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2 PAGE (SIDE BY SIDE) User manual
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- Brand
- Various brands
- Model / document
- 2 PAGE (SIDE BY SIDE)
- Document type
- User manual
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- English
- Pages
- 24
- File size
- 4.0 MB
- Category
- Film cameras
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- Not specified in catalog
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Page 6 · Read text
2. Meosuring fhe incident lighr
(A) Be sure the Photosphere is firmly seatedin place
on the Director. Now hold the Norwood Director
close to the subject and point the photosphere at the
canerA, or at the position which the camera will
occupy when taking the picture. Maximum accu-
racy will be achieved by holding rhe Director at
arm's length.
In some casesit will be found more convenienr to
step to one side, always keeping the photosphere
pointing toward the camera,and revolving the meter F i g . 2 - W i t h b r i g h r l i g h t s l i d e F i g . 3 - W h e n s l i d e i s n o l
body until it faces you for easy reading. (Revolving in use,set lN pointeros illus- used, set OUT pointer o s
the body of the Director has no effect upon the troted.Thestrengthof the lighf shown. Here the strengfh of
exposure indication as long as the photosphere is is 30 x 125. the light is only 125.
kept pointed at the cameraposition.) Compore lhe comero seltingsin the two illuslrotionsqbove.
3. Obtcrining the comerq setting
(A) If the brighdight slide is IN, with the fingertip
rotate the dial until red IN pointer is set to the block on
the dial scale whicll corresponds to the block indicated
by needle on the incident light scale.Thus, if the needle
indicates 12J, turn the red IN pointer to 125, Fig.2.
(If the slide was not in place behind the Photosphere
turn the red OUT pointer to I25 instead, Fig. 3.)
(B) On the lower half of the dial and adjacent to each
other will be found all combinations of shutter speeds
Hold Directorol subiect,poinf Pholosphereoi comero and f stops for correcr exposure. With ASA index of 10
(e1 Read the needle indication on rhe incident light for Kodachrome, Daylight Typ., and a needle indica-
scale. (If the needle reads more than lM, insert the tion of 125 with the brightlight slide IN, correct expo-
brighdight slide behind photosphere.) See page 45. sure would be, for example, U50 second and flj.6.
www.orphancameras.comView original page 6Page 7 · Read text
Other combinations of shutter speed and f/stop that
are shown may also be used. (See Page 13.)
That's all there is to it. Hold the Director at the sub-
ject, point the Photosphere at the camera, and read the
cortect exposure.
For most outdoor photography, where the general
illumination is the same at the camera position as at the
subject, the Director may be held at rhe camera position
instead. Be sure, however, that the same light falls upon
the Photosphere in the same way it would if you were Moiion picture phologroPhY
holding the Director at the subjecr. I(hen shooting For motion picture photography, look for your cine
above or below eye level, tilt the Director to the same cameraspeed in frames per second in the red band on
angle as your camera. the dial. Normal movie camera speed is 16 frames per
second.The red block below 16 representsl/30 second,
the corresponding movie c^mera shutter speed. OPpo-
siie this red block read the correct f7'stop to use. For
other cine camera speeds use the red block below the
corresponding frame speed. The red block under 8
represents1,/1) second, under 24-Ilro second, under
32-ll60 second, under 64-Ill20 second'
(If your camera operates with shutter speed other than 1/30 .sec^. at 1'6frames you can, if you so desire,make compensatton ln nsA
i"d.". For example: 1/ 40 sec. at 16 frames; Kodact'rome film,
Index 10. Then 5y proportion U]9: l/4O :: lo :7V2. Nearest set-
tine is 8. Therefore, ASA Index-8 is used instead of 10 and red
blotks can be used directly.)
For interior photography under artifi'cial light, it is
essential to hold the Director close to the principal
subiect rather than near the camera because the light is
usually quite different in these two locations. If the
cine frame speeds are not visible when the dial is cor-
The Director moy be held neor the comero position when rectly set to the needle indication, there is not sufficient
lhe some light illuminotes lhe comero locotion os fhe light for correct exposure.
subiect, no motfer how for owoy the subiect moy be.
to t lView original page 7Page 9 · Read text
Gcrmerq errors
The Norwood Director has been carefully calibrated to
give perfect exposures under practically all situations
with standard equipment in good operating condition.
