Norwood Director User manual

EXPOSURE
      THE EASY wAY





             NOTTCE
Reproduced on fhe following poges ore trode-
morks owned by the Director Products Corporotion.
These lrode-morks qre used lo distinguish producis
of the Direcfor Products Corporotion.
PHOTOSPHERE .  PHOTODISK .  PHOTOGRID
        NORWOOD DIRECTOR
                  DIRECTOR




                   Copyright 1952, by
     DIRECTOR PRODUCTS CORPORATION

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The Norwood Director attains its high accuracy in
 exposure determinarion by measuring itl the inciient
 light that illuminates rhe camera side of the subject.
lncldent llghr scole
The dials on rhe Norwood Director have been designed
 for maximum legibiliry and accuracy. All numbered
 whire blocks represenr 10091, increases. On rhe incident
light scale, the numbers double ar each large whire
block. Actual values for the unnumbered divisions will
be found, if needcd, on rhe nexr page. The highesr
6gure on the incidenr lighr scale is fooo, but wit-h the
slide IN, this indication represenrs 10,000 foot-candles.
With rhe slide OUT, the scale reads directly in foot-
candles.
Shulter speed diol
The shutter speed movable dial has all common shutcer
speeds indicared. Intermediare values are reDresented
by small white or red blocks whose actual values, if
needed, will also be found on the nexr page. Shutrer-
speed blocks represenring common morlon picrure
camera shutter speeds are shown in red under the corre-
sponding frames-per-secorrd 6gure,
f/stop dlol
The f/stop dial shows all common iris diaphragm srops.
Those most frequently used are placed in'while blocks.
From one white block to che neit as numbers decrease
represents a IOO%o increase in lighr.

|, Geifing recdy
(A) Look up ASA index of the film you have in your
camera, For example: Kodachrome (Miniature Camera)
Film, Daylight Type has a film speed or index of 10.
(B) Move tab to the window marked ASA INDEX.
(c) Hold tab 6rmly with a very sligbt upward Pressure.
(D) Then rotate lower dial by its edge until desired
index numberis seen in tbe tab opening. Fig. 1. (Upward
pressure disengages a pin on the underside of the tab
iro- o.re of a"s5ries of .ecess.s in lower dial.) When
pressure on tab is released and tab pressed down gently,
the tab and lower dial lock and together can now rotate
freeiy. (The cover dial is not designed to curn.)
(E) Remove the slide from the top of the swivel-head.





                                             Fig. 1
                 7        SETTING ASA INDEX

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   2. Meosuring fhe incidenr lighr
   (A) Be sure rhe Photosphere is firmly seated in place
  on the Director. Now hold the Norwood Director
   close to che subject and point the photosph erc at tlte
   camerA, or at the position which the camera will
   occupy when taking the picture. Maximum accu-
   racy will be achieved by holding the Direcror at
   arm's length.
     In some cases it will be found more convenienr ro
   step to one side, always keeping the phorosphere
   pointing toward.the camera, and revolving the meter
  body until it faces you for easy reading. (Revolving
  the body of the Director has no effect upon the
  exposuie indication as long as rhe phorosphere is
   kept pointed ar rhe camera position.)





Hold Director ot subiecf, point photosphere ot cqmero
  (B) Read the needle indication on the incident light
  scale. (If the needle reads more than lM. insert the
  brightlight slide behind Photosphere.) See page 4J.

Fig. 2- Wirh brighrlighl slide      Fig. 3  When slide is not                                          -                                      set OUT pointer osin use, set lN pointer os illus-     used,
troted.Thestrengthofrhelight  shown. Here the strenglh of
is 30 x 125.                      the light is only 125.
   Compore the comero settings in the two illustrotions obove.
   3. Obroining fhe comero setting
   (A) If the brightlight slide is IN, with the fingertip
    rotate the dial until red IN Pointer is set to the block on
    the dial scale which corresponds to the biock indicated
   by needle on the inciclent ligbt scale. Thus, if the needle
   indicates I2), run the red IN pointer to l2), Fig. 2.
     (If the slide was not in place behind the Photosphere
   rurn the red OUT pointer to 125 instead, FiS. 3.)
   (B) On the lower half of the dial and adjacent to each
    other will be found all combinations of shutter speeds
   and f stops for correct exposure. \(ith ASA index of 10
    for Kodachrome, Daylighr Type, and a needle indica-
    tion of 121 with the brightlight slide IN, correct expo-
   sure would be, for example, 1/50 second and f15.6.

