Film cameras
Kodak Eastman Professional Films - 1938 User manual
User manual for Kodak Eastman Professional Films - 1938. 36 pages in English. Read the original PDF, download or print a copy without registration.
36 pagesEnglish2.5 MB PDF
Loading your manual…Open PDF directly
Document details
- Brand
- Kodak
- Model / document
- Kodak Eastman Professional Films - 1938
- Document type
- User manual
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 36
- File size
- 2.5 MB
- Category
- Film cameras
- Document date
- Not specified in catalog
Search available document text
Find a term, then jump to its page in the original PDF. Image-only pages may not be searchable; check the PDF for exact wording and diagrams.
Page 4 · Read text
I www.orphancameras.com
It
EASTMAN
PROFESSIONALFILMS
ParSpeedPortrait.SuperSpeedOrtho Portrait. SuperI
I SpcedO*ho PortraitAntihalation.Codrmercial. Com-
I mercialAntihalation. CommercialMatte . CommercialI
^ atte Antihatation. commercialo*ho . ortho prese.
il Panchro-Press. SuperPanchro-Pres3. PortraitPanchro-
matic . PortraitPanchromaticAntihatation . Superilil SensitiveFanchromatic. SuperSengitivePanchromatic
rf't Antihalation' CommercialPanchromatic. Panatomic
o PanatomicAntihalation. ProcessPanchromatic.il'I
Process. ProcessAntihalation
Iil
rl
il
! EastmanKodakCompany
Rochester,N. Y. I
t 1g3g
i
Ill
t;l; . -i;
E ;r.. :i*tdii*o.u,'i;...,',..t,r,,,,, .. ..:;i-:,,"..... ..,,. ;,adView original page 4Page 5 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
b g t t l l l s r Eastman
ProIessional Filmg
purpose of this booklet is to ac-THE
I quaint the users of Eastman Films
$'ith the various brands, the work for
which each is best suited, and the most
praetical formulas and processing
methods. The formulas recommended have
been found by long experience to produee
the most satisfaetory results and should
be used under all normal eonditions. If
unusual conditions make it impossible to
use the proportions of chemicals rec-
ommended in any formula, w€ shall be
glad to advise by correspondence the
changes necessaryto meet the situation.
o
EastmanKodak Company
Rochester,N, Y'View original page 5Page 6 · Read text
t www.orphancameras.com
EASTMANFILM
Film negatives have a distinctive quality which is due to the thin-
ness of the film support. As to convenience, films have but one-tenth
the weight of plates, and occupy about one-sixth the amount of space
in storage. They are coated on a support which is very much thinner
than the thinnest glass it is possible to use for plates and, hence, film
negatives are practically free from halation. Films are unbreak-
able and yet have sufficient rigidity to make them lie perfectly flat
in the speeial Film Holders or Film Sheaths made for use with them.
Another decided advantage of the thin support is that retouching
may be done on both the face and the back of the film. Coarse
retouching is softened if it is done on the baek of the negative.
Filmsfor EveryPurpore
Films are available for all purposes which fall within the field of
work of the professional photographer. For photographs which do
not require excessive speed or sensitiveness to color, the regular
Portrait or Commercial Films meet every need. For an orthochro-
matic film of extreme speed, Super Speed Ortho Portrait Film, regular
and antr)halation,is available, while Process Film serves well the needs
of the photoengraver for a material giving high contrast and sufficient
density.
Wherever it is necessary to photograph colored objects in such a
way as to give tonal renderings comparable with the brightness
differences seen by the eye, where it is required to make separation
negatives for color work, and particularly where it is convenient to
use incandescent tungsten lighting, panchromatie films are available.
For general portraiture and home portraits, especially of children,
Super Sensitive Panchromatic and Portrait Panchromatic Films,
regular and antihalation, are recommended. These films are also
useful for many types of commercial and illustrative photography
but where fine grain and brilliancy are especially desired and great
speed is not essential, Safety Panatomic Film will be found to be
very satisfactory. It is particularly well suited for enlargements from
small portions of negatives and for the making of photo murals.
Three films are supplied for press photography: Ortho Press,
Panchro-Press, and Super Panchro-Press. Each one is coated onView original page 6Page 7 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
safety support, with antihalation backing. These materials possess
all the properties desired by the modern news photographer for
various types of work, their range of color sensitiveness and speed
being ample to meet the most severe demands of the trade.