However, diaphragm and shutter speedsindicared on a
camera are often in error. Because equipment errors are
common, consistent ovef - or under-exposure would
suggest that a test should be made with that particular
camera in ordef to match the meter to it. Consistent
over-exposure m^y be balanced by adopting a higher
film index than the published figure. Under-exposure
consistently obtained may be corrected by the use of a
lower film index.
Helpful informotion
You will find under Questions and Answers starting
page 30 additional information to help you understand
your Director. The proper care of your Director and
instructions in the event service is required will be
found on p^ge 45.
Zero setting
\flhen the palm of the hand is pressed over the Photo-
sphere to exclude all light, the needle should indicate
zero. \flhen it becomes necessary,set the needle to zero
by turning carefully the screw on the back of the Di-
rector using a small screw driver or the tab on the
brightlight slide.
(Seepage 45 for suggestinns0n tlte
proper care0f!0ur Norwood Director)View original page 9Page 10 · Read text
The Norwood Dlrector is difierenf
The Norwood Director arrains its high accuracy because
its readings are based solely on INCIDENT LIGHT,
the light that falls upon the subject. The Norwood
PHOTOSPHEREFOR PHOTODISKFOR PHOTOGRIDFOR
system of measuring all the incident light illuminating EXPOSURE IIGHTII.{GCONTRAST BRIGHTNESSRANGE
the subject has been tested by Hollywood morion DETERMINATION CONTROT CONTROT
picture expercsas well as the leading professional pho-
tographers in the country. The Norwood Director is
unanimously acclaimed by amateur and professional as
the one meter that gives perfect exposure for color or
black and white.
With fwo qccessories, the Norwood The exposures determined by the Norwood Director
assurefidelity when photographing flesh tones in color Direclor becomes qn exlremely ver-
or black and white. Flesh color is the only tint in color sofile inslrumenl with which it is
photography which the untrained eye readily recog- possible lo meosure qnd thereby
nizes as either good or bad. All other colors may
conlrol qll fqctors in lighling ondacceptably be lighter or darker, warmer or cooler, but
flesh tones must be right exPosure.
However, any photographic subject m^y be rendered The PHOTOSPHERE is used only for exposure deter-darker or lighter than it appears, according ro the
mination and indicates effective foot-candles of incidentartistic desires of the photographer. The Norwood
illumination.Director establishesa consistent and known point of
reference from which departures m^y be made to The PHOTODISK is used for lighting contrast control
achieve special effects. nflhen desired these effects may and measuresfoot-candles of incident illumination.
be duplicated at any time by utilizing the same de-
parture in exposure as determined from previous ex- The PHOTOGRID is used for brightness range control
perience. and indicates relative brightness. The Photogrid may also
To reproduce the principal subject as you see it, be used for emergency exposure determinarion under
always use the exposure as determined by the Norwood thos,e few conditions where an incident light reading
Director. cannot be made.
t 6 l 7
www.orphancameras.comView original page 10Page 11 · Read text
Using the Phorodisk Meqsuring controst
The Photodisk converts the Norwood Director into a l. Turn on main light.foot-candle meter which may be used to measure
illumination not only for photography but for other 2. Hold Director at subject position and point Photo-
disk at light. Read light intensity.purposes as well. Held ^t the subject position and
pointed at a. light source, it measures the intensity of 3. Turn on fill-in light and point Photodisk toward it
the light that falls on the subject. By measuring each from subject position. Shield Photodisk from main
light in this way it is possible for the photographer to light with your hand. Read fill-in intensity.
make records of any set-up and so enable him to dupli- 4. Divide intensity of main light by intensity of fill-in
cate his lighting Lt any future time. However, by far tight to get contrast ratio (light balance).
the most important use of the Director with the Photo- EXAMPTE:Main light reads 500. Fill-in light reads 25O-
disk in place is to measure the conffast ratio between Lighting contrast ratio :'#:1 o, 2 to L (See page 2l)main and fill-in lights for closeups.
After the lighting contrast ratio is set to the value
Light intensity meosurements required by adiusiittg the position or strength of the
l. Replace the Photosphere with the fill-in light, the Photodisk is removed from the Director
Photodisk. and the Photosphere replaced. The exposure is now
determined in the usual way.
