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WESTON Photographic Analyzer User manual
User manual for WESTON Photographic Analyzer. 27 pages in English. Read the original PDF, download or print a copy without registration.
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- Brand
- Weston
- Model / document
- WESTON Photographic Analyzer
- Document type
- User manual
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 27
- File size
- 3.7 MB
- Category
- Light meters
- Document date
- Not specified in catalog
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'lTloJnl trr
C/ofnrr'or'rl- The Weston Photographic Analyzer offers the professionaland serious
amateur photographer two basic tools by means of which the equipment and technique of
producing either a black-and-white or color print can be checked by instrumentation.
Like the Weston Exposure Meter, the Analyzer will help the user by taking the guess-
work out of many phasesof photography, and, aside from materials saved, relieve the photo-
grapher of technical considerationsso that more time may be devoted to esthetic phases.
Severalof the original models were in use during World War II. Later models in field
tests by professional and amateur photographers invariably proved indispensable a.fter
brief use. Still more recently, the Weston Laboratoriescarried on much additional research
and development work. The present instrument is the culmination of these exhaustive
endeavorsand experience. . . a logical working companion to the Weston Exposure Meter.
www.orphancameras.comView original page 3Page 5 · Read text
{,Iq
gro$,*n, Orscrit'ttion tlrn {
The Weston Photographic Analyzer consists and processing technique. Different combinations
essentially of a Densitometer, an Illumination of equipment and methods of processing may
Meter, an Exposure Guide, and a set of Instruc- require different Analyzer Numbers for a given
tional Data. printing paper.
To the black-and-white photographer and The Exposure Guide furnished with the
especially the color photographer, it offers a Photographic Analyzer provides a simple and
scientific means of performing and checking each convenient means to convert negative density
step leading to the finished product. It will enable and illumination measurements into printing ex-
the photographer to standardize his general pho- posure values.
tographic technique so that considerable savings While the Analyzer is designed to help thein time and materials can be realized through the photographe:^ to produce good quality prints, ituse of instrumentation in place of guesswork. is unreasonable to assume that a perfect printThe Analyzer is based on scientific principles and
will always result from the application of theas such it will aid the photographer in standard- instructions contained in this booklet. Obviously,izing his procedure, however, it is not intended to
an underexposed negative cannot yield a higheliminate the personal artistic tendencies of the
quality print, and an overdevelopednegative mayphotographer but rather to aid him in express-
be too contrasty to print well even on the softesting them.
grade of paper. In fact, one of the most important
By means of Analyzer measurements and the functions of the Analyzer, is to reveal faults in
Exposure Guide, definite tones and tone ranges negative exposure and development and to indi-
can be predicted with accuracy and therefore, eate what corrections or precautions should be
print control, including dodging, can be done in a taken in making future negatives.
scientific manner.
As a densitometer, the Analyzer is capable Appliccrtions-
of measuring the diffuse density of any portion 1. Measure maximum and minimum densi-
of the negative. This method of measurement ties of negatives and determine the best
precludes the possibility of errors arising from grade of paper for each negative '
the use of the human eye as the judging factor. 2. Determine correct projection and con- .
As an illumination meter, the Analyzer pro- tact printing times
3. Measure uniformity of light distributionvides a means of determining the amount of
. 4. Measurecontrast rangesofphotographiclight, in meter candles, available on the enlarger papers
easelor contact printer platen. 5. Measure relative speeds of printing
Many of the variables encountered in the papers
making of prints, such as enlarger specularity 6. Check film speeds
(condenser vs. opal type enlargers), lens flare, 7. Check filter factors
spectral quality of the light source and processing 8. Construct time-gamma curves
techniques are cancelled out or compensated for 9. Balance color-separationnegatives
by using the Analyzer. Through its use the pho- 10. Mask transparencies to reduce their
tographer can determine a working Analyzer ranges
Number for the particular printing paper he 11. Control the various steps required in all
wishes to use, directly in terms of his equipment of the color processes
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. ,-"dView original page 5Page 6 · Read text
e O trer'tion ",rrlnr*nrl :7 Lo tl,n {
,4,lil l.
-)'hotog rctlt lnc
The Weston Photogrophic Anolyzer is both o Densitometer ond
Illuminotion Meter. Operotrng on I05-125 volts, olternoting or
direct current, it is eqsy to use ond occurote in results. See
poges 6 ond 7.
If you wont to moke contqct prints, you meosure the illumino- To use the Anolyzer qs on Illuminqtion Meter. remove the
tion by pressing o speciol disc over the'Photronic Photoelectric 'Photronic Photoelectric Cell lrom the movoble orm, ploce it
Cell, ond plocing the Cell foce down on the printer ploten. Then loce up on the enlorger eqsel, ond qt ony mognilicotion qnd
reqd the Meter-Condle vqlue on the meter scole ond multiply l:stop, reod the illuminqtion on the Meter-Cqndle scqle ol ihe
the reoding by 10. See poge 9. Anolyzer meter. See poge 6.
'PHOTRONIC . A copyrighted nome designoting the photoelectric cells ond
devices mqnufoctured exclusively by the Weston Electricql Instrument Corporotion.View original page 6Page 8 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGRAPHIC ANATYZER O ' '
How it Opercrtes-The positiotrs of the r-arious 'NOTE: Atter lightinq the lamp, ond belore pulting neqd-
extenral features are shorvn in Figure 1. The tive jn posil.ion, Iower qrm "G" over operlure and, il neces-
sory, odjust rheostot "C" until poinler on meler "H" indicates
optical sy'stem insirle of the Analyzer is shown in zero density.
Figure 2. Light from the lamp "D" passes up-
u'urrl through the heat-absorbing glass "K", the If it js desired to meqsure densities qreater than 2.4 the
<louble conclensel's"L", tliffusing glass "O". and rqnqenegotiveoI havingthe Densjtometero densily mayof 0.4beorextended0.5 over bytheplacingoperturea
emelges as a cone-.shapeclbeam from aperture "E" and odjusting lhe rheostot "C" until the meter jndjcotes
"Fl" in the vieu'ing ltlate "I". \\rhen the outsicle zero densjly. Remove the neqative ond use densitometer in normal manner but odd lhe vqlue oI the density used when
working lhe obove odjuslment. For exqmple iI the densily
used wqs 0.4 ond lhe meler readinq obtoined on the nega-
tive being meqsured is 2.3 then fhe correct density is
2.3 | 0.4-2.7.
As an Illuminqtion Meter-
1. If room illumination is insufficient.turn on
toggle switch "S" to light meter dial.
2. Remove photo-electriccell "F, from arm
"G" and place it face up on the enlargel'easel.or
rvhere the illumination to be nteasure(l falls
clirectlyon the cell.
3. Take the reaclingon the Meter-Cancllescale
of meter "H".
rop vi"nJi3i1,,o,"r",
NOTE: When rneosuring the illuminotion on lhe plofen oI o arm "G" (trigure1) is loweredto take a density
reaclirrg. the rliffusing glass "O" automatically conlqclthe meter.printer,Ihis itconmaybe bedonenecessoryby meonsto olextendthe mu/tiplierthe ranqedisc,ol
sliclesout of place. ancl the light beam from aper- which con be mounted over lhe foce ol the photo-e/eclrjc
tnre "E" pAsses through a corresponding aper- cel/. Pioce the photo-e/ectric ce//, ond mu/tiplier djsc jI used,
ture on cone "M" ancl impinges on the photo-elec- scqJe.Iace downIl lheon mullip/ierlhe printeris plofenused, theseond reqdvo,lue.sthemustMeter-Cond)ebe muitj-
tric cell "F". Obviously. this path of light must plied by )0.
be kept in perfect aligr-rment. If the elements are
ever founcl to be out cf adjustment, they can NOTE: Before taking any readings, ploce ee/J foce down on
easill' lte realignecl. any(Fiqurellot l)surfqceuntil pointerto excludejndicqtesthe liqht,zero onondiVleter-CtrndJeodjust screwsco/e."Q"
The meter scale is illuminated through a red
filter "U" by a !20*rplt. 6 yatt pilot larnn which
nray be relrlacerl reaclily by swinging dorvn the
hingecl socket.
As q Densitometer-
r'l)" 1. Light lamlt (Figure 2) by means of
toggle su'itch "I)" (Figure 1).