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 Other combinations of shutter speed and f/stop that
 are shown may also be used. (See page 13.)
   That's all there is to it. Hold the Director at the sub-
ject, point rhe Photosphere ar the camera, and read the
correct exPosure.
  For most outdoor photography, where the general
illumination is the same ar the camera position as ar the
subject, the Director may be held at rhe camera position
instead. Be sure, however, that the same light falls upon
the Photosphere in the same way it would if you were
holding the Director at the subject. r$(hen shooting
above or below eye level, tilt the Director to rhe same
angle as your camera.





    The Director moy be held.neor the comero posilion when
    fhe some light illuminotes lhe comero locotion os the
    subiect, no molfer how for owoy the subiecf moy be.
                         to

Mofion picture phologroPhY
For motion picture photography, look for your cine
camera speed in frames per second in the red band on
the dial. Normal movie camera speed is 16 frames per
second. The red block below 16 represents 1/30 second,
the corresponding movie camera shutter speed. OPPo-
site this red block read rhe correct f/stop to use. For
other cine c^mera speeds use the red block below the
corresponding frame speed. The red block under 8
represents 1,/1) second, tnder 24-U 50 second, under
32-I/60 second, under 64-1/120 second.
 (If your camera operates with shutter speed other than 1/30 sec.
ar l'6 frames you ci.,  if you so desire, make com-per,rsation in ASA
InJe*. For e*ample: l/-4o sec. at 16 frames; Kodacbrome 6lm,Index 10. Then 5y proportion l/3O , I/4o  :: lo :7Y2. Nearest set-
ting is 8. Therefore, ASA Index-S is used initead of 10 and red
blotks can be used directly.)
  For interior photography under artificial light, it  is
essential to hold the Director close to the principal
subject rather than near the camera because the light is
 usually quite different in these two locations. If the
 cine frame speeds are not visible when the dial is cor-
 rectly set to the needle indication, there is not sufficient
light for correct exposure.

Essentiols of good piclure toking
   1. Correct exposure
   2. Sharp focus
   3. Steady camera

Selecting shutter speed
For each light condition, the Norwood Director dis-
plays a series of shutter-speed and f/stop combinations,
any matching pair of which will give correct exPosure.
The following table may assist in selecting the proper
shutter-speed to stop the action of the subiect.
         Subiect                   Shutter-sPeed
Landscapes, quier subjects, etc.        ll2t,  | /ttl sec.
Valking people, acrive children, etc.      1/100 sec.
Automobiles, trotting horses, e tc.         L/200 sec.
Aircraft, fast trains, etc.                  1/5oo sec.
  Vhen action crosses field of view, double shutter'
speed to freeze motion.

Depth of field
Some photographs require several obfects at various
distances all to be in reasonably sharp focus. In this
case the appropriace f/stop is decided upon first. For
example, a certain camera with the lens set to f/a will
photograph with acceptable sharpness subjects from
t to 8 feet distance. However, to focus sharply from
4 ro L2 feet, the same lens must be set to f/t6. Thus the
higher the f/stop number, the greater the depth of field
in sharo focus.