2. Point the Photodisk toward the
light source to be measured holding
the meter at the subject position.
3. Read needle - which when the
slide is out, indicates foot-candles.
With the slide IN, the needle read-
ing must be multiplied by 30.
With the slide out, the meter
needle reads directly in FOOT-
CANDLES.
t 8View original page 11Page 13 · Read text
Bolqnging sunlight A S A indexes for copying The same precise control of lighting contrast may be The ASA index"meterfor some copying films and plates areachieved outdoors as is obtained in the studio. The sun published for readings made from a white sur- is usually the main source of light. White- or silver-sur- facein the copying position." These indexes have been faced reflectors are used to brighten the shadow side of compensated to produce acceptable exposures with the subject. Both the sunlight intensity and the reflecror readings made by ordinary reflected light exposure light intensity should be measured separately and their meters. To use these indexes, the Photogrid must be ratio carefully conffolled for consistently good results" placed on Director and reflected light readings made The tremendous light range of the Director makes ir according to the film manufacturer's instructions. easy to read the intensity of the sun. Iflith the Photo- However, greater accuracy will be achieved by the disk in place, it is first turned toward the sun and the use of the Photodisk or Photosphere on the Norwood needle indication noted. The Photodisk is now turned Director and using the indexes as converted in the toward the reflector and shielded with the hand if nec- following table. essaryto prevent the direct rays of the sun from shining on the Photodisk. This fill-in light should be from Yzto Y+the intensity of the main light for best results in color. For more dramatic effects in black and wh ite, a higher ratio may be used, such as having the reflected light as little ^s Ll16 the sunlight intensity. Remember that with the brightlight slide IN, the number indicated bV the needle must be multiplied by 30: thus, if it points ro 12), the intensity of the light is L25 x 3o:3750 foot-candles. With the brightlighr slide OUT, the needle indicates foot-candles directly. After the light balance has been adjusted, the Photo- disk is removed and the Photosphere replaced to make the exposure determination as usual. Be sure now that all the light, from the reflecrors, the sun, and the sky falls upon the Photosphere.View original page 13
Page 14 · Read text
obtained from a medium-gray card with the PHOTO-
GRID (Regardless of whether the IN or OUT
pointer was used in determining the correct exposure,
the IN pointer always indicates the cenrer of the
brightness range. If, however, rhe IN poinrer cannot be
seen when the OUT pointer is ser ro the needle indica-
tion, tbe light level is so low that no usable reading
could be obtained with the Photogrid.)
Duol purpose 3., Def ermining brightness ronge of subjecf
The Photogrid is used in ploce of the Photosphere for two (") Replace the Photosphere with the Photogrid. Be
purposes: sure slide is out.Needlenov/ indicatesrelarivebright-
l. Brightnessronge confrol ness.
2. Emergency exposure determinotion (b) Point Photogrid toward various areas of the sub-
ject, holding the merer approximately 6 inches
Brighrness rqnge control from the subject. Avoid casting a shadow of the
meter on the area being read (about a 6tt diameter
The effective foot-candles measured by the Photosphere circle).
for correct exposure determines the mid-poinr oT the (c) Divide the highest reading by the lowesr ro obrainbrightness range.
| . Determining correcf exposure
Determine exposure in usual wdy, holding Director at illi;"ti'tlr1ir"
most important part of subjecr. For e*ampie, with slide
out needleindicates t00. On Kodachrome Film Type B
(ASA INDEX 10) the exposure would be 1/10 second I
at f 14.5. fi
2. Delermining mid-poinl of brightne.ssronge
Brightness is determined by a reflected light measure-
ment.To transfer from the incidentlight scale to reflected
light, all indications musr be read at the IN pointer
which has been designed for use with the Photogrid in
addition to its normal function
For example, the exposure determination in 1. re-
quired setting the OUT pointer ro 500. The IN pointer
then reads 16. L6 is the exact midpoint of the BRIGHT- H*,7
NESS range. It represents the reading that would be
www.orphancameras.comView original page 14Page 15 · Read text
the brightness range. For example: say the brightest
area reads 64, and the lowest 4.
64
R a n g e : 2 : 1 6 t o t ,
4. Delermining limits of good color rendition
(a) Most color transparency materials will reproduce
color properly provided that objects in the scene
are not more than 4 times brighter than the mid-
point nor 4 times darker than the mid-point
(total 16 to t).