2. ('hanges in the line voltage will affect the
densitl' readings. und the brightness of lamp "D"
shoulcl be checkecl before each reading.'i'
:ri. Pletce ovet' alterture "Fl" the area of your Fiq. 2
nt'gutive u'hose rlensity )'ou want to measure. Opticol System inside Anclyzer
l. L<tu'er arnt "G" carefully until the cone Maintenqnce Adiustments-It is u-ellto knorv
contztcts the negutive. Of course, the lthoto- hou' to keep the itrstrttmellt at its lleak of efli-
t'lectlic cell must be in its ttlace in the arm "G". ciency in the face of colttitttletl ttsage all(l val'ying
i). On nreter "II" (F igure 1) read the density inclir-iclualconditions.
r-:tlue inrlicaterl b5' the pointer, oll the rlensity For exanrple, in some localities the sr,rllllly-line
scrtle. voltuge nray fluctuate su thitt occtlsiotlalre:rcljtrst-
6. The application of this rlensitlr vulue rr'ill nlents of the rheostitt are llecessarl'. If r-oltage
be shou'n in the follou'ing chtrlttel otr "llaking vrlriaticltrs :tt'e ttltttot'mttl, tve l'econlnlell(l tlsillg a
the Print". ll0 r-olt-antpel'ecotrst:tttt voltage tt'ittlsfornler.
=4DView original page 8Page 10 · Read text
. . WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANATYZER
The lamp "D" that illuminates the optical sys- Makinq the Print tem of the Analyzer has been correctly positioned
for optimum results. If a slight readjustment Ccrlibrcrting Negctive Step Wedges- The
should becomenecessary,it is a simple operation. speedand contrast of photographicpapers are
influenced by the kind of enlarger you use-con- 1. Take off the perforated bottom of the denser or diffusion system, the nature of the light
Analyzer by removing the four corner screws. source in your contact printer, and the developer
2. Light the lamp by means of switch "D". and operating technique you use. Since the Ana-
lyzer is designedto give readings in terms of your 3. Push photocell arm "G" all the way down. own equipment, it is flrst essential that you set
4. Turn rheostat knob "C" until meter indi- up certain standards based on the characteristics
cates a density value between .4 and .5. of your particular conditions.
The first step is to calibrate the negative step 5. Turn any one of the three adjusting screws wedges furnished with the Analyzer. Using the
"R" (Figure 2) until the meter pointer on the instrument as a densitometer, explained on page
density scale moves toward zero. When pointer 6, find the density of each step of both wedges,
starts to move away from zero end, turn screw and record the results below.
back, until pointer is closestto zero end of density STEP WEDGE CALIBRATION TABLE .93b:-"SS"q*.,=*"*ith, t)9" otb.er Jwo screws "R". *-
WEDGE #l WEDGE #2 The lamp "D" is a General Electric 50 watt, For Contcct Printing For ProjectionPrinting
105-120 volt toy projector lamp with CC2 fila-
", *l_'-'llll::,:::. a.,!:1-ier*&'!.j-i;::4::i*ri:r:::::_:..1_' Ill ,'":1:.:-r.'te@ft'.". Step Step
m6i1t..- 1 1
The integrating cone "M" (Figure 1) on the 2 2 photocell arm must coincide with aperture "E" 3 3 in the viewing plate "I". This can be checkedby 4 4 merely removing the photocell from the arm "G"
and noticing by inspection if the aperture "E" is D D
in the center of the integrating cone "M". If not, 6 6
I 7 loosenthe four screwswhich hold the cone"M" in F'
position, and re-center. 8 8
I 9 It is essential to clean the Analyzer periodically.
Remove the perforated bottom by taking out the 10 10
four corner screws. The lamp and optical system 1 1 1 1
can now be easily reached and cleaned. Remove T2 T2
the top panel in the same w&y, and clean the 13 13
rheostat and aperture "8". Before replacing the t4 T4
bottom, check the lamp position as previously 15 15
described. 16 16
L7 L7
Mcrterial supplied with Ancrlyzer-Various 18 18
items are reduired for different applications of 19 19
the Analyzer. These are suppliedwith the instru- 20 20
ment, as follows: Checking Uniformity of lllumincrtion-
1. Multiplier disc for contact nrinter measure- ENLARGER EASEL
:::=:-:s.D:?ZtoS U&. 4-t 4*O. a. Adjust enlarger to illuminate area on easel
f 2 2t? 2. Negative step wedge (small) for enlarser. you use most generally.
-:[ f :ulo B. Negative step wedge (large) for contact b. Remove photocell from Analyzer arm and placeface up on easel. work.
e. Take successiveMeter-Candle readings on
F - l,];^f 4. positive step wedge (gray scale) for color meter as you move photocell from center to each
work. corner of easel.
5. Paper data sheet. d. If there are differencesin the readings ofFz.z-t7 more than one block on the Meter-Candlescale,
F-zztb 6. Plotting paper for time-gamma curves. stopping down the enlarger lens will usually make
7' ExPosureGuide' the illumination more uniform.D-7+Sl&View original page 10Page 11 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANALYZER . . .
CONTACT PRINTERPLATEN photocell from Analyzer arm and measure the
Meter-Candle value of the easel illumination as To ascertain the illumination distribution of
the contact printer, proceedin the samew&y, with described in the previous section. Under this
the photocell face down. If necessary, however, value on the Exposure Guide read the Printing
Time in seconds. mount the multiplier disc over the cell, and multi-
ply the meter readingsby 10. EXAMPLE: Poper-Kodobromide No. 2-Triol Speed
No. 20
Determining Proiection Paper Speeds- Density of 4th Step of wedge (assumed) 0.8
Enlorger Meter-Cqndle vqlue I0
The Paper Data sheet suppliedwith the Analyzer Printing time would be 32 seconds
gives a list of Analyzer (paper speed) Numbers.
Sincethese numbers will be influencedby the type Replace step wedge in enlarger, expose pa-
of enlarger being employed,they are intended to yelop, fix, and d in usual manner. Then.
be used only as starting points. You must now room I atrlon o not le
establish Analyzer Numbers for each printing landles. examine t ou have
paper, that will be accurate for your own equip- e Tense end of the print,-iilwill be
ment and working conditions. seen that the steps merge to form a solid block
of black in which the individual steps are not a. On the Paper Data Sheet, find the trial readily apparent. (See tr'igure 6, page 9.) Select Analyzer Number for the paper you are going to the first black step following the gray. Recordthe use, and turn the top disc of the trxposure Guide number of this step, and, by referring to your until this number appears in the window marked calibration of the wedge given on page 7, obtain Analyzer Number, as shown in Figure 3. the density value for this step, assume to be .7. b. Consult the calibration table you have just In many cases, selection of the first black step made of the step wedge for the density reading of can be made from a wet print, if the print is first step 4. Turn both discs of the Exposure Guide wiped dry to remove the gloss produced by the together until the MIN arrow points to this water. density.
Fis. 3 Fie" 4
e. With both dials of Exposure Guide still set The Exposure Guide is now set with a series of as in step "b" above,turn top disc only until MIN identical exposures consisting of combinaticns of arrow points to density you have selectedin "d". Meter-Candles and Printing Times. Leave the The new figure in the Analyzer Number window Exposure Guide set until the easel illumination is is the true speednumber for this printing paper measured, as explained in step "c". in terms of your working conditions. See Fig-
c. Put step wedge in your enlarger, focus for ure 4.
any convenient magnification and with any f :stop. f. Record this number (16) on back of Ex-
Remove step wedge and carrier, if used. Take posure Guicleand on paper envelopeor box.
www.orphancameras.comView original page 11Page 12 · Read text
. . . WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANALYZER
g. Proceed as above for each different make
and grade of paper you use. Repeat the test for
each new batch of paper. These figures are com-
parable to and as important as the Film Speed
Ratings on your Weston Exposure Meter.
h. If you use more than one enlarger, it will
be necessary to obtain the separate Analyzer
Numbers for each enlarger.
i. Keep a file of all of these step wedge prints,
designating on each the name of the paper and its
Analyzer Number . . . they will be used later for
determining Paper Contrast Ranges.
NOTE: Printing pdper, similqr to IiIm, exhibits fiailure oI the
Reciprocity Law. Theoretically, the exposure given lo the
print shouJd be the sqrne qs the exposure given to the
wedge in calibrating the pqper in order to eJiminote lhe
Ioilure oI the Recripocity Low. Obviously, this is impossible
but by using o combinqfion oI "I{eter-CondJes" and "Print' Fis. 5
inq Time" within reqsonqbJe Jimits, the fojJure due to reci- Mcrximumond Minimum Denslty Arecs procity wiII be gredtly minimized ond except on abnormal
negotives, the eflecls will be negligibie.
and subtract the smaller from the larger. This
is the contrast range of the paper. The contrastDetermining Contact Pcper Speeds-Pro- range of each paper should be determined andceed exactly as describedabove, except that be- recorded on the back of the Exposure Guide andfore placing the photocellon the printer platen to on the paper box or envelope. Figure 6 shows aread the illumination, the multiplier disc may be facsimile of two wedge prints, one on a softmounted over the photocell,and the Meter-Candle paper, the other on a hard paper.readings multiplied by 10. Naturally, you will
use the larger negative step wedge for contact
printing.
