Universal Photoscop User manual

THE
   UNIVERSAL
AUTOMATICEXPOSUREMETER
 PHOTOSCOP
           U. S. MODEL





           FOR
STILL,LEICAond CINE
    PHOTOGRAPHY
                \?

 PIIOTO    LITILITIES'      hsc.
       l1a.2 \t'nsr   42ND   Stnftrtr
                      -I-c)IRr<',              linrv            N,  Y.

HOW TO USE
        THE
   UNIVERSAL
AUTOMAT]CEXPOSUREMETER
 PHOTOSCOP
               U. S. MODEL





            (See Index Poge l6)





           C O P Y R I G H T , 1 9 A 4
          F H O T O U T I L I T I E S ,   I N C-

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I N S T R U C T I O N

      FILM  OR PLATE  SPEED

   In  order  that  the meter read accurately,
 it must be adjusted for  the correct film  or
 plate speed.  This  is important!
   Hold  the nickelled milled  ring, and turn
 the black front  milled  ring  (carrying  the
 lens and scale of Scheiner degree numbers )
 to bring the required speed rating opposite
 the red index mark  (for  Continental, Leica
 stops)  or  opposite  the blach index  mark
 (for English stops).
  \When in doubt about the Scheiner degree
 speed of the emulsion being used, refer to
rthe film and plate speed table at the end of
 this instruction.

    CHANGING  STOP SERIES
  The nickelled milled  ring, by itself, (and
 not  jo,intllt with  the black Scheiner ring),
can be revolved through  the entire circle.
   Either  the red  or  the  black  index  mark
 on  the rim  of  the  nickelled  ring can be
 shifted to the window  side and brought to
 the  Scheiner degree.  This  switches the
 scales.
         'yellow
  The           (Continental,  Leica)  stop
 scale requires placing of the red. index mark
 to the Scheiner degree figure.
  The  silver  (English)  stop scale corre-
sponds to the black index mark.
      Care  should  be  exercised   in  switching   scales.
      The   rings  may   offer   slight   resistance  which
      must    of   course   be  overcome       ( especially
      when  new)   ,  but   extreme   force    is   to  be
      guarded   against.

TO  FIND  BXPOSURE  TIME
  FOR SELECTED  DIAPHRAGM   STOP
     Turn  the two  rings TOGETHER,   grip-
   ping  the  black and  tl.re nickelled  milled
   edges at the same time, la tbal one does not
    slip on tbe other, to bring the required stop
     (f  value)  into view  in  the centre of  the
   square top  window,  located between the
   markings  "f"  and "diaphragm".
    On now  pointing  the lens of  the PHO-
  TOSCOP  to the subiect, just  like a camera,
   the red pointer  will  come swiftly  to  the
    figure on the time scale in the long window
   which  indicates exposure in  seconds for
   regular "still"  or Leica cameras, or-at   the
   lower edge of the scale-the  pointer  indi-
   cates the taking speed for  cine cameras in
  , number of frames per second.
r.. TO FIND  LENS APERTURB   (STOP)
   FOR SELECTED  EXPOSfJRE  TIN{E
      Point  the PHOTOSCOP  to the subject.
   Turn  both the black AND  nickelled rings
   TOINTLY    to  bring  the  selected exposure
   time  figure to the red pointer.  The  cor-
   responding stop  will  appear  in  the  dia-
   phragm  ("f")  window.
  EXPOSURE  BY  ARTIFICIAL   LIGHT
     The  readings  of  the PHOTOSCOP   are
    direct in daylight as in  artificial light, pro-
    vided the Photoscop is set to the Scheiner
    degree indicated  in  the annexed  table  of
   Emulsion  speeds, for  either  daylight  or
   Mazda illumination.
      -  As a general rule-under   Mazda (Tung-
    sten)  light-Panchromatic   Emulsions  are
    rated 3 Scheiner degrees less than under
    daylight; Regular and Orthochromatic Plates
    and Films are rated 4 degree Scheiner less.


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Avoid  having  lights  shine  directly  into
    the PHOTOSCOP  while  taking  a reading.
       CINE CAMERA  EXPOSURES
      Taking  speed figures from  8  to  !28,
    which  represent the number  of frames per
    second, will be found on the lower edge of
    the exposure time scale.
       Bring  taking  speed  figure  ro  the  red
    pointer.  The lens diaphragm (stop)  value
     will  be seen in the diaphragm  ("f")   win-
    dow.
           If  the indicated stop  is  larger than  the
    available light power of the lens used, turn
    your maximum  stop  into  the diaphragm
    window.  The red Dointer will  indicate the
    taking speed if  available on the camera.