(b) If any area read with the Photogrid in the previous
example was higher than 64 (f 6 mid-point x 4:64)
its color will appear washed out. The light intensity "slide."
falling upon it should be reduced by shading slightly l. With the Photogrid-olwoys remove
that area from the light. 2. Poinl Photogrid ol subiect.
(c) Areas darker than 4 (t6+4:41 will have to be "lN" pointer lo block indicoted by needle. 3. Set brightened by concentrating more light on these
areas if proper color is to be expected. In the pre- Exposure by reflecled light vious example, no area was darker than this limit,
hence no light need be added. Under certain conditions where it is not possible to
On the Director, 6 divisions or blocks either way hold the Director in the light falling on the subject, the
of the mid-point mark the limits of normal bright- Photogrid will make it possible to get an exposure
ness range for color. reading. When making photographs out of a window,
making pictures of a shop window at night or of stained
glass windows, the Photogrid is used in place of the
Photosphere. The slide must be OUT. Point the Photo-
grid at the subject and note the needle indication. Set
the /N pointer to this indication and read the exposure.
IIIIPORTANT:With fhe Photogrid,never use lhe brightlighl
slide, but olwoys set lN poinfer to needle indicotion.
Exposures obtained with the Photogrid are not nearly
as accurateas those made with the Photosphere, so this
method should be used only when absolutely necessary.
27View original page 15Page 16 · Read text
Sfep 3. Adiusting lighfing controst
(a) Replace Photosphere with Photodisk.
(b) Measure intensity of key lig.ht (probably
it will read 5oo foot-candles).
(c) Turn on frll-lights.
(d) Adjust fill-lights for proper lighting con-
trast as explained in section on Lighting
The Director with its capabilities for full Iighting con- Contrast Cbntrol (for 2 to I rltio,fill-light
trol, makes str-rdio set-ups quicker and more certain should read 250). Back lights will have
than ever before. Here aie th-e steps recommended for very little effect on this ratio.
setting up a motion picture scene with complete con-
trol. Thelame method may be applied to still photog- Sfep 4. Adiusting brighrness ronge
raphy. Required:
Lighting set-up for the following (a) Replace Photodisk with Photosphere.
KodqchromeA (ASA 16) E (b) Hold Director at subject position with
LensDiophrogmf /2.8 Photosphere pointing toward camera and
Shutter1/50 second(24 trornes-per-second) note ne-edleindication. It should read 650
Sfep l. Finding iniensiry for generql now with all the lights on. If it doesn't, vary key light intensity until it does. This light level should require very little adjustment.
(a) Set tab on Director to ASA 16 (c) Turn OUT pointer to 650 and note read-
(b) Brin S IlSo sec. to f lz.s. ing"theof IN pointer-. It will read zo which
(c) Opposite OUT pointer read 6;o (t block is toid-point brightness of the sub-
above t00). This is the light level required iect. If a brightness r:nge of t6 to t has
for the specified conditions. been found by previous experience to
results, desired produce the a -subjectSfep 2. Seiling the key lighr the mid-point) (4 times of 80 brightness
(a) Turn on rnain light (k.y light) and adjust is ihe ma*imum that will reproduce in
to desired direction for lighting subject. goog color. The darkest oliect must have
(b) Hold Director at subject with slide out a mtntmum brightness of 5 (one-quartet
and point Photosphere toward camera. of 20) if good color reproduction is re-
(c) Increase or decrease intensity of main quired in this area.
light until needle points to 1 block below (d) Replace Photosphere with Photogrid and
6to (>oo;. This assumes chat when the meusure brightness of light and dark
fill-in lights are added it will increase the areasin the subject to make sure none is
reading to 650 as required bv Step 1-c. brighter than 80 or darker than 5.