                           t3

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Gomero errors
The Norwood Director has been carefully calibrated to
give perfect exposures under practi cally all siruarions
with standard equipment in good operaring condition.
However, diaphragm and shutter speeds indicared on a
camera are often in error. Because equipment errors are
common, consistent over- or under-exposure would
suggest that a test should be made with thar parricular
camera in order to march the meter to it. Consistent
over-exposure may be balanced by adopting a higher        'l:H
film index than the published figure. Under-exposure
consistently obtained may be corrected by the use of a
lower 6lm index.
Helpful Informolion
You will find under Questions and Answers srarring
page 3o additional information to help you understand                                                                                        .\your Director. The proper care of your Director and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 '-i{instructions in the event service is required will be
found on page 41.                                          \
Zero selting                                                                                                                                                   li
\fhen the palm of the hand is pressed over the Photo-
sphere to exclude all light, the needle should indicate
zero. rDfhen it becomes necessary, set the needle to zero
by turning carefully the screw on the back of the Di-
rector using a small screw driver or the tab on the
brightlight slide.
            (See page 45 for silgge$ions on tbe
           proper care ofyour Noruood Director)

                          l4

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fhe Norwood Dlrector ls difierent
The Norwood Director attains irs high accuracy because
its readings are based solely on INCIDENT LIGHT,
the light rhat falls upon the subject. The Norwood
system of measuring all the incidenr light illuminating
the subject has been tested by Hollywood morion
picture experts as well as the leading professional pho-
tographers in the counrry. The Norwood Direcror is
unanimously acclaimed by amareur and professional as
the one meter that gives perfect exposure for color or
black and white.
  The exposures determined by rhe Norwood Director
assure 6delity when photographing flesh tones in color
or black and white. Flesh color is the only tinr in color
photography which the untrained eye readily recog-
nizes as either good or bad. All other colors may
acceptably be lighter or darker, warmer or cooler, but
flesh tones must be right.
  However, any phorographic subject may be rendered
darker or lighter than it appears, according ro rhe
artistic desires of the phorographer. The Norwood
Director establishes a consisrent and known point of
reference from which departures may be made ro
achieve special effecrs. When desired rhese effects may
be duplicated at any time by utilizing rhe same de-
parture in exposure as determined from previous ex-
perience.
  To reproduce the principal subjecr as you see it,
always use the exposure as determined by the Norwood
Director.

                          l6

PHOTOSPHERE FOR   PHOTODISK FOR   PHOTOGRID FOR     EXPOSURE UGHTING CONTRAST BRIGHTNESS RANGE     DETERMINATION CONTROL      CONTROI.
        G                           Wilh Li'fwo occessories, lhe Norwood
                               Direcfor becomes cn exlremely ver-
                                solile inslrument with which it is
                            possible to meqsure ond fhereby

                                    Digitally                                     signed                                       by mike
                           DN:                              cn=mike                                            butkus,                                                  butkuscontrol oll foctors in lighling ondmike                            o=orphancameras,                                             ou=29,
                             email=mike@butkus.org,
                               Date: 2018.12.06 19:08:53butkus          -05'00'              c=US            exPosure.
   The PHOTOSPHERE  is used only for exposure derer-
    mination and indicates effective foot-candles of incident
     illumination.
   The PHOTODISK is used for lighting conrrast control
   and measures foot-candles of incident illumination.
   The PHOTOGRID is used for brightness range control
    and indicates relative brightness. The Photogrid may also
   be used for emergency exposure determination under
    those few conditions where an incident lighr reading
    cannor be made.

                               t7

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The Photodisk converts the Norwood Director into a
foot-candle meter which may be used to measure
illumination not only for photography but for other
purposes as well. Held at the subject position and
pointed at a light source, it measures the intensity of
the light that falls on the subject. By measuring each
light in this way it is possible for the photographer to
make records of any set-up and so enable him to dupli-
cate his lighting at any future time. However, by far
the most important use of the Director wirh the Photo-
disk in place is ro measure the contrast rario between
main and 6ll-in lights for closeups.
                Lighr intensity mecrsurements
                          l. Replace the Phorosphere with the
                  Photodisk.
                     2. Point the Phorodisk toward the
                    light source to be measured holding
                    the meter at rhe subject position.
                    3. Read needle   which when the                    slide is out, indicares-      foot-candles.
                   I(ith the slide IN, the needle read-
                 ing must be multiplied by ao.
                      Iflith the slide out, the meter
                needle reads directly in FOOT-
             CANDLES.