There are many classesof commereial work requiring emulsions of
different characteristics. All the demands can be satisfactorily met
by proper selection of one of the following films manufactured by the
Eastman Kodak Company:
Eastman Commercial and Commercial Matte, regulnr and anti-
halation, Commercial Ortho, Safety Ortho Press, Par Speed Portrait,
Super Speed Ortho Portrait, regular and antihalation, Safety Pana-
tomic, regular and antihala,tion, Commercial Panchromatic, Portrait
Panchromatic, regulnr and antihalation, and Super Sensitive Pan-
ehromatic, regular and antihalation, Panchro-Press and Super
Pa,nchro-Press,Panchromatic Process, and Process Films.
Classificationof EastmanProfessionalFilms
A classificationand description of Eastman Professional Films
are as follows:--
Non-Color-SensitiveMaterials
Eastman Commercial Film, regulnr and antihalation, has an
emulsion of medium speed and is, as its name implies, especially
suitable for commercial work and copying where color correction is
not necessarybut where a fairly high degree of contrast is desirable.
Eastman Commercial Matte, regular and antihalation, is the
same film with a matte emulsion and permits the use of a pencil for
blocking out or retouching without the use of a retouching medium.
\ Commercial Matte, antihal,a,tion,hasa matte back as well as a matte
emulsion.
Eastman Process Film, regular and antihalntion, gives an ex-
tremely high degree of contrast and is equally suitable for negatives
or positive transparencies. It will be found useful for the reproduction
of line drawings and tracings, and for all purposes where strong
eontrast is needed.
t
OrthochromaticFilms
Eastman Par Speed Portrait and Super Speed Ortho
Portrait Films have been used extensively for many kinds of com-
mercial work. They are, of course, most used for portraiture where
4View original page 7Page 8 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
$
daylight, arc, or mercury light is available, but they are of great
value in all cases where an orthochromatic film having speed, soft
gradation, and wide latitude is required. Super Speed Ortho portrait
Film is considerably faster and appreciably more green-sensitive than
the regular Portrait Film and is still faster when making exposures
under artificial light when its yellow-green sensitiveness may be
utilized most effectively. The antihalation backing makes this film
one of the most universally useful emulsions for general portraiture.
Eastman Commerclal ortho Film has a high degree of sensi-
tiveness to yellow-green light, in addition to its sensitiveness to blue
and violet. It gives good color rendering for all kinds of commercial
work not requiring a red-sensitive film. When used with a yellow filter,
it reproduces yellows and greens very satisfactorily. With a Wratten
Kl or K2 Filter, it is extremely desirable for the reproduction of oak,
unfinished mahogany furniture, and all subjects where the correct
rendering of yellows is necessary. Eastman Commercial Ortho Film
has great latitude, allowing for considerable variation in exposure.r
t especiallyEastmansensitivesafety toorthogreen.PressIt producesFilm is clean,fast, orthochromatic,brilliant negativesand
so desirable in press photography. It also has excellent nonhalation
properties, due to a backing which absorbs reflected light.
PanchromaticFilms
Panchromatic films are sensitive to all colors. They are, therefore,
essential when it is desired to photograph colored objects so as to
record the different colors in the same relative brightness values
visible to the eye. To accomplish this exactly, it is necessary to use a
yellow or pale green filter over the lens, but without this filter the \
rendering is much more nearly correct than is obtainable on a non-
color-sensitive or even on an orthochromatic material.
Eastman Super sensitive Panchromatlc and Portrait pan-
chromatic Films are &mong the most sensitive photographic ma-
terials available. They are nearly twice as fast as the older Portrait
Panchromatic Film, with incandescent tungsten illumination. These
films have a long scale of gradation and will give negatives of finest
printing quality, having excellent rendering of shadow detail.
The chief difference between the Super Sensitive and portrait
Panchromatic Films lies in their color sensitiveness.The Super Sensi-
tive Panchromatic Film has been specially made to have extreme
sensitiveness to yellow, or&nge, and red light. It is, therefore, emi-
5
*,:i -r"u; ]View original page 8Page 9 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
nently suitable for use with incandeseent tungsten lamps and the
carbon arc, where it is desirable to make negatives with the shortest
possible exposures.
The color sensitiveness of Portrait Panchromatic Film differs from
that of the Super Sensitive material in being somewhat lower in the
red but relatively higher in the green region of the spectrum. Its sensi-
tivity corresponds approximately to the color sensitivenessof the eye.