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www.orphancameras.comView original page 16Page 17 · Read text
Q. Iflhy don't you point the Director at the subject Sfep 5. Finding correcl exposure like you do with other meters?
(a) Sflith reading obtained with Photosphere A. The Norwood Director is a true incident light ex'
in step 4b, obtain the correcr exposure posure meter, measuring all the light falling o.n.the^
which with normal lighting should come subject. The Photosphere is a miniature model ot
out elacrly as required-f I Z.A ^t 1150 the camera side of a three dimensional subject. It
second. should receive the same light as the camera subject,
s7ith the method just outlined, the Norwood Director therefore the Photosphere is pointed toward the
makes pessible for the first time direct and positive camera from the subject Position.
control of alI lighting factors with speed and asiurance. O. How is the Director used to photograph distant
scenic views with the sun coming toward the camen?
A. With no important subject in the foreground, the
QUESTT()NS and ANSWERS pictorial effett of abacklighted or cross lighted dis-
tant scene may be improve-dby reducing the indicated
Many questions have been asked by persons who, never exposure one stop ot 1/2stop fespectively.
having used the Norwood Directo r, fail ro ap-preciare Q. How is the exposure determined for silhouettes or
its utter simplicity. brilliant sunsets?
Here ore some of them A. Reverse the normal procedure and point the Photo- sphere toward the sceneand determine the exposure.
O. \flhy don't I get the same exposure indicarion with (The main light must be coming toward the camera
the Norwood Director as I get wirh a reflected light to make a silhouette.)
type meter? Q. Is the Norwood Director more sensitive?
A. Do not expect to get the same indications from the A. While the Director is only slightly more sensitive
Norwood Director as you might get with a reflected electrically than other meters, the Norwood Di-
Iight merer. The basic principle of the two merers rector utilizes all the light coming directly from the
is different. Use the exposure indicated by the source rather than the reflected light. Therefore the
Norwood Director and if you should wish ro satisfy Norwood Director will give usable exposure da:a
yourself,- make one with the reflecred light meter under less light than other meters.
reading for comparison. The results will show rhat
your confidence in the Norwood Director has not Q. At light levels below which even the Director can-
been misplaced. not be expected to show a needle movement, how
can an emergency indication be obtained?
Q. How does the brightness of the background in- A. Remove the Photosphere and slide and point the
fluence the Director? open photoelectric cell at camera. Open up about
A. Because the Director does not measure the back- 3-stops or 10 times the exPosure indicated. (This
ground but only the light falling on rhe subjecr, method is an emergency Procedure only which has
the exposuresare nor influenced by the background. a very low order of accuracY.)
30 3 lView original page 17Page 18 · Read text
T
II O. How is the Director used for an ourdoor picture of Q. How do I make a color picture of a very dark sub'
like dark foliage?ITT a person backlighted by the sun? ject
be correctly exposed. However, if you are more lens aperture Y2 stop larger than indicated. If aIF A. By using the Director in the usual way the face will A. Use the Director in the normal way but open upriil interested in gerting correcr exposure in the hori- person is in the picture prominently, use the meterrl
zonral ground surfaces that are brightly lighted by indication without change to preserveflesh tones.
the sun, close down lens one-half to one srop.
a. How do I get the correct exposure on black and
Q. How is the Director used in an airplane? white film with a filter over the camera lens?
A. Hold the Norwood Director up ro a" window in From the manufacturer of the film or filter find the
which the sun is shining, pointing the Photosphere correct filter factor. This factor gives the additional
toward the sun. Determine the exposure. Take the exposurerequired becauseof the absorption of light
picture out of a window on the opposire side of the by the filter. Divide the needle indication on the
airplane with the exposure so obtained. (The light Director by this filter factor and set the red pointer
reaching the exposure merer is reduced by the win- to this new light value. For example, a certain yel-
dow pane but the light entering the camera lens is low filter on a specific film has a factor of z. Suppose
reduced by the same amount so one compensares the needleon the Director indicates250. Divide 250
for the other.) by 2 and then set the red pointer of the dial to L25.
a. Are the exposure indications of the Norwood Q. How do you obtain correct exposure for making Director accurate for telephoto lenses? movie titles?
Use the exposure directly as given by the Norwood
A. Hold the Direcror against center of title and point Director without change for telephoto lenses.
Photosphere toward camera. The exposures will
be accu rate for black and whire or color. o. Is correct exposure the only requirement for ob-
taining good color in color photography?