      KODACOLOR  EXPOSURES

              .Turn  taking speed (frames" perr   Scheiner.Set  the PHOTOSCOP   ro  23  deqrees
 *  second) to the red pointer.  The following
    table gives settings on adjustable Kodacolor
      filter  for whatever stop may appear in  the
    diaphragm window:
                                '                     Stop: 4  5.6 8  11 16
    KodacolorFiltersetting: A  B  C  D    o
      LEICA  CAMERA  EXPOSURES

        Specific Leica  shutter  time  is shown  ^
       littie  lower than regular  still camera time
    on the scale.    rrF   S7hen using the Leica camera, the yellow
    t  scale with  Continental  series  is  switched
    under the window and the Scheiner degree
     ring  adjusted  to  the red  index  mark  on
     the nickelled ring.   Direct  Leica readings
     result.
                                     t

READINGS  FOR LOW
   II-LUMINATION     (Indoor and Qutdoor)
    On the  left  of the long time window  is
   a fixed, auxiliary scale. On  this auxtliary
    scale.-irom   right   to  left-are    five  black
    line-marks, which lead over to five columns*  -.
    of the Interpolation table, shown as white  I   '
    figures on black, above the auxiliary scale.
     There  is  also on  the  auxiliary  scale a     ,l
    sixth  little mark, farthest on the  left, and
   not  connecred with  the  table above the   ''-
    scale.  \fhen   all the  light  is shut  ofi  or  if
    the  illumrnation. is below  mcter  capacity,
   then tl-re red pointei  will  rest on this  sixth
     little maik or near it.  (See Example Five)n
    WHENEVER   the red pointer does NOT
   move beyond the auxiliary  scale markin$,
 g  the  small  fixed  auxiliary  scale, and  the
   values in  the white-on-black table aboveI      it. must be used.
    On  the  right  end and adjacent to  the
    auxiliary scale is a  little CUT-OUT  win-
   dow, which singles out  figures of the long
  .  time'    scale, as they move under  it.
     Whatever  figure  appears  in  or  under
    the  little  cut-out window, adjacent to the
    auxiliary  scale, is the guide for  the row
    of  the  interpolation  table.
     The exposure time  for  every one of  the
    five marks on the auxiliary scale to which
    the red pointer may direct, is found in that
   row  of the table, which  is headed (on the
     right)  by  the same figure as appeared in
    the  little cut-out window.
           If  a  figure  appears under  the  cut-out
   window  which  is LARGER  than the unit
     "1",  corresponding to the top row. of  the
    table, then the time, indicated for the auxil-
    iary scale marks " in  the top row, must be


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MULTIPLIEP    by  that  figure which  hap-
    pens to stand under the cut-out window.
      Should NONE   of the figures appear ex-
     a-ctly in  the  center  of  the  c.tt-o.ri,  select
    the one which  is nearest to the center, or,
     rather,  the  larger  of  the 6gures,         if    ;i
    were standing directly  in  the center"sof  the
    cut-out.
     \When in doubt, always favor  the longer
    exposufe.
           EXAMPLE   ONE





                                      5a     -o
                                                    -@


     Film  Speed  L7  d.ee.  Sch.  (red  mark   stands   half-
    way  between   16   an,l  18  degr.  Scheiner.)--Se-
l     cut-out.lected  stopYouf :I.8.-l/21thread  then   insecondthe  rowappearsof  Gguresin  the
 *   beginning    with   li21    in  the  white-on-black     table.
         If   pointer   happens    to  stop  on  the  second   [ine.
     mark   from   the  right,   find   in  the  row  headed   by
       l/21    the  second   figure   from   the  dght,   namgJy
      1/5th    second.
                ,         EXAMPLE TWO





     Film  Speed  16  deg.  Sch.   (black  mark   on.lt
     deg.  Scheiner)  .-5"1".a.0     stop:      f :1.6.-Jn     cut-
     out  rvindow   appears   the  6gure    1/2.-If      pointer
     agarn  stops   at  the  second   line   from   the   right,
     then  read  in  the  row  headed  by   l/2.    The   sec-
     ond   figure   in  that  row  from   the   right,   indicates
     2  seconds.

