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Exakta Guide Reference guide
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- Exakta Guide
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Page 5 · Read text
Page Page THE 35 mm. EXAKTA MODELS
Coe of the Canera 77 Flash with the Exakta 84 The 35 mm. Exakta is a single-lensreflex camera. The
Storage 77 How to Use Flash 84 actual taking lens servesboth for focusing and taking the Exercise 77 Flash Exposures 85 Running test after storage 77 picture and is used to form the image on the film as well as
Keeping the interior clean 78 to reflect the picture to be taken on to a ground-glass
Treating the camera with Exakta Accessories 86 focusing screen.Film and focusing screenare for all intents care 7g and purposes at the same distance from the lens, but in Coping with tropical
conditions 78 different positions and at right angles to each other. The
Convercion of Feet and Inches film runs along the back of the camera while the focusing
into Metic Units 90 screenis on the top of it. Thus, the light entering through
Close-up Work 80 the lens has to go alternatelyin two directions: once to the Supplementary Lenses 80 focusing screenand once to the film. This two-way traffic is Close-upFocusing Table Slwtter Speedsto Anest controlled by a mirror on point-duty. By settingthe shutter, for Supplementary Movement 9l Lenses 82 the mirror is introduced into the path of the light-rays
ExtensionTubes 82 betweenlens and film, thus reflecting the image on to the Close-up Focusing Table
Tubes 83 How to . . . llthat is where? 92 focusing screen,showing exactly the same outlines, defini- for Extension tion, depth of field and relative brightnessof the subject as
will appear on the negative.The screenis a plano-convex @ 1979Focal PressLimited lensground on the underside,and showsthe imagemagnified
ISBN (excl. USA) 0 240 44780 8 and brilliant all over. It is the right way up and permits
ISBN (USA only) 0 8038 1943 9 critical focusing (aided by a built-in magnifier), as well as
adiustment of the extent of definition towards both the
AII rights reserved. No part of this publication foieground and background and, lastly, composition of the
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, photograph before the negativeis exposed.With the release
or tansmitted, in any form or by any means, of the shutter for exposure,the mirror first snaps upwards photocopying, recording electronic, mechanical, and coversthe focusing screen.Then the shutter goesacross or other wis ion of the e''' p.er mi ss
l!?;i #,';;i:, and the image is recordedon the fi.Im.
The shutter of the Exakta is a self-cappingfocal plane
Some items of equipment or certain materials mentioned in this shutter (except RTLI000, seepage 10) travelling from right "Self-capping" means that it remains closed while book may not be .fieely available in every eountry. Import and to left. "focal plane" means that it moves right marketing conditions vary widely, and are outside the control of being wound up;
the photographic dealer. in front of the negativematerial, thus ensuring full protec-
tion to it. With this type of shutter, Iensescan be changed
This book is sold suhject the Standard of sale to Conditions of while the camera is loaded. The Exakta shutter has the price. Net Books'and may resold below the not be net in the UK widest possible range of speeds.Besidesthe instantaneous
speedsfrom l/30 (early ll25) to l/1000 sec.,automatic time
Printcd snd bound in Grcat Britaio by Maund & Irvinc Ltd., Tring, Hcrts. exposures from 1/8 (early 1/10) to 12 secs. can be set.
3View original page 5Page 9 · Read text
EXAKTA VAREX IIa (1957). This model follows in general the EXA IIa (1963),similar to II, but has detachableback and improved
above description. Its main differencescompared with the earter film transport.
models are three co-axial flash sncker. /X. M and F). a speciallysilent EXA IIb (1965),similar to IIa, but with instant retum. mirror (the
shutter mechanismand an improved film indicator. The 196l model of imase-viewfindorcan bd vieived before and after exposure),a warning signal in
the Varex IIa is fitted with an improved reflex hood (with one-fnger the when the film has not been advanced, and general
closing) which also acceptsthe interchangeableground-glassscreens mechanical improvements.
for specialpurposes,e.g. with split image rangefinder(up to now only EXA 500 (1967) is an improved version of the-Exa IIb with fully
available for the pentaprism). This hood has no direct vision frame automatic diiphragm lens, pentaprism with fresnel screenand micro-
finder. The standard lenseshave fully automatic preset iris. prism rangefuider,-shutterspeedsll2 sec.and 1/500 sec. and B, and
EXAKTA IIb (1964)is similar to the model IIa of 1961,but has XM flash synchronization.