Q. How do I make a color picture of an exrremely light Not only is correct exposure essential,but the color colored subject like a white wall in full sunshine? of the light falling on the subject must match the
Use Director in normal w&y, but close the lens color balance of the film. Pictures made shortly
down Yz stop smaller than indicated aperture. If a before sunsetappearmuch too yellow or even orange
person is in the picture prominently, make no com- because of the reddish color of the sunlight. Re-
pensation or proper flesh tones may be lost. flections from nearby foliage may produce a green
32 33
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cast on your subjects. Pictures raken in the shade
on a clear day will ^ppear too blue because of the
lack of sunshine.
Q. Can I tell how bright a background will appear in
a Portrait2
A. Hold the Direcror against the background with the
Photosphere pointing at rhe camera-.Iflith rhe same
incident light reading as at the subject position, Exposure comPensqtion
both will come our as you see rhem. tf tLe back- Whenever the subject is closer to the camera than 10
ground light.measures t4 as much as at the subject times the focal length of the ca.meralens, the exposure
position, rhe background will come our appreciably indicated by the Director must be increased. For in-
darker than it appears. Stance,with a 5 inch lens in a camera.,a,oy object closer
than j0 inches requires more exposure than normal.
Q. Are the exposure indications of the Director correct Meqsuring lhe incidenr lighr for anti-reflection coated lenses?
A. The coaring on most lenses affects them so lirtle Hold the Director as close to the subject as possible and
that the Norwood Director exposures may be used point the Photosphere toward the camera lens. If the
without compensarion. liights are very close to the subject, it is recommended
thlt the subject be removed and the Photosphefe held
Q. !flhy is the Norwood Direcror so accurare? exacrly in the spot the subject will occupy. In this w1y the light received by the Photosphere will be exactlyA. The Director is accurare because experience has equal to the light striking the subject. shown that incident light is the rrue criterion for
correct exposure. All the incident light that falls fo obroin exposure correcred for closeup upon thg ca.meraside of the subject is correcdy
measured and integrated by the Photosphere to 1, Determine exposure in regular way.
provide thp .9n9 single correcr serring lor your 2. Measure size of object and also its image in the
shutter and diaphragm. groundglass.
3. Divide the larger dimension into the smaller to
Q. Yfry should the Director be held ar arm's length obtain magnification (if the image is larger than the
for best results? subject) or reduction (if the image is smaller than
A. under some conditions light c-oloredclothing worn the subject).
pfrotographer ,!-. enough li- ht to hy 1nuy reflect 4. Find correction factor in table on next Page' the Photosphere ro influence it slightly unleJs it is
held ^way. 5. Multiply the exposure time obtained on the Director
by the correction factor.
35View original page 19Page 24 · Read text
Design Fecrtures
The Norwood Director sers a new high standard for ex- Toking core of your Dlrector
posure merers.Embodied in the design is the combined Your Norwood Director is an accurate electrical instru-
experience of top-flight Hollywood studio technicians ment. With ordinary care and handling it will give long
in color and black and white photography. The features and dependable service.Under no circumstancesshould
of the Norwood Director include a much longer and itdropbe openedit or subjector tamperedit to suddenwith shocks.in any manner. Do not
more visible light scale-over 100o in angular length, Keep the Photosphere clean and give it reasonable
unbreakable wide-angle vision plexiglas face, high- protection from scratches.These do no harm except to
power Alnico v magner, exrremely high-torque move- collect dirt and in this way slightly reduce light tians-
ment, selected top-grade photoelectric cells tested ro mission. The Photosphere mly be washed with soap
meet exacr rolerances,high-speed fully damped needle, and tepid water.
precision formed and tested Photosphere, individuai Briglttlight slide may be made to fit snugly by bend- ing it to maintain a slight camber.
meter calibration wirh precision photometric standards. The Director should not be subjected to conditions
The inspection slip enclosed wirh your merer includes of extreme heat or humidity. Avoid keeping the Di-
the final calibration. rector in the glove compartment of a car during hot
weather.
Service
Should your meter become inoperative, rerurn it for
repair. The Director should be placed in its case and
surrounded with at least one inch of cushion packing
to prevent further damage and then shipped in a
corrugated box. Address plainly to rhe Direcror Prod-
ucts Corporation, Stark Street Gate, Manchesrer, New
Hampshire.
THE NORWOOD DIRECTOR
is profectedby
u. s. PATENTNO. 2,214,293
ofher pofenfspending
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