The selection of Portrait Panchromatic or of Super Sensitive Pan-
chromatic Films for portrait work in the studio will depend somewhat
on the lighting and the personal likes of the photographer for the
work at hand. It may happen in certain instances that Super Sensitive
Panchromatic Film used with tungsten lighting tends to give slight
overcorrection of red objects, such as lips, and may falsify slightly the
correct rendering of blue eyes and blonde hair. If this is found to be
the case, then Portrait Panchromatic Film should be used, or the
lighting should be changed to be somewhat less red in color, as by
substituting some blue-bulb tungsten lamps, white flame &rcs, or
daylight. Both Super Sensitive Panchromatic and Portrait Panchro-
matic Films are now available on safety antihalation backed support.
Eastman Panchro-Press and Super Panchro-Press d,re com-
pletely color-sensitive films, supplied especially for the press photog-
rapher. Both films are coated on safety support, with antihalation
backing. Both emulsions are physically hardened to withstand the
rough treatment often given photographic materials in press and
H commercial work when wet printing is employed to save time. With
normal exposure and development, the speed of Super Panchro-Press
is nearly double that of Panchro-Press.
For many of the problems that face the press photographer,
regular Panchro-Press has ample speed, latitude, and contrast; but
when working under extreme conditions of poor lighting, or when it
is desired to use a smaller stop to secure greater depth of field, or to
double the shutter speed with a moving subject, Super Panchro-Press
is recommended. This new emulsion has the advantage that under-
exposures, when necessary, D&Y be forced in development and a
negative of good printing quality will be obtained.
The panchromatic emulsions used for both of these press films have
ample green and red sensitivity to make them especially satisfactory
for use with Photoflood and Photoflash lamps. While designed pri-
marily to meet the needs of the press photographer, they also
are ideal materials for many types of commercial and illustrative
photography.
6
r:;il,:;:. .:,::.:1*;View original page 9Page 10 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
Eastman Safety Panatomic Film is a very fine grained, long
scale panchromatic emulsion especially recommended for commercial
and press photography. In color sensitivity, it resembles Eastman
Super Sensitive Panchromatic Film but it has slightly less speed,
develops more rapidly, and produces negatives of greater contrast.
Because of its fine grain, it is an ideal emulsion for enlargements of
more than average size. Its maximum effective speed and shadow
detail are obtained by the use of the D-76 Developer.
Eastman Commercial Panchromatic Film is a negative
medium of good speed and considerably higher contrast than the
panchromatic materials previously discussed.
Eastman Process Panchromatic Film, antihalation, is com-
pletely color-sensitive and produces negatives of extremely high
contrast, It is especially suited for such work as copying maps or
drawings in color, or for photographing faded legal documents.
Useof Filters
All panchromatic materials have their maximum sensitivenessto
blue and violet light. The eye, on the other hand, is most sensitive
to the green region of the spectrum. If, therefore, it is desired to
photographcoloredobjects so that in the black-and-whiteresult the
tones are in the samebrightnessratio &s seenby the eye, it is neces-
sary to use a filter over the cameralens which will remove much of
the blue and violet light. Such a filter is yellow in color.
With modern panchromatic materials having an extremely high
sensitivenessto red light, it may be necessaryto remove some red
light in addition to the blue and violet to give correct rendering.In
this case,the filter should be pale green in color.
Filters are unnecessary in portraiture wittr the extremely fast
panchromatic films.
The choiceof filter will dependon the type of photographicmate-
rial and the nature of the source of light. For instance, to obtain
correct tone renderingwith Portrait PanchromaticFilm in daylight,
the Wratten K2 Filter should be used, while for tungsten lighting,
the pale green Xl Filter is correct. On the other hand, with Super
SensitivePanchromaticFilm, the Xl Filter should be usedwith day-
light and the somewhat darker green X2 Filter with tungsten
illumination.
As all filters absorb some light, it is necessaryto give increased
exposureswhen using them. The number of times the expostre with-
out a filter must be multiplied to give correct exposurewith a filter is
called the "filter factor" of that filter. A card giving filter factors for
7View original page 10Page 11 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com e
some of the commonly used light sources is enclosed with each box
of Eastman panchromatic films.
Sinee the quality of light used in practice may vary somewhat from
that under which the filter factors were measured in the laboratory,
the actual factors may be slightly different from those on the cards.
They will, however, provide a satisfactory guide.
Approximate filter factors are given below for sunlight, white
flame arc, Photoflood and incandescent tungsten lamps (clear bulb),
for several orthochromatic and panchromatic materials.
