliable  intensifying  agent.

2 8        S C I E N T T F I C  ' S i M P L T C i t V                    I N   P T I O T O ( ; R A P } I Y

   'Tabloid'   Chromium    Intensifier,  dissoived   in
water, makes a solution  which   r'r'ili increase contrast,
build up all the faint detaiis  in the shadows, and give
life and  sparkle  to  a negative  otherwise  drab  and
lifeiess.  E,ach carton  contains  sufficient  to produce
J-rOounces  of  solution,  so  that  there   is no need  to
consider the question  of expense, u'hilst the simplicity
of the  process,  Iike  its  action,   rvill be a  revelation.
   'fhose           u'orkers  rvho prefer  intensification  by  the
mercurv  process  will   find  'TABtoto'    Nf rincuRlc
Ioolon  AND SoDIUM SULPHITE  the  most  reliable
and effective of its kind.     It possesses a very marked
advantage  over  the  ordinary   mercuric   intensifiers,
because   it  greatly  incieases  the  strength   of  the
weaker  deposits  and  does  not  mask  the  delicate
detail  of the shadorvs.

                  e )  R e o u c r l o N
  Reduction,  like  intensification,  is  a  very  simple
process  if tire right  methods  and  right  products  are
used.   A  negative  requiring   reduction   is  easily
recognised, but  u'hether  reduction  should be carried
out  by  increasing  or  by  decreasing  tire  existing
contrast  is a point  that  requires  consideration.

   f'here are two distinct  types  of negatives  requiring
reduction.  One requires to be reduced by a method
which  will  increase  the  contrast-the   other  requires
a  reducing  agent   that   will  decrease  the  unduly
              pronounced   contrast  that   is  present.Two
ir"ii,,",           In  the one type  of negative  rve have
methods                the excessive  contrast resulting  from
                                                                        'Io
either  under-exposure   or  over-development.
improve  the  printing   value  of  this  negative    it   is
essential that rve shouid reduce the excessive contrast.
Tire  ideai reducing  agent  for  this  particular  purpose
is   , Tanrorn,  AiUITONIUM PgnSurpUATE,


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3 0        S C T E N T T F I C    S I M P L I C I T Y          I N   P H O  ' I  ' O G R A P H Y

  Ammonium   Persulphate  will  not keep  in  soh-rtion ;
b u t ' T A B L O T D '    A u l r o N I U M    P u n s u L p H A T E ,
provides  a convenient  means  for preparing  a  fresl-r
solution as required.   Only the necessary amount of
solution, according  to the amount  of rvork to be done,
n e e d b e p r e p a r e d . ' ' I ' a b l o i d '  A m m o n i u m P e r s u l p h : r t e
combines  economy  with  maximurn   efliciency,  as   it
retains   its  potency   for  an  indefinite  period.    f'he
other type of negative requires  reduction  in a different
way.  Here we have a lack  of contrast  due  to over-
exposure.  Such a negative  will produce a flat, lifeless
                             'fhereforeprint devoid  of sparkle.              a reducing  agent
must  be ernpioyed  which  will  increase  the  existing
contrast,  and  thus be  tlie  means  of  brigl'rtening  up
 t h e   r e s u l t i n g  p r i n t s .         ' T A s L o    I D '  P o T A S S I U N I
F n n n r c y A N I D E     R n o u c n n        r v i l l  p r o d u c e    t h e
desired   effect  in  this  type   of  negative.     Its  use
has converted  many  a dense, uninteresting  negative
 into one rendering  prints  of charm and  vivid  reality.

   'fhe       accompanying   chart  on page 29  will  be founc
an exceedingly useful and reliable indication  as to the
 correct manner  in which  to  treat  defects in negatives
due  to  faulty  exposure  or development.