Now you are ready to print from your own
negatives. For this you need to know only the
negative density range' the paper with the near-
est correspondingrange,and the correct exposure.
(See page 10 for an alternative method of cali-
brating the enlarger and contact printer.)
Fie. 6
Negctive Density Rcnge- Step Wedges printed on Solt and Hqrd Pcpers
a. Place negative on viewing plate of Analyzer
with emulsion side up and measurethe minimum Choosing the Best Pcrper-The paper required
and maximum density areas of the negative. (See to make the best print should have as nearly as
Figure 5.) Check each reading on severalsimilar possiblethe same density range as the negative.
portions; visual judgment is often unreliable. Therefore, you will find it easier to make paper
Properly exposedand developednegatives should selectionsquickly if you tabulate the ranges of
have a minimum density about 0.2 to 0.3 greater the papers you use.
than that of unexposedmargin of negative. However, it is neither possiblenor necessaryto
b. Subtract minimum from maximum density have paper and negative density ranges exactly
value. The difference is the negative density alike. The following method of classificationhas
range, and should be recorded in ink on margin been proved entirely satisfactory:
of negative or on its envelope. Assume you have four grades of paper with
these contrast ranges:
CAUTION: BIue stqined negofives usuolly ccruse no trouble, No. 1-1.64
but yellow or brown stoined negolives wiII give distorted No. 2-1.39 readings.
No. 3-1.09
No. 4-0.59Pcrper Contrcst Rcrnge-Using oneof the stepwedge prints you made to find the Analyzer ,1.*.:i","1i.betweenoil.,";;13Number, select the third gray step above solid 3i:lli
white, and the first black step following the gray. 3 and 4 is 0.84
From your Step Wedge Calibration Table (page A chart of these values and mean values would
7) note the negative densities of these two steps be like figure 7.View original page 12Page 13 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGNAPHICANATYZER. . .
The figures on this chart are only for illustrat- c. Place negative in enlarger, adjust and focus
ing the method. You should construct your own to magnification desired, and set lens to desired
chart from the ranges of your papers, to which f :number. Now remove negative and measure
you can quickly refer to make a proper selection easel illumination.
for each negative. d. Opposite this Meter-Candle value (easel
illumination) on the Exposure Guide, read the
required Printing Tim0. If this printing time is
+t PAPER_RANGEt.64 _______rl not convenient, change the f :setting of the lens I;l,il
! l + 2 PAPER- RANGE 1.39 -------------i>l I until you get the Meter-Candle illumination re-
quired for the printing time you prefer.
+3 papER -RANGE Log ------------>i 3 NOTE: The obove refers to fhe use of the Analyzer Ior t
*4PAPER-RANGE.s9- making enlorgemenls. When makinq contocf prints, the .
Exposure Guide is used in the sqrne rnsnner. i + 4 PAPER FORNEGATIVES , USE
HAVTNG TH|S RANGE(A4) OR LESS-l-. I
USE+3 PAPERFoR NEGATIVESHAVINGTHIS RANGE ..I Alternative Method oI Calibrating En- ,{
(I.24) ORLESS BUT ABOVERANGEOF i}4 PAPER lcrrger and ContcrctPrinter - Where the
USETz PAPER FOR NEGATI\IES HAVING THIS RAI{GE - I power supply to the light source is reasonably t, pApER (r.5t) oR LESS BUTABOVE RANoE OF*3 I free from voltage fluctuation, it would be a con-
*rpapER FoR NEGATIvESGREATERTHANTHts nnroe(r.sr)>l venience to set up a permanent table of meter-
candle values for the various magnifications and
f :stops you may use. By referring to this, you .6 .8 ro 12
NEGATIVEOENSITYRANG€ can avoid removing the negative and reading the
Eiq.7 easel meter-candles each time after focusing the
enlarger. Grcphic Represenlction ol Pcper Chcracleristics
Filter-controlledPhotogncrphicPcpers f5rlcrger-On the negative step
wed!6-are two linei''spaced. exactly one inch Certain papers, such as DuPont Defender Vari- apart. Put this in the enlarger and adjust the 98ffi, utilize a set of filters by which the same image of these lines on the easel to exactly I". paper can be made "hard", "soft", or any inter- Mark this setting so you can find the same posi- mediate value. The contrast range and speed of tion without the wedge. Repeat the operation these papers, are determined exactly as described or each degree of magnification that may be for other papers, except that the filter should be used. used when printing the step wedge. However, the
Remove the wedge from the carrier and re- filter must not be used when taking readings of adjust ihe enlarger to the first magnification. the illumination on the easel.
Open the lens to its largest stop. Place the photo- When the first series of tests are made, it is cell face up on the easel and note the meter- necessary to determine the contrast range and candle value. Repeat this operation for each speedof the paper with each filter in your set. In f :stop, and record the readings beside this par- subsequent tests (for new batches of paper), ticular magnification. only the softest and hardest filters need be used;
Re-adjust the enlarger to the next magnifica- the ratio of intermediate filters will remain con-
tion and find the readings for each f :stop. Do stant.
this for each magnification. The resulting table
can then be referred to in order to determine the Calculcting the Printing Time- meter-candle value for any combination of mag-
a. Locate Analyzer Number in window of Ex- nification and f :stop"
posure Guide. (You have this recorded on paper
envelopeor box and back of Exposure Guide.) Cclibrcrting the Contcct Printer-Place the photo-
b. Turn both dials together until MIN arrow cell, with its multiplier disc in position, if neces-
points to minimum density value of your negative. sary, face down on the platen. If you employ
(You recorded this on negative envelope.) Be various combinations of lamps to produce dif-
sure this minimum density is included in the area ferent levels of illumination, take the reading for
you are enlarging. each combination,and make up a referencetable.
l0
www.orphancameras.comView original page 13Page 14 · Read text
. . . WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANATYZER
Speciql Problems dered, is desired. To determine the proper "print- ing in" or "holding back" times, proceed as
follows: The preceding instructions are to enable you
to make technically good prints. Obviously, ro 1. Make a normal print as describedon page 9
instrument or scientific procedure can replace the under "Determining Contact Paper Speeds".
human art and skill required for exceptional, or 2. Examine the print and pick out a tone on
"salon", prints. Dodging and special processing the print to which you wish to dodge the desired
can be handled by using instrumentation as a atea.
guide, then proceeding esthetically to produce the 3. On the negative read the negative density
kind of print you desire. of the tone desired.
4. Take the difference between these two nega-Delinition of a Good Negative-A sood nesa- tive density values by subtracting the smallertive is one which renders correct tone details of from the larger value. If the negative density ofthe entire scene.-'The minimum density of_5uch the desired tone area is less than the negativea be 0.2 t'o 0.3 above that of the II t@ould density of normal tone area, the difference isuq$osecl he negative and should therefore have a minus (-)thinnest shadoTE indicates over-exposure. The sign in front of it. If the negative density of the density range should be between 0.8 andtgJrative desired tone is greater than the negative density:"lr-+ eu of the normal tone area, the difference is positive.greater negative density range usually indicates
over-development. 5. Refer to figure 8 and determine the factor
by which the basic printing time must be multi-
plied to obtain the correct printing time for theExtreme Rcrnge Negcrtives-You may have a
negative with a density range too great for even desired area.
the softest paper, and yet do not want to reduce
the negative chemically or dodge the print. You ILLUSTRATION:ground oI o print. The Itnegotiveis desireddensityto oIdqrkenthe bcckgroundthe back-
can make the print in the normal manner, sacri- is 0.7. The negotive density oI the desired tone qrec is 0.4.
ficing some of the highlight details. Or if the lessThe thqndiflerencethe normqlis 0.3toneond (insincethis thecasedesiredthe bcckground),tone volue theis
details at one end of the scale are important, they dillerence should be -0.3. In Fig. 8 the vqlue oI -.3 corre-
may be preserved as follows: sponds to q lqctor oI 2. This mesns the bockground should receive twice normol printing time.