geometricalspeedscales(1130,1160,lll25, 11250,1/500,U1000 sec.). EXA I (iSS:) has a shutter of different design with speedsof -1125,
The rewind kndb has a crank. The catch to securethe finder is not 1/50. l/100, l/i50 sec. and B only, two flash contacts,no delayed
needed. abti6n.'filrir wind is by a transport knob; the film cutting deviceis
EXAKTA VX1000 (1967) is as the Exakta IIb, but with instan omitted. Long focus lensesbeyond 100 mm. are not usable (with-out
return mirror and minor mechanicalimprovements. undue cut-off)and similarly close-upswith longer extensiontubes than
EXAKTA VAREX VX500 (1969) is a scaled-downversion of the 2 in. 6 cm.) cannot be made.
VXl000, with shutter speedsof l/30 to U500 sec. and B only. EXA I (1961),as I 1953with improved reflexhood. EXAKTA VAREX VX (1950 is similar to the model IIa, but has EXA I (tgefi-nas improvedstyling,shutterspeeds1130,1160,lll25.
only two flash sockets. 1/175 sec.,B, single flash contact with symbol setting for electronic
EXAKTA VAREX VX (1951) has flash socketsfor a two-pin flash flash and bulbs. transport. film but with lever to EXA I (1963), EXA Ia (1965),similar sockets. instead of concentricplug- as the the- same are substantially Exa cameras In handiing,-ihe V (1950), the predecessorof the VX is similar to VAREX EXAKTA
it except that it has no film type or transport indicators, it does not Exakta. Whert differencesoccur which are not self-evident,these are
permit- working from cassetteto cassetteand the back is not hinged. pointed out in the text.
EXAKTA II (1949)is as Exakta V but has no interchangeablereflex
finder, so that the pentaprism attachment is not usable (but a special
prismatic attachment can be placed on top of the reflex hood,- see
page84). The flash contact is for flash bulbs only, and there is a minor
change in the mechanicalconstruction of the film transport.
EXAKTA I (1936), the original pre-war Kine Exakta, is similar to
Exakta II with quite minor mechanicaldifferenceswhich do not affect
its manipulation. "Kine The Exakta camerasusing 35 rnm. film were originally called
Exakta" to distinguish them from the roll film Exaktas then also
produced. The prefix "Kine" was dropped in 1950,however.
Exa Models
The Exas are simplified versionsof the Exakta. They retain many of
its features, in particular the reflex focusing-viewingsystem and the
interchangeablelens system. In addition to the lenseslisted for the
Exakta, an inexpensivestandard lens,f2.9 50 mm. Meritar, 3 element
with pre-set diaphragm, is available for the Exa models.
EXA II (1959) has shutter speedsfrom ll2 to 11250sec. and.B,
single flash contact, but no delayed action. The eye-levelpentaprism
finder is permanently fitted. Most Exakta accessories,including all
lenses,may be used in it.
t l t 2View original page 9Page 10 · Read text
back, HANDLING THE EXAKTA makeholdingsureit stillthat withthe perforationsone finger. ofBeforethe filmclosingengagethe incamerathe teeth of
the film transport sprockets.
To start with, we take it for granted that we have our On RTL1000, pull the beginning of the film to the green mark push perforation it with its lower from above under the filmExakta, together with a cassetteof film, in front of us. Our and over the film transport rest and sprocket. The wire frame onfirst task is to load the camera with fi.Im. take-up spool must not poir^t upwards (but in any other position).the
On the Exa I (1961) camcra, remove the take-up spool from its
Loading chamber and push the film end under the spring of the take-up
The fi.lm should be loaded into the camera in subdued spool.side outwardsThe film exceptis woundon onExato Ithe(1963)take-upandspoollater,withwherethe emulsionit winds
daylight, or at least in the shadow of your body. The inwards. Now insert the take-up spool into its chamber, ensuring
procedure is as follows: that its top engages in the shaft of the film transport knob, and the
perforation of the film in the film transport sprockets.