i.  i.:lMeosuring conlrqst                                                       ji' :
  f . Turn on main light.
2.Hold Direcror at subject position and poinr Photo-
 disk at light. Read light inrensity.
 3. Turn on 6ll-in light and point Photodisk roward it
trom subject position. Shield Phorodisk from main
Iight with your hand. Read 6ll-in intensiry.
4. Divide intensity of main light by inrensity of fill-in
light to get conrrasr rario (light balance).
EXAMPIE: Main light reads )00. Fill-in light reads 250.
                        t#:iLighting contrasr rario:         or 2 ro 1 (See page 21)
After the lighring conrrasr rario is set ro rhe value
rjguired by adjusting the position or strength of the
6ll-in light, the Photodisk is removed from thl Director
ald the Photosphere replaced. The exposure is now
determined in the usual way.

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"*il6ff

                ,.--J    Bolonclng runllght
     The same precise control of lighting contrast may be
       achieved outdoors as is obtained in the studio. The sun
          is usually the main source of light. White- or silver-sur-
       faced reflectors are used to brighten the shadow side of
       the subject. Both the sunlight intensity and the reflector
        light inrensiry should be measured separately and their
        ratio carefully controlled for consistently good results.
        The tremendous light range of the Director makes it
       easy to read the intensity of the sun. \flith the Photo-
       disk in place, it is first turned toward the sun and rhe
       needle indication noted. The Photodisk is now turned
      toward the reflector and shielded with the hand if nec-
       essary to prevent the direct rays of the sun from shining
     on the Photodisk. This fill-in light should be from
        Vz to Yr the intensity of the main light for best resulrs in
       color. For more dramaric effects in black and white, a
       higher ratio may be used, such as having the reflected
       light as little as llL6 the sunlight intensity.
       Remember rhat wirh the brighrlight slide IN, the
      number indicated by the needle must be multiplied by
       30: thus, if it points to L25, the intensiry of the light is
       L2) x )o:3750 foot-candles. With the brightlight slide
    OUT, the needle indicates foor-candles directly.
         After the light balance has been adjusted, the Photo-
       disk is removed and the Photosphere replaced to make
      the exposure determination as usual. Be sure now that
       all the light, from the reflectors, rhe sun, and the sky
        falls upon the Photosphere.

                            22

*;;&




                                                                                --...ASA lndexes for copylng                ; $n
The ASA index for some copying films and plates are
published for "merer readings made from a whire sur-
face in the copying posirion.t' These indexes have been
compensated to produce acceptable exposures wich
readings made by ordinary reflected light exposure
meters. To use these indexes, the Photogrid must be
placed on Director and reflected light readings made
according to the film manufaclurer's insrructions.
  However, grearer accuracy will be achieved by rhe
use of the Photodisk or Phocosphere on the Norwood
Director and using rhe indexei as converred in rhe
following table.





                               CORRESPONDING
                         ASA INDEX TO USE WITH
                             DIRECTOR FOR COPYING
        80                        400
        50                       250
         25                          12,
        20                         100
        L6                          80
         L2                         64
         8                         40
          3                         r6
           2.5                         I2
          2                           10
           1.5                          8

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Ducl purpose
The Photogrid is used in ploce of the Photosphere for two
purposes:
    l. Brighiness ronge control
   2. Emergency exposure determinotion
Brlghtness ronge control
The effective foot-candles measured by the Photosphere
    correct exposure derermines rhe mid-point of rhefo1Dfrgntness range.
 | . Determining correcf exposure
Determine exposure in usual way, holding Director at
most important part of subject. For example, with slide
out needle indicates )00. On Kodachrome Film Type B
(ASA INDEX 10) the exposure would be 1/10 second
ar f 14.r.                                                    I2. Delermining mid-point of brightness ronge
Brightness is determined by a rellected light measure-ment.To transfer from the incidentlighr scale to refleaed        I
light, all indications must be read at the IN pointer
which has been designed for use with the Photogrid in
addition to its normal function.
  For example, the exposure determination in 1. re-
quired setting the OUT pointer to )00. The IN pointer
rhen reads 16. 16 is the exact midpoint of the BRIGHT-
NESS range. It represents the reading that would be