If shadow details are desired, set the MIN
F U
- arrow of the Exposure Guide at the mini- o- F
mum density value of the negative. If high- E g
light details are desired, subtract the den- ; 8
H*P sity range of your softest paper from the - maximum negative density and set the p*Eo O
MIN arrow at the negative density value 6t<Foz
corresponding to this difference. EE
5 P
ILLUSTRATION: ; : b a
e 5
9 l a. Assume a negative with 5 -
MAX density of 2.3 f H
MIN density of 0.4 r#?'^i"L:ir"T?f'-'.';i[' l'"li,'^.'"* - "
Range of ; Fie. 8
b. Assume the range of your softest paper Dodging Fqclor Curve
is 1.6. Checking Film Speed Settings-The Ana-
e. ,If shadow details are desired,set the MIN lyzer can be used as an overall check on your
arrow at 0.4. If highlight details are de- equipment and technique. If the densities of your
sired, set the MIN arrow at 0.7, which is negatives run consistently higher or lower than
the difference between 2.3 and 1.6. that which is most satisfactory for good prints,
the indications are that the camera may be off
Dodging-In dodging a print, a tone, either calibration or that some particular phase of your
lighter or darker than the tone normally ren- method differs from what may be considered
l lView original page 14Page 15 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANALYZEN . . .
standard procedure. Such being the case, it may c. Measure the negative densities of the
be well to alter the film speed setting on your steps on the two negatives where the
exposure meter. If the negatives are too thin, density is about 1.0. If both negatives
decreasethe value of the film speed,and, if the have the same density for the same step
negatives are too dense, increase the value of the on the gray scale the filter factor is cor-
film speed. rect. If the densities differ, correct the
This does not mean that the rated film speeds filter factor by means of the following
are incorrect. This method of correction is offered graph (Figure 10).
simply as a means of overcoming a particular 2F
difficulty. EP- 9
G9 Ec ^ ^ Select a group of negatives and measure the 5 P . !
minimum density of each one. Then measure the EUf ,LFl
FJ UO film base and fog on the edge of the negatives
and subtract this figure from the minimum nega- ;- EG 1 . 5
< 8z e . tive density values. For ordinary development :e
and correct exposure, this difference should be *HE '.o
o ' 9 irt the order of 0.2 to 0.3. If such is the case,the -
film speed used is correct and should not be >@- -cs
changed. If the net difference is lower, the film 5 J !- , c
speed settings may be decreasedone or two steps, 5<E U6=
-.1 -.5 -.? -J O .t .2 .3 .4 until it approachesthe proper value. On the other
hand, if it is higher, the film speed should be in- BET*EEN*'i534:'[:'l:U?'II,-il'.TffiTi,,,,.r*
creased to compensate for the variation. It is Fis. l0
assumed that the brightness range of the scenes Filler Fqctor Curve
selectedis average (approximately 1 to 30). If
the range is less, the minimum density may be ILLUSTRATION: Assume the lirst negotive, exposed with-
higher than normal, and, if greater, less than out c Iilter, hcrs o density of 0.6. Assume the second negctive,
normal. mqde with c rqted 3X lilter, has c density ol0.7. The diflerence is 0.1 higher, or plus 0.I, which cuts the curved line on the groph
.24 .42 qt 0.8. The correct lilter lqctor is therelore 3 X 0.8 - 1.1,.
NOTE: Where neqative densities dilter more thdn 0.3, a
more qccurq.te method would be to fqke a number oI ex-
posures with the flilter, using c series oI flilter lcctors. The
Calibrqted ar"" r":l:-leftection Densiry Vatues Iqctor used to mo.ke the negative that hos the scrme density qs the one mode.without the flilter is the correct one.
Checking Filter Fqctors-Questions are fre-
quently raised concerning fllter factors in rela- Simple Gcrmmcr Determinqtion-The Ana-
tionship to their application to different kinds of lyzer can also be used to determine the gamma of
film. It is a known fact that filter factors are development of a film, within practical limits.
true only for films having a definite color sensi- Take two pictures of the same scene,one at nor-
tivity. Filter factors for other films can easily be mal exposure,the other at twice normal. Develop
determined through the use of the Analyzer, in both simultaneously and measure the densities of
the following manner: the same area on both negatives at some point
Without a filter over the camera lens, where density values are between 0.5 and 1.0.
photograph the paper gray scale (Figure Gamma is then the difference between the two
9) supplied with the Analyzer. To deter- densities divided by 0.3.
mine the exposure, cover the gray scale - Negative Density Difference with a white card illuminated the same Gamma 0.3
as the gray scale will be. Measure the
method of determining brightness of the white card with an NOTE: This is qn approximate
exposure meter. The exposure obtained gammd.Gammq Curyes".For q more complete ond exact method see "Time-
should be increased five (5) times when
photographing the gray scale. The sim- , Time-Gqmmcr Curves-Approximate Time-
plest way to do this is to set your ex- Gamma relationship is shown by curves furnished
posure meter film speed at one-fifth the by the film manufacturers. But the rate of de- 4.{
rated value and then proceed in the nor- velopment of a film dependson the type of devel-
;i mal manner. .g{sl oper used and the rate of agitation given during
b. With the filter over the lens, photograph development. You may wish to know the accu-
the same gray scale. fncrease the previ- rate Time-Gamma relationship in terView original page 15Page 16 · Read text
. . . WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANALYZER
a. Make three identical exposures of the cali- h. Select two values of Reflection Density
brated gray scale supplied with the Ana- which lie on the straight portion of the
lyzer. (Daylight and Tungsten light will curve and determine the difference.
give slightly different curves.) i. Determine the negative density values cor-
b. Develop one for the normal time, one for B/a responding to the Selected Reflection Den-
of normal, one for Lr/+normal. sity values and determine the difference.
c. Measure and record the densities of each j. Use these differences in the above formula
wedge step of each negative. and calculate gamma.
d. A graph sheet supplied with the Analyzer ILLUSTRETIOIT: Referring to the 4 min. curve in Figure ll
is marked "Reflection Density" at the bot- let us qssume rellection density vqlues of 1.62 (the point where
tom and on the left "Negative Density". the extended stroight line meets the bqse) qnd 1.0 which is still on the stroight line portion ol the curve ond yet sufliciently large
Place a dot where the reflection density of to obtcrin on oppreciqble difference. The negotive density corre-
the gray scale and the transmission density sponding to the reflection density value of 1.62 is 0 ond the neg-
of step 1 of one of the negatives intersect. ative density corresponding to the rellection density oI 1.0 is .4.
Do the same for each step of each negative. Substituting the qbove vqlues in the formulq we obtqin:
e. Draw a line through the series of dots repre- Gamma-- - 1 . ='1=-9^6 2 - 1 . 0 - . 6-+-.842 - ' u ' . - senting each negative. The three lines re-
sulting are the curves for the three develop- k. By this formula, determine the gamma for ment times. (A typical set of curves is each of the three negatives, according to its shown in Figure 11.) development time.
f. Inspection of Figure 11 will show that these
three curves have different degreesof steep- Prepcring Final Time-Gqmmq Curves-
ness, the degree of steepnessusually being With the selected development times and resul- referred to as g&mrrr&; It will be noted that tant gamma values obtained the final time-
as the developmenttime is increasedgamma gamma curve can now be prepared:
also increases. In order to express gamma a. Plot the three corresponding values of as a number these curves are interpreted in gamma and development time in the space terms of the average steepness. To do this provided for the purpose as shown in Fig- extend the straight line portion of each ure 12. curve until it meets the base line of the
graph sheet as shown on the 4 min. develop- b. Draw a line through these three points.
tliJt"oou. This curve can now be used to determine the time required to obtain any desired -. TtT;, constructionthe samma development value of gamma. values of the three curves can now be deter-
mined by means of the following formula. NOTE: Additionol sheets oI grcph poper may be procured
ot stsfionery stores or wherever draltinq supplies are sold.
SelectedNegative Density Difference lI qn exqct mqtch is not obtqinqble, other pcper may beGamma - used, but in aJJ cqses the same'sccle rnust be used Ior both SelectedReflection Density Difference RefJection Density ond Negctive Density.
2.2
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r|J-. a EYtI,TOPIE|Il3AFA..Ca
.3
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o ft t.6 ta 1.2 r.o .E .6 .4 .2 0 5 r o t 5 2 0
""i;:"1'*o'" oEvEr-oPrt6Fie.TrrE12 t]{ Itt{uTEs
H d D or D log e Curves lor Vqrious Development Times Time-Gqmmcr Curve
r3View original page 16Page 17 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANALYZEN . . .
Use of the Anqlyzer in Color Photogrqphy
In color work, every step from exposure to 3. One red and one green negative-tY+ nor-
washing the finished print must be exact. One mal time
error will upset the proper balance. The Weston 4. The three blue negatives LY+, 17/2,and 2
Photographic Analyzer will enable you to avoid times normal.
such an error. It makes possible that careful d. When fixed, washed, and dried, measure and planning essential to a set of well-balanced sep- record the density of each step of the wedge aration negatives, as well as to compensate for on each negative. differences that may occur in negative densities.
e. Prepare three graphs for Red, Green, and Color separation negatives can be made by: Blue Records, as in Figure 11. Plot on the
1. Three separate exposures Red Record the H & D curve for each of the
2. Single or double mirror "one-shot" eameta three Red Record negatives, as described on
page 13. Do the same for the Green and 3. Color transparencies, such as Kodachrome,
Blue Record negatives. Ansco Color, etc.
f. Prepare a time-gamma curve for each color In most color processes, the best prints are record, similar to Figure 12. These curves made from negatives with a density range be- will enable you to obtain a set of separation tween 0.9 and 1.2. Much higher ranges may cause negatives all having the same gamma, Pro- the loss of modeling in extreme highlights or vided you follow the same technique. Films shadows or both. Much lower ranges will sacri- with different emulsion numbers, though of fice shadow details or give the print a flat appear- the same trade name, may have different
ance. Unbalanced negatives can be compensated - characteristics. At least one exposure with for by different printing times, as determined by each filter should be made and the gamma the Exposure Guide, or by masks to correct the checked against your previous curves. If density range of the separate negatives. there is much change, complete new tests
should be made; if only slight change,alter
Bcrlancing Three Separqte Exposur€s-Be- your curves to correspond.
fore actually taking any color pictures, it is essen-
tial to determine the exact factors of the filters Determining Filter Fcrctors-fn order to ob- and the correct development time, so that all tain correct exposures, it is very important to three separation negatives have the same gamma. know the filter factor of each of the three filters. Therefore, time-gamma curves are an absolute Changes in the color temperature of the lamp necessity when doing color work. will affect the filter factors and for this reason,
a. Pin up the positive step wedge (or gray the use of a color temperature meter, or at least
scale) and illuminate by the same light that a voltmeter across the light source is recom-
will be used later for taking pictures. The mended.
use of a color temperature meter is recom- To obtain the filter factors proceed as follows: mended when shooting both the step wedge
and actual photographs. 1. In each set of the H & D curves just made
for the Red, Blue, and Green Record Nega- b. Determine the basic exposure with an ex- tives, choose the curve having a gamma posure meter, using the white card method nearest to 0.8. (If the nearest curve does as described on page 12. Use the filter fac- not have a gamma value between 0.75 and tors recommendedby the film manufacturer, 0.85, a curve having a gamma of 0.8 can be and make three identical exposuresthrough drawn in by estimating its position with the red filter, three through the green, and respectto the adjacent curves.) three through the blue. Obviously, the filter , Note the negative density, in eaeh 0.8 factors of the red, green, and blue filters will gamma curve, which corresponds to the be quite different and therefore the expos- Reflection Density of the middle step in the ures will be different for each set. gray scale.
Develop the nine negatives according to the 3. Assume the negative density of one of the following scheduleof times: curves is correct so that the other two can
1. One red and one green negative-normal be made to match it.
time 4. Calculate the density difference between the
2. One red and one green negative-B/+ nor- curve assumed to be correct and the other
mal time two at the same reflection density value.
l4
www.orphancameras.comView original page 17Page 18 · Read text
. . . WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANATYZER
5. Refer to the curve in Figure 10 and flnd the matic material will permit proper time control.
factor by which the assumed filter factor To determine an Analyzer Number for this film,
must be multiplied to obtain the correct make an exposure of the step wedge without
filter factor. using filters, and develop normally. Select the
step with a density of about 1.5. Measure the
ILLUSTRATION: Assume the rellection density oI the printing platen illumination without filters.
middle step of the grcy scqle is .7 qnd thot the corresponding
negotive density volues, os obtoined from the curves, ore 0.75, On the Exposure Guide, place the Meter-Candle
0.94, ond 0.8I for the Red, Blue, qnd Green Record negotives reading of the platen opposite the exposure timerespectively. tet us crssume the Green Record negotive density
vqlue of 0.81 this is correct qnd on basis the Red Record negct- you gave the negative, turn the top dial to place
tive is .06 too low while the Blue Record negotive is .13 too MIN arrow to the density of the step wedge that
high. Since the Red Record negotive is .06 too low it should produced the negative density of 1.5, and read the preceded (Fig.be by c minus sign, ond referring to the curve
l0) the fuctor corresponding to --.06 is Ll4, hence the qs- correct speed number of the film in the Analyzet
sumed filter loctor lor the red Iilter must be multiplied by I.I4. Number window.
The Blue Record negotive is .13 too high and the fqctor corre-
sponding to .13 is .74, hence the qssumed filter lqctor for the blue Now, with this Analyzer Number, calculate the
lilter must be multiplied by .74. If the red lilter fcctor you used basic exposure without filters and multiply it bywos 4, this should be corrected to 4 X t.l4:4.6. Similorly, if
you hod used 10 for the blue filter, this must be corrected to the filter,factors.
r0 x 0.74-7.4. For separations made by projection either by
Now expose one more set of films, using the correct lilter enlarging or photographing the transparency,fqctors cnd the development derived times from time-gammo the
curves. From these three negotives plot the linql set of working follow a similar procedure, but takd the Meter-
curves. The three curves should be mode on o single groph, and Candle illumination reading on the easel at theif they qre qll porcllel within plus or minus 0.05 in density, thespeed numbers ond processing technigue qre correct. With these magnification and f :stop used.
dotc, the inclusion of c grcy scole picture in the is unnecessory, The step wedge can be eliminated from thethough would be useful when bclcncing the print. linol color
negative, if the area to be photographed is too
large to make its inclusion practical. There willBcrlcrncing Negctives mqde in c "One- be little difficulty in processing the negatives to
Shot" Cqmera-The single or double mirror the proper balance, if you made previous tests to
"One Shot" Cameras are so constructed that with determine proper developing times and filter
a single exposure, all three record negatives are factors.
exposed simultaneously through the proper fil-
ters. It is important when using this type of Mcking Trcrnspcrrency Mcrsks -These thincamera to adjust the light source to the proper
negative masks are required to reduce the con-color temperature or to use compensating filters
trasts which range beyond the capacity of theto correct for an "off balance" light source. Since
printing medium. A contrast range of 1.8, forthe exposure at the lens is a single exposure,
example, cannot print satisfactorily, and mustthere is no possibility of making fllter factor ad-
justments. The proper color temperature of the be reduced to about 1.2. A mask, then, must be
made with a compensating range of 0.6.light source is therefore essential to properly
balance the filter factors. This, of course, is also a. Make test wedge exposures and construct a
dependent upon the negative material used. time-gamma curve.
When using the "One Shot" Camera, it is also b. Measure the densities of the neutral areas
advisable to purchase as large a quantity of the (whites, grays, and blacks) in the trans-
negative materials having the same emulsion Iiarency and calculate the density range.
number as is. practical. c. The mask should be made to reduce the total
Pin up a step wedge as describedon page 14 and range of the transparency and mask to ap-
make three exposures.Follow the same procedure proximately 1.2. Its range should therefore
of developing and make time-gamma charts from equal the range of the transparency minus
which the proper developmenttimes can easily be r.2.
determined. d, The range of the mask divided by that of
the transparency is the gamma to which theSepcrrdtion Negctives lrom Trcrnspcrencies negative must be developed. Determine the-These can be made in three different ways: developing time for this from the time-
making contact negatives, photographing the gamma curve.transparency, or making enlarged negatives.
For contact negatives, the use of a Curtis ILLUSTRATION: Assume the tronspcrency hos o density or
Printer or some similar equipment will be found contrqst ronge of 1.8. The rcnge oI the mosk should be I.8 - 1.2,
very convenient. First make a set of time-gamma or 0.6. The gommo to which the lilm should be developed should
View original page 18Page 19 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYZER O ' '
Use of the Anqlyzet in Color Printing
Shadow detail usually determinesthe exposure the film until you reach one about 0.05 to
in black-and-white photography. That is why we 0.10 higher than the border average. Re-
used the minimum density method in that type of fer to the original step wedge to determine
work. In color photography, contrast is achieved the density which produced this step.
by color differences, as the subjects generally
have an even illumination.
When prints are made from separation nega-
tives, the photographer always tries to have them
veil over slightly in the white highlights. There-
fore, the maximum density of the separation
negatives must be the guide to exposuresof the
color prints.