1. Open camera-back. VX500WhenandworkingVXl000,withtrimtwothecassettesfree film withend square.the ExaktaOpen VX,the take-upIIa, b,
2. Insert film. cassette (page 37), remove any cut-off film end from the centre
3. Fix film on take-up spool. spool and attach the end of the fresh film to the centre spool of the
4. Close camera. take-up cassette (No. 4, page 37). Assemble the take-up cassette,
5. Open finder hooil. and.insertmust point ittowardsin the take-upthe filmchamber.aperture Theof theslitcamera.of the take-upMake surecassettethat
6. Transport film twice and release. the perforations of the film engage in the teeth of the film transport
7. Wind film-winder once more and set picture-counter. sprockets, and close the camera back.
8. Set fiIm indicator. To work from cassette to cassette on Exa I (1961) cameras, simply
replace the take-up spool by an empty cassette and adopt otherwise
1. Open qamera back by pulling downwards and turning the milled the same loading procedure as described for use of the take-up spool.
camera opening knob on the camera base. On earlier models and 4. Cfose the camera back. With the Kine Exakta I and II, take care
some Exa models, press camera back lock. On RTLI@0, pull up that the circular peg inside the camera connected to the rewind key
the rewind knob as far as it will go. is pushedfirmly into the interior of the camera. This is best done with
the ball of the left thumb. The camera back, held in the right hand
2. The rewind key is pulled out as far as it will go, then place loaded with its locking-key upwards, is hooked with its lower end into the
film cassette into right-hand side film chamber (below slow speed groove on the body of the camera, and the back itself pressed lightly
and delayed action knob) with its hollow part towards rewind key. towards the body until the locking-key snaps into position. The
The mouth of the cassette with the film end has to point towards rewind key must be allowed to catch in the camera back so that it
the take-up spool. The rewind knob is now fully pushed back, is clanrped to the camera and cannot be pulled out when the back
taking care that its centre plate is not pushed upwards. is closed.
The film chamber of the Exa has a cassette guide (a metal sheath On RTLI000 just press back gently home; it will lock automatic-
which projects from the roller towards the chamber). The loaded ally. Transport and release the film transport lever and repeat until
cassette is inserted from beneath the camera, so that the mouth of the automatic frame counter points to No. l. Igaore the points
the cassette lies againstView original page 10Page 14 · Read text
PENTAPRISM FINDER. This is for the Exakta RTL 1000.VXS00. T{OIDING-REFLEX FINDER
lfi)0, rla, b, VX, V and EXA I; it is interchangeableagainstth6 normai
reflex finder and is an extremely valuable alternativelocusing-viewinc
method. To change from the rbflex to the ey+level finder, ihe findei
housing is lifted up bodily and replacedby the other findbr housine,
while on EXAKTA VXl0(n, IIa,VX or V the sliding catch on thl
front plate is depressed.
With the pentaprism in position, the image is viewed and focusedat
eye_leveland see-nupight and the right way round. The bright image
makes accurate focusing easy, and changrng from the horizontal to the
vertical position is straightfonvard.
_ The base of the pentaprism finder consistsof a plano<onvex lens,
the flat side of which is a ground screen.This basels interchangeabld
for special ones, with split-image rangefinders available eithei on a
normal ground-glass screen or on an extra-bright fresnel lens screen
giving uniform bqghtness edge to edge. They give split-image range-
finder focusing, in addition to normal screbn focusing. Two small
prisms are mounted in a clear spot in the centre of the screen,and the
image_inthe s,pot_appearsdisrupted; on turning the focusing ring, the
two disrupted halves are brought into line so that one c-ontinuous
image is seen,and in this position one has focusedaccurately.
For more specialisedtypes of work, in particular for macrophoto-
glaphy and qhotomicrography, the ground-glass condensermay be
changedfor clear glass(to permit focusing on the more brilliant a-erial
image),or for ground-glasswith a centrespot of 3 or 10 mm.
Prism finders combined with exposure meter are available: see Theimage,standardbut it isreflexreversedscreenright-to-left.shows an uorirht
page 65.