BXAMPLE THR.EE
               5 2            ExampleNo.3
               2 1
                               I  rfz




     Film   Speed   18  deg.   Scheiner    (red   mark)   .--
     Selected   stop:   f:g.-The       figure      I  appears   in
     the   cut-out   window.-If      pointer   now   stops   at
     the  second   line   from   the   left,  6nd    in   the  top
     row  headed   by   the   figute   1  the  second   figure
     from   the   left,  namely  2O  seconds.
         EXAMPLE FOUR



  I
s

     Film   Speed    l6   deg.   Scheiner    (red   mark).-
     Selected  stop:     f :48.-The     figure  50  appears  be'
     low  the  cut-out  window.   The  pointer  may  indicate
     the   first  reading  mark  on  the   left   (not   the  sixth
        iittle   mark   which    indicates    "no    light"   and    is
     on  the  very   left  end   of  the  auxiliary    scale.)   In
     the  top  column   headed  by   1,  the  last  left   figure
       is  incidentally    also  10.   Since  "50"   shows   ur:'
     der   the   cut-outr   any   of   the   frgures   in   the   top
     row  should  be  multiplied.     10x10  equals,25OO
     seconds-the      actual   ;xposure    tequired    with   the
     lens  diaphragm   at  f:48.

          EXAMPLE  FIVE
                                The  red  pointer   stands
         2 0 r o 5  2   I              on   of   near   the   sixth
                       l       O 3              2 l                                t                                  / z                         little  mark    . on  the  ex-                      tlzt/s         5            2                                |                                   trcme   left   of  the  auxil.
                                           iary   scale.   This   mark
                                                 is  not   conrrected   with
                                 he  table  above.
                                              in   this  case  the  meter
      indlcates   that   there    is  not   suf,lcient   measurable
      light   and  no  Photoscop    readi.ng   can  be  made.


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r            -E.


     AIMING  THE PHOTOSCOP

   Point  the PHOTOSCOP   towards  that
 part of the subject which should be prefer-
 entially and most carefully measured, usu-
 ally  the shadow details.  For  landscapes,
 aim  at the darker foreground, unless you
 want  to feature skv and clouds. in which
 case point  in  their  direction,  necessarily
 sacrificing somewhat the foreground.
   The  "angle  of view"   of  the meter, the
 cone of  light  principally  affecting the meas-
 urements, embraces approximately 50  de-
 grees, wl-rich is the subtended angle of the
 average lens.  For  portraits, small  objects
 or reproductions, approach with  the Photo-
 scop as close as possible without  obscuring
 the  object.  The  picture on  the  negative
 may cover unavoidably more than the meter
 field embraces, but the MAIN   obiect will'be     accurately timed.  The meter indicates
 the best balanced AVERAGE  exposure over
  its range of  field.
    This mahes it also possible to faaor either
 the shadous,  or Nbe bigbligbts  by reading
 from  a distance near enough to  limit  the
 Photoscop field to  just that picture section.
    Tl-re method employed in  the Photoscop
 of  collecting light  from  the subje.t  is by
 means of a lens of special type.  The sur-
 face of  the lens collects tl-re light and the
 angle is limited to a certain extent not onlv
 bv the lens. but chieflv bv means of baffies
 siiuated beiween the l-ens'and the cell sur-
  face.  This  combined  use  of  lens AND
 baffies limits  effectively the angle of  field
 when facing a single light source;  it  is of
  still   greater  importance  under  diffused
  light, whereunder the Photoscop serves well