It is essential that the illumination level and ri\ / a s*o""u
color temperature remain constant during all 1 e - - t
exposuresin the color printing processes.Some lsS, Y'< + ^r r'
means is necessary to keep a constant check and ^\t, - w Z r r O \ ' a r t -r -)\- \ - - < - r
regulation of the line voltage on the enlarger A lamp or contact printing lights. For some print- ( Ar"r{T
A-
- l ing processes,the printing lamp must also be a \ - A pt used at a specificvoltage to achieve a certain color
temperature. The lamp should be regulated to
burn at the recommended voltages required for
the various color printing methods.
Determining the Speed of Wcrsh-Off Film
-Before a set of separation negatives can be
exposed on the wash-off film, it is necessary to Fis. 13
determine the speed of the fllm. This should be
done as follows: So far you have used a trial Analyzer Num-
ber. To find the correct number, set the trxpo- a. Place the calibrated step wedge in the en- sure Guide to the Printing Time and Meter- larger and focus to fit a piece of wash-off Candle values you used in the test, rotate only film 4" x 5" or smaller. the top dial until the MAX arrow points to the
b. Remove the negative carrier and measure density value obtained in the step "e" above, and
the easel illumination. This should be re- the correct Analyzer Number will show in the
duced to 12 Meter-Candles or less, by stop- window.
ping down the lens, to obtain an exposure ILLUSTBATION: Assume the averoge border density wos
time of 5 seconds or more. 0.I0, the lourth step on the wqsh-olf film wos 0.20 ond the
c. Set the Exposure Guide to a trial Analyzer Assumecorrespondingqn eqse!stepilluminqtionon the negotiveof l0 Meter-Cqndlesstep wedge ond wqsq Print-1.5.
Number of 1, and turn both dials until the ing Time r.rf 6 seconds. By setting the Exposure Guide to l0
MAX arrow points to a density value about Meter-Condles over 6 seconds qnd turning the MAX orrow to
:Y+ of the density of the darkest step. As- is1.5,theyou correctobtcin numberin the windowlor oll onwosh-oflAnolyzer lilmNumberhqving oI the0.6. someThis
sume this to be 1.7 and set the MAX arrow emulsion number when developed excctly qs tested.
accordingly. Now the Printing Time ap-
pears under the meter-candle value. See Determining the Exposure for Wash-OII
Fig. 13. Film-Find the neutral white highlight of your
scene. If you include<ia gray scale in the scene, d. Expose the wash-off film, and develop in the lightest step will be used as the highlight. If the same developer and for the same time you are working from a color slide, having a as you would for a matrix for color printing. separate step wedge beside it, use that step
Omit tanning, bleaching, and hot-water de- whose density is equal to the brightest object
velopment; just fix, wash about 5 minutes, in the transparency. If you have no control
and dry. wedge at all, use a neutral white highlieht in the
e. Measure the density at several points on subject. This will be the "MAXimum density"
the unexposed border and strike an aver- in each separationnegative. (Never use a colored
age. Measure the densities of the steps in object.)
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. . . WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANATYZER
This is the area which must be reproduced as MAX arrow points to a density value about
a veiled highlight in the print and is the criterion ]7nof the density of the darkest step. Nowiffi
used in determining the correct exposure which the printing time appears under the easel
should be done as follows: Meter-Candle value.
a. Read the density of the white or neutral d. Expose the matrix film and develop in therffi
highlight in each separation negative. rnatrix developer omitting the contrast corr.:
trol solution. Process through to the blue- b. Place the Red Record negative in the en- green or cyan dyed image. larger and focus to desired size.
e. Use the above matrix and transfer the dye c. Remo-ze negative and adjust the Meter- image to the mordanted and conditioned Candle Illumination on the easel to 6 Meter-ffi paper. Candles. Replace negative.
f. From the blue-green or cyan image on paper d. Set the Exposure Guide to the Analyzer determine which step has a faint tinge of Number found by test on this batch of film. this color. Point the MAX arrow to the density of the ffi# highlight area in this negative, and read the g. Refer to the original step wedge data and
printing time opposite the measured Meter- determine the negative density of the step
* Candle value. which produced the faint tinge of color re-
ferred to in "f." e. Expose the wash-off film, and place in light-
tight box. h. Now set the Exposure Guide to the Print-
f. Repeat steps (d) and (e) for the Green ing Time and Meter Candle values used in
Record and the Blue Record negatives. the test. Now rotate the top dial only until
the MAX arrow points to the density of g. Develop the three exposed films exactly as the step wedge value determined in "g." you did the trial piece, but continue stand- The correct Analyzer Number will show in
ard processing to obtain the matrix or relief ! the window. image.
NOTE: The Analyzer Number just determined is the bosic
ILLUSTRATION: speed oI the tilm, os the test wqs mqde without the contrqst
control soJution. Anclyzer Number for veiled highlight on Wcsh-Off :0.6
Illuminotion on eqsel without negctive - 6 Meter Condles
Density qt HIGHLIGHT in Red Record :1.5 Time - l0 sec. If the Negative Density Ranges of the separa-
Density qt HIGHLIGHT in Green Record : 1.6 ', -- 12 sec. tion negatives require the use of the contrast
Density qt HIGHLIGHT in Blue Record -- I.7 ', : 16 sec. control solution, exposure corrections may be 'Exposure Having made Balanced Reliefs, with equally necessary. These Factors' are fur-
veiled highlights, the usual procedure of dyeing nished by the matrix film manufacturer. Either
the matrices and making the transfer print on the Printing Time or the Meter Candles should 'Exposure paper will be quite easy, no washing out of dye be multiplied by the Factor'. Do not 'Exposure being required unless for some exaggerated ef- multiply the Analyzer Number by the
fect. Adjust acidity of dyes for balanceand qual- Factor'.
ity in the shadow, and your highlights will be
correct if your exposures were exact. Determining the Exposure lor Kodcrk Mc-
trix Film-Follow exactly the same procedure
Determining the Speed oI Mctrix Film used as outlined in the paragraph "Determining the
in the Kodcrk Dye Transler Process-The Exposure for Wash-Off tr'ilm."
Kodak Dye Transfer Process is the same as the
Wash-Off Relief Process except for the process- Tri-Color Cqrbro Printing-As with wash-off
ing technique. To determine the speed or Ana- relief printing, a slight gray veil is desired in the
lyzer Number proceed as follows: highest highlight of the color print. The me-
a. Place the calibrated step wedge in the en- chanics of carbro printing have been greatly sim-,x larger and focus to fit a piece of matrix film plified in recent years, but it is still necessaryto
4" x 5" ot smaller. be able to judge just the right amount of gray
tone wanted in the highlight area.# b. Remove the negative carrier and measure
the easel illumination. This should be re- In line with previous printing processes,it is
duced to L2 Meter-Candlesor less, by stop- also necessaryto make a test with the gray step
ping down the lens, to obtain an exposure wedge to determine the speed of the bromide
time of 5 secondsor more. paper used in carbro printing.
c. Set the Exposure Guide to a trial Analyzer a. Make a positive print of the gray wedge
Number of 1. and turn both dials until the supplied with the Analyzer.
t7 s&pView original page 20Page 21 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANATYZEN. . .
b. Note the Printing Time and Meter Canclles 1.6 (nearest to yellow printer density of I.57),
used to make the print. and the printing time for yellow printer is 16
c. Developthe print, fix, wash, and dry. Note: seconds.
It is essential that the developer and hypo
formulas and temperatures used to make
this test are exactly the same as those used
to tnake the final print.
d. Determine the gray tone necessaryfor the
carbro printing process,as explained below.
e. ds describedon page 16, calculatethe proper
Analyzer Number using the MAX arrow. . t c \
? N*a" r i Since each carbro worker has his pet formulas 1 l l -
as paper, well as bromide it is difficult to state 5 f ^ t ,.*'. ""o - ^ ^ { what to exact depth the gray tone should be in f i,i 3 @|(l s the print highlight area. This is dependentupon It t D =r-- --: -Z
the tissues, bromide paper, and carbro formula 6g-'-"t".:i used. d t If the reader has had experience with carbro s*r& t'o
printing, no difficulty will be experiencedin pick- .-)$ ing out the proper step in the test wedge print. kr, "8'f
For the inexperienced,it would be advisable to : choose the first pereeptible step in the minimum
density area of the positive wedge. A carbro
print can be made using this criterion. If the
color print is too dark or light, an adjustnrent
can then be made in the Analyzer Number.