FRAME FINDER. The Exakta modelsprior to 1961werefitted with
a direct vision frame finder. This is brought into position by pressing
inwards themagnifyingglassin front of thefinder hood. The reciangular
aperture in the back wall of the finder hood, together with the open
frame in the front wall, form a direct vision frame finder for eye level.
To use the frame finder of Exakta IIa, VX. V, II, lift up the magnifier
and also the protective cover. The frame when viewed through the
sight w_illdefine the outlines of the picture aimed at. When using the
frame-finder, one must not attempt to turn the camera to the right or
the left, away from the eye,nor must the eye be moved from the centre
of the back frame to find the limitations ofthe field of view. This spying"round the corner" is deceptive,as only the section seen in the findel
when holding the eye close to and in the centre of the opening while
looking straight ahead, will appear on the negative.The-frame finder
gives the correct field only for the standard 5 cm. lenses,and it cannot
be expectedto be free of parallax. Using the-reflex finder, the Exakta is.held firmly against the chest; the right hand
The frame finder cannot be usedfor focusing, apart from guessingthe operates the helical focusing while the left hand grips the camera. the index hnser on
thereleasebutton(left), Themagnifierinthehoodisusedtoobtaincriticafocus(cintre).distance of the subject as based on the size oflts appearance pictures, obtain vertical within To the operator may stand sideways,and hold the cainera atthe frame and then setting the focusing scale of the lens mount accord. leycl (right); €ye in this position the image is upside down.
2l 22View original page 14Page 17 · Read text
has beenloaded with firnr, as instructed on page 13, proceed DELAYED ACTION RELEASE FOR SPEEDS FROM II3O TO
as follows: r11000sEC.:
(a) Set sh':tter-speedknob to actual exposuretime required.
I. Wind film transport. (D) Wind slow-speedknob as far as it will possibly turn in a clock.
2. Set shutter speed. wise direction.
3. Focus and determinepicture frame (c) Lift slow-speedknob up, tum it so that any red figure comes to
4. Set stop. (d) lieReleaseagainstsmoothly.the mark on the knob and let knob drop back.* 3. Release.
1. Wind film transport lever as far as it will go and let it spring back DELAYED ACTION RELEASE FOR SPEEDS FROM TI8 TO
wilh brake. If the camera has been reloaded with new film,-it has 6 SEC.:
already been wound for the first exposure. (a) Set shutter-speedknob to B (or Z).
,. On.the Exa I (1961)and Ia, turn the film transport knob in the (D) Wind slow-speedl<nob asfar as it will tzrz clockwise.
direction of its engravedarrow as far as it will go. On the Exa II (c) Lift slow-speed knob up, turn it so that the exposure time
move the transport lever as far as it will go. required in red comes to lie against the ma.rk on the knob centre
2. Theshutter.speedsof Exakta and Varex models from 1/30 to 1/1000 and let knob drop back.*
sec., as well as B (brief time) and T or Z (time), are set on the (d) Releasesmoothly.
shutter-speedknob (besidethe film transport lever) by lifting it up, The delayedaction time in all casesis about 12 sec.
turning the speedrequired opposite to the index mark on tht fixCd The Exa Ia, b shutter speedsare set with the lever or ring moving
centre of the speedknob and letting it down again. The numbers past a scale of engraved shutter speedson the top between the
given on the knob indicatefractionsofseconds,so that 30,60,125, rewind knob and finder. The speedfigures engraved(B) 30, @,125,
etc., mean 1130,1160,lll25 sec.Short time exposuresare made by 175 representfractions of a second, namely 1130, 1160, lll25,
setting B opposite the indicator, when the shutter will remain opeit 175 sec. The mark on the lever has to point to the mark on the
as long as the releasebutton is pressed.Long time exposuresare speed scale. At the B setting the shutter remains open as long as
made by setting T (Z in early cameras)to the indicator when a first the shutter releaseis depressed.
pressue on the releasebutton will open the shutter, and a second The Exa IIa, b and 500 shutter is set by tuming its milled outer
pressurewill close it again. ring until the desiredspeedpoints to the triangular mark.