                       24

obtained from a medium-gray card with the PHOTO-
    GRID (Regardless of whether the IN or OUT
         pointer was used in determining the correct exposure,
       the IN pointer always indicates the center of the
         brightness range. If, however, the IN pointer cannot be
         seen when the OUT pointer is set to the needle indica-
         tion, the light level is so low that no usable reading
I      could be obtained with the Photogrid.)       3. Delermining brighfness ronge of subiect
         (a) Replace the Photosphere with the Photogrid. Be I              sure slide is azt. Needle now indicates relative bright-
              ness.
         (b) Point Photogrid toward various areas of the sub-
              ject, holding the meter approximately 6 inches
          from the subject. Avoid casting a shadow of the
            meter on the area being read (about a 6rr diameter
                circle).
         (c) Divide the highesr reading by the lowesr to obtain

                                  '}T
I                                                                                                                             "
                                     ;:*I
                       i

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    the brighrness range. For example: say the brightest
    area reads 64, and the lowest 4.
        Range: j64 :16 ro t.                    a
4. Delermining  limits of good color rendition
(a) Most color transparency macerials will reproduce
    color propedy provided that objects in the scene
    are not more than 4 times brighter than the mid-
   point nor 4 times darker than the mid-point
     (total 16 ro 1).
(b) If any area iead with the Photogrid in the previous
   example was higher rhan 64 (16 mid-point x 4:64)
     its color will appear washed out. The lighr intensiry
    falling upon itiirould be reduced by shaXing slightly
    thar area from the light.
(c) Areas darker rhan 4 (L6+4:4) will have to be
   brightened by concentrating more light on these
    areas if proper color is to be expected. In the pre-
   vious example, no area was darker than this limit,
   hence no light need be added.
   On rhe Director, 6 divisions or blocks either way
   of the mid-point mark the limits of normal bright-
   ness range for color.

6@
,W
          l. With the Photogrid-olwoys remove ,,slide."
      2. Point Photogrid of subiect.
      3. Ser "lN" pointer fo block indicoted by needle.
  Exposure by reflected lighr
  Under certain conditions where it is not possible to
  hold the Director in the light falling on the subject, the
  Photogrid will make it possible ro ger an exposure
  reading. When making photographs out of a window,
  making pictures of a shop window at night or of stained
  glass windows, the Photogrid is used in place of the
  Photosphere. The slide mustbe OUT. poinr rhe photo-
  grid ar the subject and note the needle indication. Set
  the .IN pointer ro rhis indication and read rhe exposure.
  IMPORTANT: With fhe Phofogrid, neyer use the brighttight
  slide, bul olwoys set lN poinfer fo needte indicofion.
  Exposures obtained with the Photogrid are not nearly
  as accurate as those made with the Photosphere, so this
 method should be used only when absolutely necessary.

                          27

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The Director with irs capabilities for full Iighting con-
trol, makes srudio set-ups quicker and more certain
than ever before. Here are thi steps recommended for
setting up a motion picture scene wich complete con-
trol. The same method may be applied to still photog'
ra;rhy. Required:
          iighting ser-up for the following
            Kodochrome A (ASA 16)
              lens Diophrogm I/2.8
               Shutter l/50 second (24 fromes-per-second)
Sfep l.   Findlng lnlensity for general
         llght level
            (a) Set tab on Director to ASA 16
           (b) Bring 1/10 sec. rc  f lz.s.
     ,      (c) Opposite OUT pointer rcad 6to (1 block
            above )00). This is the light level required
              for the specified conditions.
Sfep 2.  Sening rhe key lighr
           (a) Turn on main light (key light) and adjust
             to desired direction for lighting subject.
           (b) Hold Director at subject with slide out
           and point Photosphere toward camera.
           (c) Increase or decrease intensity of main
               light until needle points to 1 block below
           6t0 (500). This assumes that when the
                   fill-in lights are added it will increase the
             reading to 6)0 as required by Step 1-c.