Fie. 14
Bcrlancing Bromide Prints lor Ccnbro Print- With a constant easel illumination of 6 meter- candles,and the printing times thus ascertained, ing-Measure the maximum density of the step i the resulting bromide prints will be correctly wedge in each separation negative. balanced. From this point on, the carbro process
Adjust the enlarger to the magnification de- needs no further instrumentation.
sired, remove the negative and measurethe easel $ illumination. Since carbro printing is much more Ansco Printon Printing-The making of a
critical than black-and-white printing, a test color print from a transparency with Ansco's
strip from the blue printer negative must be Printon is nearly as simple and direct as making
made, placing it to record the highlight detail. a black-and-white contact print or enlargement
When developed,this strip should show the cor- from a negative. Briefly, a single exposure is
rect veiling of gray in the whites. Once the cor- made through the color transparency to a sheet
rect Printing Time for the blue printer is known, of Printon either by contact or by projection.
those for the red and yellow may be easily cal- The procedure is as follows: culated.
Measure the density of each negative (prefer- 1. Measure and record minimum useful den-
ably the white of a step wedge). If the blue sity in a color transparency of good overall
printer is 1.5, the red 1.39,and the yellow 1.57, color balance, including a person and possi-
the red will require less exposure than the blue, bly a gray scale or neutral gray object. & and the yellow more exposure. 2. Make certain the enlarger to be used has $ Assume you found the correct Printing Time in it the proper light source operating at
for the blue printer to be 12 seconds,and the the recommended voltage, also the Ansco
easel illumination (without negative) is 6 Meter Heat Absorbing glass and UV16P filter in
Candles. Set the Exposure Guide so that 12 the optical system. secondsis under 6 Meter Candles,turn top dial f 3. Place transparency in enlarger, adjust until MAX arrow points to 1.5 (density of the magnification and focus, then remove the blue negative), and the Analyzer Number will transparency. be 0.5. Refer to Figure 14. $ Turn both dials together until MAX arrow 4. Place in the optical system Ansco Color
indicates 1.4 (nearest to red printer density of Compensating filters specified on the
f .39), and the printing time for red printer is Printon package label. Adjust easel illum-
l0 seconds. Similarly, turn both dials to MAX ination by means of the diaphragm (a
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. . . WESTON PHOTOGRAPHTCANATYZEN
range of 5 to L2 meter candles is usually I-45 filter-Z 44 filters (or 4 43 filters)
satisfactory) with the CC filters in place. L-26 filter-Z 25 filters (or 4 24 filters or 8 23
fllters) Easel illumination should be adjusted so 1-36 filter-Z 35 filters (or 4 34 filters or 8 33 that when analyzer numbers suggested in filters) in Step 5 are used the minimum exposure
will not be less than 5 seconds or more Kodak Flexichrome Process-In the Flexi- than 50 seconds. chrome Process, a normal black-and-white nega-
5. Set the exposure guide to tentative analyzer tive is used to make a relief print on Flexichrome
number 20; set minimum arrow to density Stripping Film which is stained in a black dye.
determined in Step 1. Select the printing This dye is then replaced by brushing on the de-
time corresponding to illumination deter- sired dye or mixture thereof to produce a color
mined in Step 4. Repeat for tentative print. Careful exposure of the stripping film is
analyzer numbers 32, 40 and 64. the most critical step and the Photographic Ana-
lyzer can be used to determine this exposure by
6. Place transparency in enlarger and expose first determining the Analyzer number of the
the Printon using values found in Step 5. film.
Process exactly as specified by Ansco.
1. Calibrate one of the step wedges supplied 7. Select the properly exposed Printon print, with the analyzer (see page 7). Place the
continue using analyzer number which pro- calibrated wedge in the enlarger and ad-
duced this exposure with the balance of the just focus and magnification to fit a piece
particular Printon emulsion used for the of the Flexichrome Stripping Film about
test. In the event that none of the above 4" x 5" in size.
analyzer numbers produced a properly ex-
posed print a further test should be made 2. Remove the negative carrier to measure
as follows: the easel illumination, using the photocell
face up on the easel. Stop down the lens to ( 1) If the prints are underexposed reducethis illumination to 12 meter-candles (dark) use the two analyzer num- or less. Replace negative carrier. bers consecutively lower than 20.
3. Set the exposure guide dials so that a trial (2) If the prints are overexposed use
analyzer number of t.2 appears in the the two analyzer numbers consecu- window and the "MAX" arrow points to a tively higher than 64. density value about 3/+ of the density of
8. If the normally exposed print produced in the darkest step in the wedge. The print-
Step 6 appears incorrectly balanced, the ing time in secondsnow appears under the
necessary correction in filtration can be meter-candle figure of easel illumination.
judged roughly by viewing the test expo- 4. Expose the piece of Flexichrome Stripping sure through various filters until one or Film (through the film base as directed) more are found which will give the test for the time determined in Step 3. print the proper color balance. Exposure
compensation for this filter change can be 5, Carry out the soaking, development, short
be made by altering the minimum density stop,. bleach, fix, dyeing and transfer ex-
reading obtained in Step 1 using the fol- actly as specifled by Kodak. Use developer
lowing tables: proportions of 1 part A, 2 parts B. Omit
+ Filter change -+ Minimum densitychange " use of part C (Contrast Control Solution), in the development step. 3 series 0.05
4 series 0.10 6. After transferring the film to the white
5 series 0.20 paper support determine which step has
6 series 0.30 a faint tinge or veiling of the modeling
asent (black dye). NOTE:-II a 33 lilter is added to the fiJters alreody in
use, add .05 to the minimum densify reading obfcined in 7. Refer to the original step wedge calibration Step I.
II d 33 flilter is substrqcfed trom the filfers subtract .05 and determine the density of the step which
Irom the minimum density reoding obtqined in Stdp t. produced the faint tinge of gray selected
Ansco Color Compensating Filter equivalents. in Step 6.
l-24 filter-Z 23 filters 8. With the exposure guide set to the print-
t-34 filter-Z 33 filters ing time and meter-candle values used
L-44 filter-2 43 filters above, rotate the top dial only until the
L-25 filter-2 24 filters (or 4 23 filters) "MAX" arrow points to the densify of the
1-35 filter-2 34 filters (or 4 33 filters) step referred to in Step 7. The coruect
l9View original page 22Page 23 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANATYZER. . .
analyzer number will now appear in the Kodck Ektqcolor Process-Proper exposure
window. and processingof Ektacolor Filrn results in a
complimentary colored negative, which in effect The exposure for a good negative on Flexi- can be considereda color corrected set of separa-
chrome Stripping Film is now determined by tion negatives balanced in contrast and density
using this analyzer number and the "MAX" ar- range. The cyan, magneta and yellow matrices
row opposite the maximum density of the nega- are then made directly on Pan Matrix F ilm
tive, seiecting a convenient meter-candle and through the tricolor and color compensationfii- printing time combination. (Avoid reading ters as required.
catch-lights or specular reflections for the maxi-
The exposure of the matrices may be deter- mum negative density.) mined by two methods, as outlined in the manu-
The Photographic Analyzer can also be used facturer's instructional data, either by reading
to determine the density range of the negative the color density of the complimentary colored
(maximum minus minimum density) which is negative or by trial exposures. The desired re-
necessary in the desired contrast control and sult is a set of balancedmatrices which will have
filter recommendationsof the manufacturer. Note equal densities in those areas which correspond
the test procedure is based on developmentwith- to the neutrals, or the gray card in the original
out contrast control. subject. iI,
The Analyzer number determined for a.newly The Weston Analyzer has been designed to
openedbox of stripping film may change depend- read neutral density values and not color densi-
ing upon the time and conditions of storage after ties with filters of the Ektacolor negatives, there- {
opening. To minimize changes in speed and fore the trial exposure determination method
quality of the film, follow the manufacturer's may be trsed and as the density of the gray card {
I instructions reflarding storage of the stripping image on the three matrices should match, the
film. analyzer can be used to verify the exposures.
GI,OSSARY
ADDITM PROCESS: A processfor repro- proportions, produce the sensation of white or
ducing scenesor objects in natural colors by com- gray. Also, two colors of dye or pigment which,
bining the three primary colors (red, blue, and when superimposed in the proper proportions,
green). In the additive process, the object or produce a gray.
scene is photographed and projected through the
same primary filters. The process is called "Ad- CONTRAST: The tone or clensity range of a
print or negative. A negative having a low dens- ditive" because the addition of the three primary
ity range would be consideredas being soft or colors of light produce white. Lumiere Film-
low in contrast, while a negative having a high color, Finlay Process and Dufaycolor Film are
density range would be consideredhard or con- additive process films.
trasty.