The slow speed and delayed action knob allows for automatic The RTLI000 delayed action works with the speedsfrom 1 to
exposureof slow speedsfrom ll4 to 12 seconds(on older models 1/1000sec.only:
from U10 sec.) and use of a delayed action releasefor all shutter (c) Turn the shutter speedrequired to the orange triangular mark. speedsfrom l/1000 to 6 seconds.Its handlingis slightlycomplicated (6) Turn the slow-speedtensioning lever clockwise to its stop.
and should be carefully studiedand exercised. (c) Releaseon the preset timing device and the exposurewill take
The RTL1000 shutter speed dial carries the range from I to place 8 sec.after release.
1/1000sec. and B. It is set by turning the required speed to point 3. Focusingis accomplishedby turning the secondmilled ring on the
to the orange triangle mark. lens mount which bears the distance markings either until the
TO OPERATE THE SLOW SPEEDS: distance required is opposite the distance mark, or by the usual reflex image control (page 18) until the subject appearsfully sharp. (a) Set shutter-speedknob to B (or T).
(6) Wind slow-speedknob asfar as it will possiblytarz in a clockwise 4. The stop is set on the lens mount, where the milled front ring with
direction. the indication mark can be turned in line with the aperture figure engraved on the lens. The purpose of the diaphragm is to adjust (c) Lift slow-speedknob up, then turn it so that required time in
black figures comes to lie opposite mark on knob and let knob *The slow-speedknob of the earlier 35 mm. Exakta models
drop back.* On the RTL1000 the slow-speedknob is turned has a black and a red mark. In this case,the red figures (when
until the required speed (2-8 sec.) points to the mark on its working with delayedaction) have to be placed against the red
tensioninglever. mark, and the black figures(when using the slow shutter speeds)
(d) Releasesmoothly. against the black mark.
27 28View original page 17Page 18 · Read text
the effective opening of the lens. The smaller this opening, the greater l. After all exposures have been taken, press the rewind pin on RTLI000
the depth of field (page 52). At the same time, as less light can pass in camera bottom plate; it will stay automatically depressed. On
through the lens in any given time, the exposuretime must be longer earlier models, press the pin situated on the camera top plate between
(page 52). The reduction in light means obviously a reduction in the exposure counter and shutter-speed knob and keep it depressed
brightness of the reflex image with an increase of depth of field. while rewinding (No.2). On the original 35 mm. Exakta models is a
Both /oss of lieht and inueased depth of field make the accurate lever in this position which has to be folded up and left in this
focusing on the ground-glass more diftcult, therefore reflex focusing position while rewinding; while the original Exaktas have a reversing
should always be done at full aperture. lever which has to be pushed sideways so that the letter R is visible.
To facilitate focusing at full aperture with subsequentquick and On the Exa I (1961) and Exa 500 the rewind pin is behind the film
correct stopping down, the later lenseshave preselectiveaperture counter. On Exa I, keep it depressed while rewinding.
setting-those of the 196l Exakta, the IIa, IIb, YX500, VXl000 and
RTL1000 have fully automatic iris preset. 2. Press the centre of the film rewind knob as far inwards towards the
Sorneof the early lenseshave behind the aperture scalea milled camera body as it will go; this engages the rewind key on the centre
ring, and this is pushed backwardstowards the camera and turned spool of the cassette. Then turn the rewind knob in a clockwise
until its index mark points to the aperture one wants to use. It is direction until the film is completely wound back into its cassette.
then releasedto spring back into its original position. Correct rewinding can be observed by the movement of the film
Having focusedat full aperture, the aperture ring is turned, until transport indicator beside the slow-speed knob.
it stops at the preselectedsetting. The exposure is then made Incidentally, the centre screw securing the film transport lever
without it being necessaryto move the camera from the taking turns in the opposite direction to the lever itself.
position. Exakta VX and RTLI000 rewind knob has a fold-over handle
Later lenses have an automatic iris preselectingmount. After which has to be turned in the direction of the engraved arrow to
selectingthe aperture required, a tensioning lever on the mount is rewind film.
set, and when the shutter releaseis depressedthe diaphragm is On earlier Exakta models, raise the rewinding key on the camera
automatically set to the selectedapertue just before the shutter bottom and turn it clockwise with the thumb and index finger. On
starts moving. the Exa, turn in the direction of the arrow. Turn until a slight
The lensesof the 196l Exakta, IIa,IIb, VX500, VXIOU), Exa 500 resistance is felt, wind over this resistance and give two or three
and RTLI000 do not require tensioning. The iris opens up again more turns. The film end now comes off the spring of the take-up
automatically when the shutter is released. spool and is wound back into the cassette.