with  both  its important  faculties: moderate
angle and capacity to read directly,  in pho-
 tographic terms, long time exposures.
   CHANGE  OF LENS
   APERTURE VALUES
   Close-Up Work  ancl Reproductions
    It should be borne in mind that the values
of the diaphragm markings on the lens are
altered as the camera is ra:ked  out.  The
stop_numbers on the camera lens apply ac-
tually to infinity focus.
 ..^ For,--instance,   at   infinity    the  aperture   may  be
 f8.    IThen    the  camera    is  exten-ded   for   repro-
 duction    of  equal   size,  the  distance   from   lens   to
 plate_          will            be                doubled,                        whereupon                                                 f8  as                                          marked                                             ',in  - on  the          lens                     will                  become                                          effect"                                               only                                                                                                         f 16.
To  admit  as much   light   as  *o.rld    cor.erp""d     to
 t6,  unde:  ihese  cilcumstances,     .;ill  require   eithcr
 t_o open,  the  lens   to   t4,   or  to  leave   ih.    l"rr"
 the  mark   f8  and  to  quadruple    th"   u"po".r".     ti-". "t
  The Photoscop supplies automaticallv the
correct exposure time and stop, regardless
of  distance.  The  camera leni,  h"owever,
must be ser to ACTUALLY   represent the
f value which the Photoscop demanded. For
very close work  the lens marking does not
represent the true relative f valub.
      u €leneral rule these changes are neg_.. 4q
ligible when  the distance from"lens  to 06-
ject  is more than 10 times the equivalent
focal length of the lens.  For instance, be-
)'ond 30 inches for a 3 inch lens, applv'  the
Photoscop reading directly to the leni.
         Supplementary Lenses
  Using         Supplemenrary.,                 .                                        - Lenses changes
the actual value  of  the  f marking on Ihe
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camera lens. Telephoto attachments (Dis-
tars)  increase the  equivalent focal length
and require longer exposure. rVide-angle  at-
tachments   ( Proxars )  decrease the  focal
length and make exposure shorter.
  Apply  the diaphragm opening as on the
Photoscop, but  multiply  the  time. by  the
exposure factor supplied by the lens manu-
facturer or  previously established.
        FILTERS

  The  retarding or  multiplying  factors of
filters or  color screens depend largely on
the depth of  tint, the kind  of illumination
and on the color sensitivity of the emulsion.
The multiplying  factors indicate how many
times the normal exposure TUTITHOUT any
filter must be increased to give correct ex-
posure rUnTH  the  particular   filter.

  CARRYING   THE  PHOTOSCOP

  \7hen   photographing,   keep  the  meter
suspended from  the neck by means of  tlie
leather strap supplied.   In  this way both
hands are free to manipulate and hold the
camera.  Readings can even be made with-
out handling the meter, its position against
the body as it hangs usually giving accurate
alm.
  When walking, the meter may be simply
dropped into an outer or inner coat or vest
pocket, without  removing  the  strap from
the neck.
  The Photoscop  is completely encased in
a smooth dustproof metal housing, without
protruding  or loose parts or scales requir-
ing protection.
                    1 1

REGISTER  NUMBER
   Every  UNIVERSAL   Photoscop,  U.  S.
 Model,  has an  individual   Serial number.
marked on the bottom  of  the case, on the
 side opposite the lens.  This  identification
number  should  be  stated  in  communica-
 tions, and  its  registration with  the  distrib-
 utors, Photo Utilities,  Inc., 152 \7est 42nd
 St., New York,  N.  Y.,  will  possibly assist
recovery in case of  loss.
      GENERAL  REMARKS
    Ifhile    stoutly  built,  the PHOTOSCOP
 is a precision instrument, and should be pro-
tected against jars and falls the same as the
camera.
  Be sure that the Scheiner ring  is properly
 set.
   Always  turn  BOTH    niilled   rings,  the
black AND  the nickelled,  jointly,  gripping
both .milled edges at the same time.  The
only  exceptions  are, wthen shifting  either
index  marks  to new  Scheiner ratings  or
when switching from  the yellow  Leica stop
scale to the  silver "English"  scale.
  The  lens of  the meter-and   the lens of
the camera-should  be kept clean.
  Do  Not   Take   the  Meter   Apart  !
The  fine  adjustments would  undoubtedly
suffer.   For  such  willful   actions  the  re-
sponsibility would be the uset's.
  AsA Your  Dealer,  or write  us.  Our  in-
formation service is at your disposal. State
Register number  of  your Photoscop in  all
communications.
                 L2
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.        INDEX
                                   Page
Film and Plate Speed ------           ---.------ 3
Changing Stop Series                -------------3
Exposure time  for  selected Stop-...-_._------4
Stop for selected Exposure time  --.-----------4
Artificial  Ught   ----.--              ----------------4
Cine Camera Exposures .----------*---------------t
Kodacolor  Exposures                 -------------t
Leica Camera Exposures





              T6
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