ANALYZER NUMBER: A paper-speedrat- D tOG E CURVE: A characteristic cun''e of ing which,when usedwith the trxposureGuide, a film or paper to show the correlation be- correlatesthe negativedensitywith exposurefor tween photographic exposure and resulting the particular enlargeror printer for which the photographic density. So called because the paper was calibrated. logarithm of exposureis plotted against density,
this being used as the best method to present
COTOR TEMPERATURE: A figure indicating the characteristicsgraphically.
the color of an object in terms of the abso-
lute temperature to which a black body must be DENSITOMETER(TRANSMISSION):An in- raised to emit that color. It does not mean strument which measuresthe density of a photo- actual temperature, since a blue sky may have graphic negative. a eolor temperature in the order of 12000oK to
24000'K.
DENSITY (TRANSMISSION): The opacity of
a negative to light. Expressed mathematically: COMPLEMENTARY COLORS: Two colors of
light which, when added together in proper D-log O, or D-log ], where D-density, I
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. . . WESTON PHOTOGNAPHICANALYZER
O-opacity and T-transmission. For example, FOOT-CANDIE: Unit of illumination. It is
a negative having an opacity of 100 would have the illumination on a surface all points of which
a density of 2 and a transmissionof O.01or I%. are one foot from a point source of one candle
power. I" foot-candle-10.76 meter-candles
DENSITY (REFTECTION): The light absorb- GAMMA: A numerical value representing the ing quality of a surface. Expressed mathemat- rate of change of density with exposure. In the'
ically: D-logf *f,.re R is the reflection factor D Log E curve, it is equal to the tangent of the
angle formed by the straight line portion of theof the .rrfu...* curve with respect to the base. This definition
assumes the use of graph paper having scales
DODGING: Selectiveshading of the print while such that 0 to 2 in Log E is equal to 0 to 2 in
on the enlarging easelor printing platen, to hold Density. A rregative made of a normal sceneand
having a low gamma would be considered flat,back exposure of certain areas in order to ac-
while a negative having a high gamma wouldcentuate other areas.
be considered contrasty. To obtain true-tone
prints, a low gamma negative would have to be
ENIARGER, CONDENSER TYPE: one in printed on a high gamma (hard) paper and, con-
which the light rays are concentrated through versely, a high gamma negative would have to
the negative by means of condenser lenses. be printed on a low gamma (soft) paper.
GRAY SCATE: A paper scale having a seriesENIARGER, DIFFUSIONTYPE: one in of graduated tones from white to black. (Whenwhich the light rays from the source are dif- made on film it is usually referred to as a stepfused by means of a ground glass or other diffus- wedge.)ing medium.
H d D CURVE: A eharacteristic curve of a
film or paper, flrst used by Hurter and DriffieldEXPOSURE GUIDE: A component' supplied to show the correlation between photographicwith the Analyzer to correlate Meter Candles, exposure and resulting photographic density.Printing Time, and Negative Densify to the (Seealso D Log E Curve.)Photographic Paper or F ilm Characteristics.
ITLUMINATION: See FOOT-CANDLE or
METER-CANDLE.FILM SPEED: A rating assigned to a film. Its
r,alue is dependent upon the exposure necessary
to produce a definite density. In the Weston ITTUMINATION METER: An instrument for
measuring the illumination falling on a surface.Film Speed System, it is equal to four divided The photometric unit is the FOOT-CANDLE,by the meter-candle-secondsnecessary to pro- although in photography the METER-CANDLEduce a density equal to the recommendedgamma
is usually used.of the film being tested.
IMBIBITION PRINTING: The method of mak-
FITTER (COLORED): A piece of colored glass, ing photographic prints through the use of a
gelatine, or other material which cuts out a part relief film whereby the absorbed dye is trans-
of the color spectrum. For example, a yellow ferued to a mordanted paper. The quantity of
filter has a high blue absorption and is frequently dye transferred is approximately proportional to
used to diminish the brightness of a blue sky, in the thickness of the gelatin relief.
order to reproduce the clouds.
MASKING: In color photography, masking is
often done to reduce contrast. The mask may
FILTER FACTOR: The number of times the consist of a thin negative printed from the trans-
normal exposure of a film should be increased parency. This negative and the transparency are
to compensate for the loss of light in the filter. registered and bound together, and the color
separation negatives are made from the com-
FITTER (NEUTRAL DENSITR: A gray filter bination. The resulting print will then be less contrasty than the original transparency. Mask-used to cut down transmitted light evenly in ing is also used to make color corrections.order to alter the exposure.
MATRIX: In the Wash-Off process, when the
FTATNESS: Lacking in contrast or having a relief is dyed preparatory to making the print,
low density range. it is known as the matrix.
2lView original page 24Page 25 · Read text
WESTON PHOTOGRAPHICANALYZEN. . .
METER CANDTE: Unit of illumination. It is that equal products will produce the same effect.
the illumination on a surface all points of which This is true only within certain limits of light
are one meter (3.28 feet) from a point source and time and the variation in the effect for equal
of one candlepower. 1 meter-candle-0.093 foot- products is generally designated as the failure
candle. of the reciprocity law.
MORDANTED PAPER: A selatin coatedpa- RECORD NEGATIVE: The term "record nes-
perrspecially treatcd lo hold the dyes in such ative" as used in this instruction book refers to
a manner that dye images will be sharp and the negatives exposed through the red, green,
reasonably free from bleeding. and blue filters in order to establish time-gamm€t
curves. The "red record negative" is the neg-
NEGATM DENSITY RANGE: Difference ative exposedthrough the red filter, the "green
between maximum and minimum density of a record negative" is the negative exposedthrough
negative. A negative having a low density range the green filter, and the "blue record negatit'e"
would be consideredflat, while a negative having is the negative exposedthrough the blue filter.
a high density range would be considered con-,
RELIEF: In the Wash-Off Relief process,a re-
lief is a positive made from one of the three color- :;:r"", .AMERA:rn**t,r"f*": separation negatives. These reliefs are used to all three color-separation negatives are exposed transfer the yellow, blue-green, and magenta at the same time. An optical system capable of dyes to the final print. splitting the light beam and directing it through
the blue, green, and red filters to the three films
is one type of a One-Shot Camera. An advantage SEPARATION NEGATIVES: In orderto re-
of the One-Shot Camera is that moving objects produce a given object, scene, or color trans-
can be photographed. parency, it is necessary to produce a set of
separation negatives to break up the scene into
PHOTOETECTRIC CEL[: The photoelectrie its primary colors. In actual practice, one neg-
cell used in the Analyzer is a barrier layer dry- ative is exposedthrough a red filter, one through
a blue filter, and one negative through a green disc type of cell able to convert light energy di-
filter. rectly into electrical energy.
PTATEN: The surface of a contact printer on STEP WEDGE: A transparent base having a
which the paper is exposed. series of graduated densities thereon.
PRMARY COLORS: The three primary col- SUBTRACTM PROCESS: A process for re- producing scenes or objects in natural colors. ors of light are red, green, and blue-violet. When
these colors are used in the proper proportions, The scene, or object, is photographed through
all other colors can be produced. Pigment colors, the red, green,and blue filters, as in the additive
process. The positives, which are made from sometimes referred to as "printing primary
colors" are blue-green (cyan), magenta, and the separation negatives, are in colors comple-
yellow, often referred to by the artist and color mentary to the filters. Wash-Off Relief, Carbro,
worker as blue, red and yellow. Kodachrome,and Ansco Color are all subtractive
processes. It is called subtractive becauseeach
color subtracts from white light its comple- PRINTER NEGATIVE: In most color proc- mentary color, thus if the three color.sare placed esses, the three color-separation negatives are in a beam of white light, all color will be sub- exposedthrough the red, green, and blue filters. tracted resulting in black. These negatives are designatedin terms of their
complementarycolors, thus the negative exposed TANNING: The processof hardening the gelatin through the red fiiter is callecl the "blue-green of wash-off relief film, carbro tissue, etc., is printer", the negativeexposeclthrough the green known as'tanning. filter is calledthe "red printer", and the negative
exposedthrough the blue filter is called the "yel-
low printel"'. : TIME-GAMMA CURVE: A curve showing
the relationship between Developing Time and
RECIPROCITY LAW: When photographic the resulting contrast or Gamma. A Time-
film or paper is exposedto light a photochemical Gamma curve is desirable when making color
reaction,occurs. It is generally assumed that separation negatives in order to obtain correct
Exposure is the product of Light and Time and balancing.
22
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