5. Releaseby pressingthe shutter-releaseknob gently, without shaking
the camera.The releaseknob is blocked as long as the finder hood 3. Open the camera back (see page 13, No. 1). is closed, to protect against accidental release.A releaselock is
fitted to the models with interchangeablefinder hood in the form 4. The cassette of exposed film is taken out by pulling the rewind key of a releaseknob cover-and on the RTLI000 a locking disc for downwards as far as it will go. the right-hand release.
Unloading 5. Before closing the camera back, push the rewind knob back into its
After all exposures on the film have been made, it has to original position. While the rewind pin of the RTLI000, IIa, IIb
be removed from the camera and replaced with a new one. andposition,VX andon theExaearlierwill springmodelsautomaticallythe rewind leverback hasintoto itsbenormalfolded
When working from cassette to take-up spool, the procedure down, and on the original models turned sideways so that the letter
is as follows: V is visible.
1. Depress rewind pin.
2. Rewind film into cassette Unloading without Rewinding
3. Open camera-back. When working from cassetteto cassette,the procedure
4. Remove cassette. for unloading the Exakta VX, IIa, IIb, VX500 and VXl000
5. Close camera-back or reload with film. is as follows:
29 30View original page 18Page 22 · Read text
m_4kesure, while winding on, to hold the film only by its 4. If the centrespoolis fitted with a film catch,threadthe tapered
edges. endof the film into it. In caseswherethe centrespoolis fittedwith
When winding the film on and off, care must be taken that a spring,threadthe end underit and fold it sharplyback.If the
no great pressureis put on the film, and that the film-ends centrebeenprovedspoolisbestwithoutto windanyasuitable1* in. (4fittingcm.)topieceholdofthecellulosefilm, it tapehas
are not squeezedwhen drawing through the hand. Failure round the centrespool,so that on eithersideabout* in. tapeis
to take the first precaution may result in fogging, while usedto securethefilm (seepage35).
precaution of the latter give may rise to leglect peculiar 7. Where both top and bottom covers are loose, it is essential to fix "lightningkinds of exposure effects preferably known as flashes". themto theshell, with a length of adhesive cellulose tape.
These are due to electrical discharges,and appear as dark,
zigzag lines running from the edge of the film towards the
centreof the picture. Cassetteswith Daylight Refills
1. No darkroom is necessary.
Loading Cassettes 2. Remove film wrappings and label of refill.
The majority of cassettesconsistof a centrespool which 3. Open cassette.
is in a shellwith top and bottom cover.The film leavesthe 4. Introduce refill into shell of cassette; the first 2 in. of
shell by a light-trapped slot (the cassettemouth). The centre paper leader has to project from light-trap.
spo-olcan be,removedfrom the shell by rernoving either top 5. Close cassette.
or bottom of the cassette,according to the construction oT 6. Pull out paper leader and 2 in. of fiIm.
the particular container. 7. Cut off paper leader.
Most of the cassettesare actually intended by their
makers to be used once only, and rviih the film originally 4. The actualcentrespoolof thecartridgeis not needed.
supplied in it. However, fiovided they are reasSnably 5. SeeNo. 7 above.
robustly made and the light-trapping velvet slot is in good
condition, these cassettescan be reloaded many times, and
will give perfectly satisfactoryresults-z/ handledcarefutly. The Choice of Black-and-White Material
"best" There is no such thing as a film for any or every
Cassetteswith Bulk Filrn or Darkroom Refills kind of picture. Each type of film has certain characteristics,