 S c t E N T t F I c   S r n r p l r s r r y      r N  P H o r o c R A p H y
            T o r q r N g  A N D  S r n l N t N G

  A good negative   is  certainly  a necessity  towards
 the making  of a good  print, but  a good  print   is not
 necessarily  a good  picture.     It  may  be  technically
 correct  and  yet  possess no   artistic  appeal.   The
 careful clioice of a suitable printing medium possessing


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i



                           T O N I N G    A N D   S T A T N T N G                  3 3

a surface rvhich  will be  in keeping  rvith the  finished
picture  is essential.   But one's art must not be allorved
to end  here.  The  conventional  black  and  lvhite  of
gaslight  or  bromide  papers  is  not  ideal  for  every
sutrject.  Many  prints would be improved   if they r,vere
in  a  colour  more  nearly  suggesting   the  original
subject.   For  instance,  there  are  landscapes  and
l.voodland scenes that, lvhen  rendered   in black  and
white,  look  cold  and  uninviting.    In
sepia,  all the  rvarmth  of  the  original    :."pJ::":t"'
col,ourings wouid  be  retained  and  a
more  faithful  representation   of  tire  subject  secured.
' I h e                                ( T A B L o I D '      g r e a t  v a l u e o f              S B p l e  T o N n R
is markedly  shor,r'n in such  conditiorrs.  A range  of
tones  from  rvarm  black   to  light   brolvn   is  easily
secured on all makes  of gaslight and bromide  papers.
The  depth  of the  tone depends upon  the degree  ol                 Mbleaching  to which  the  print   is  submitted.   Snorv            :
scenes, sea-scapes and  mountain  scenery  retain  a
vivid  impression  of  the  original  when  toned  u'ith
' T A B L o   r D ' B L U E    ' f o N E R .        ' T A e L o    I D ' G R B n N
ToNBn   gives  a  very  beautiful  green  tone  which
may be varied  at  u'ill  to  suit such subjects as moon-
light scenes, studies of grasses, river scenes, etc.

   'fhe        tones  obtainable  by  the use of 'TABLoID'
To Nnns    are   shown    b)'   photographic    repro-
ductions   in   this   booklet.   Some  very   beautifuleffects can also be obtained  with  'SoLoto'   PHorlo-  tH
GRAPHIC STETNS.                              ff                                                                                          .
   'Soloid'   Photographic  Stains may be had  in  the
following  colours-Green,    Yellow   and  Red.                            IH

' , T 1 SP TI A B L o t P ' a n e x o
     P H o r o c R A P H r c    C H e M t c A L S


        Prices in New York subiect  to alteration  without  notice

                          ' T a b l o i d ' B r a n d   D e v e l o p e t t
                                                                      " L i l ' ,
  ' T a b l o i d '      t R y t o l t  U n i v  e t s a l D e v e l o p " r c " ' H b
                ( T r a d e M a r k s )
t T  a b l o i d '        ' T a n c o l t  D e v e l o p e r                 6 0
               ( T r a d e M a r h s )
t Teslornt  AuInol  DnvntopBn                     60
'Tenr,oro'  FlvonoeuINoNE  (QtttNot-) l)nvnr,opnn    6 0
'Taul,otn'  Mutot  Dnvnropnn                      60
 ' Tesr,orn' Mnror-QuINoL  I)svBr,opnR              60
'Tenloro'   Pvno-Mnrol  DEvELoPER                 6 0
                        ( 1tnperial S/ati'dat'd Fonnula)
'TRelorp     ' Pvno-Sone  Dnvnlopnn    ( Iford  Formula)  60

         a T a b l o i d t  B r a n d  D e s e n s i t i s e r
           For  Deaelo/rnen.t zttit/zottt a Darft-roottt
 ' Tesloln'  Dnss,xslrlsnR .                      60
                          t T a b l o i d t   B r a n d  T o n e r s
         For Deueloptnenl Pay'ers and Lantern  'Slides
 ' T a b l o i d '   B l l g e  T o n e r     . . .                    7 0
                    T o n e r          .                70" f a b l o i d ' G t e e n
' T a b l o i d '   S e p i a  T o n e r . . .      . . '              70
"f  abloidt   Brown   Toner   (for sepia-tonedprints
     onlY)                                        7 0
t Tesl,otn   t   Coppnn   FnnnocveNIoE   ToNrNc
   CoupouNo                                              b U
                    For  P. O. P.  Pnnts
'Taslolo'   Pr,ArltNutrlToNrNc CourouND  ...  $1.40
'TesLoIo'   Gor-o Cnr-onton wITH  Sur,pnocveNlon
    CorvrrouNo (B 6)                               70
'Tanloto'   Goln  Cgr,onlon wITH  Tulosur,pneln
    CorrrpouNo (Combined  Bath)  (B 10)         70

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