1. Work in the darkroom in appropriate safelight. especiallywith regard to colour sensitivity,speed,gradation,
2. Prepare film. latitude and, more particularly, grain.
3. Open cassette. COLOUR SENSITIVITY. Practically all 35 mm. films
4. Fix film on centre spool. that can be used in the Exakta are sensitive to all colours.
5. Wind film on centre spool. They are what is known as panchromatic.
6. Insert centre spool into shell; the first 2 in. of film has INFRA-RED FILM. Infra-red film is a negativematerialwhich,
to project from the light-trap. unlike the panchromaticfilms, is madesensitiveto infra-redrays,
7. Close cassette. which are not visibleto the humaneye.Specialapplicationsof this material: black-outphotography.long-distanceshots,mistpenetration,2. As described on page34. scientificcopyingandresearchwork. It mustbe usedwith an infra-red As3. described above. filter to cut out bluelight, to whichit is alsoverysensitive.
37 38View original page 22Page 26 · Read text
EXAKTA LENSES The focusing mount bears a distancescale,as a rule in feet. some- times in metres, with an index indicating the distance to which the
lens has been set.
To remove the lens, it has to be held firmly in the left hand. while
A wide range of lenseshas beenmounted for the 35 mm. at the same time pressing the lens catch liglitly with the right hand
Exakta cameras.The standard lensesarc 2 in. (5 cm.) or and simultaneouslyturning the lens firmly to the left. After iurning a
2l in. (5.8 crn.). few degrees,it will be found that the lens disengagesand can be lifled from the camera body.
Some of theselenseswei'e,or are, marketed by the manu- To insert a lens, this procedureis reversed.The lens is held into the
facturersof the camera,some quite independentlyof them. tubularmount of the camera body, care being taken that the red dot
For that reason one mav find Exaktas r.vithlensesnot listed on the lens comes to lie opposite the red dot on the camera body.
in this book. Now the lens and mount are turned firmly to the right until the lens catch is heard and seen to slip into the catch on the lens mount.
Lensesof any focal lengthfrom 20 mm. to 1000mm. and A depth of field calcuhtor is engravedon the lens mount. On either
of apertures up to .f1.5 can be interchangedwith the sideof the distanceindicator the aperturevalueswill be found engraved."standard" lens in any of the 35 mm. Exakta cameras. After focusing with the mirror reflex arrangement or by setting the
index mark to the distance required, one can read off bpposit6 the
A most important feature of the construction of the left-hand -stopthe -depthof field to the foreground and the right-handExaktasis that, whateverlens may be employed,the correct stop the depth offield to the background (seepage 53).
imageand accuratefocusingis obtainedin the mirror reflex
housing. Consequently,no special finders are needed,as The treatment and care of lenses is a matter of importance.
this at the same time does away with parallax, no matter On account of its chemical composition, optical glass of
how short or how long the focal length of the lens. high quality is susceptible to the influence of moisture, and
This does not hold good for the auxiliary .frantefnder foravoided.this reasonWhen touchingnot in use,the theglasslenswithshouldthe fingersbe protectedshould bybedevice. The frame finder is correct only for the standard putting bn the lens cover or at least by a lined case. Sincblenses. complete protection is impossible, the lens surface should The diaphragmon the Exaktasis adjustedby meansof a be cleaned occasionally with a clean, soft chamois leather.milled ring engravedwith the aperturefigureson the lens
mount. Pre-set or automatic aperture setting lenses are
suppliedwith recentmodels;their manipulationis described The Choice of Lenses
on page29, No.4. The Domiplan f2.8 50 mm., Tessar f2.8 50 mm. and
The mounts of the lensesare arrangedso that accessories Oreston fl.8 50 mm can be regarded as "standard" Ienses(filters, supplementaries,lens hood) can be slipped on or for the Exakta and the most suitable for general use.
screwedin. It is wrong to assume that the high correction of the large
aperture lenses enables one to use them invariably at their
full opening. It will be appreciated that the depth of field
Setting and Changing Lenscs can only be comparatively small, so that more often than
The35 rnm.Exaktasuselensesin a focusingmount.That is to say, not stopping down becomes necessary. Large apertures are,
the lens itself is fitted with a helical focusing ntount. When screwed however, useful in adverse lighting conditions and they also position.right back, it is in the infinity
Focusing for nearer distanccs rs done simply by tuming the lens ensure a bright focusing image on the ground-glass.
mount to screw it forward. The possession of one or more of the longer focal length
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