Approximate Filter Factors
Sunlight Photof,ood
or Vhite FlanneArc or Tungstcn
Films Kl K2 X1 Xl K1 K9 Xl xt
Commercial Ortho 3 5 - 2.5 4
Super SpeedOrtho Portrait 2.5 3.5 2 2.5 :
Ortho Press I
Super Speed Ortho Portrait, I 2 2.5 1.5 2
Antihalation )
Portrait Panchromatic 1.5 2 1.5 1.5 8
Super Sensitive Panchromatic l
Safety Panatomic l, 1.5 1.5 1.6
Super Panchro-Press,Safety t
Panchro-Press,Safety )
Commercial Panchromatic 1.5
In addition to using filters to give true rendering of colors in black
and white, it is often necessary in commercial work to vary the tonal
contrast in a subject to a value best suited to that particular subject.
For instance, in photographing furniture, it might be desirable to
emphasize the grain of the wood. For purposes such as this, contrast
filters are used. Those most likely to be of value are the Wratten
Filters A, B, C5, F, and G, which are, respectively, red, green, blue,
red, and deep yellow. Filter factors for these fllters are given on the
cards enclosed in the boxes of films.
For a fuller discussion of the properties of color-sensitive materials
and the uses of filters, the reader should consult "The Photography
of Colored Objects" published by the Eastman Kodak Company
(price, $1).
Film Speeds
The speednumbersof the various brands of Eastman Professional
Films are shown in the following table. The figures given were ob-
tained according to the standard system of speed evaluation em-
ployed in the Kodak ResearchLaboratories. They are for light of
sunlight quality and are not valid when the materials are exposed
to light of different quality, such as incandescenttungsten.
8
IView original page 11Page 12 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
PenchromaticMaterialg
(Sensitiveto All Colors) Sunllsht
Eastman Super Panchro-PressSafety Film 500
Eastman Panchro-PressSafety Film. 300
Eastman Super SensitivePanchromaticFilm 200
Eastman Portrait PanchromaticFilm 200
Eastman Safety Panatomic Film. 150*
Eastman CommercialPanchromaticFilm. r20
Eastman PanchromaticProcessFilm 16
*Withdevelopmentin D-76.
O*hochromaticMateriats
(Sensitiveto Blue and Green) Sunllght
Eastman Super SpeedOrtho Portrait, Antihalation . . 220
Eastman Super SpeedOrtho Portrait Film, Regular. 200
Eastman Safety Ortho PressFilm. 160
Eastman Par SpeedPortrait Film. t20
Eastman CommercialOrtho Film 100
Non-Color-SensitiveMaterials
Eastman CommercialFilm. ,40
Eastman CommercialMatte Film. 40
Eastman ProcessFilm. L2
Safelishts
Becausethey are so sensitiveto red as well as to all of the other
colorsof the spectrum,PanchromaticFilms cannotbe handledin the
usual red light of the darkroom. Particular caremust be taken in the
caseof Super SensitivePanchromatic,Portrait Panchromatic,Super
\ Panchro-Press,and Panchro-PressFilms. These should be handled
in total darkness.After developmenthas beenin progressfor several
minutes, they may be examinedfor a few secondsby the light of a
Series3 Safelight in conjunction with a l0-watt bulb (l5-watt bulb
if usedin the overheadIndirect Light Box). The other Panchromatic
Films ean be handled either in total darkness,or by the light from a
Series3 Safelight,providedwith a2l-watt bulb, if usedin the indirect
safelights, such as the Wratten and Kodak Safelight Lamps. A
l0-watt bulb should be used in the direct safelights, such as the
Eastman and Brownie Safelight Lamps.
For ceiling illumination the use of one 10 by l2-inch Eastman
Indirect Light Box, fitted with a Series 3 Wratten Safelight and a
l5-watt, 120-volt bulb, is recommendedfor every 80 square feet of
floor space. ,,View original page 12Page 13 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
THE PROCESSINGOF FILM
TankDevelopment
$r The developmentof film is very simplewith either the tray or
tank method. For convenience, economy, and quality of negatiues,
we recommend tank development.
We supply Eastman Film Developing Boxes, Film Developing
Hangers, and the Film Developing Hanger Racks, so that a number
of 5 by 7-inch or 8 by l0-inch films can be developed at the same time
and with greater uniformity in the quality of the negatives that will
be produced.
The use of the Film Developing Hanger Rack is strongly urged,
especially where handling a batch of six or more film hangers. Its use
insures greatest uniformity of agitation.
Films may be developed, fixed, washed, and dried without remov-
ing them from the film hangers.
Film Developing Hangers should be agitated slightly when first
placed in any solution and at intervals of two or three minutes while
remaining in the solution. Placing the hangers too close together,
and agitating them constanfly, may cause streaks and uneven
development.
Tray Development
In tray development,it is best to use trays that are large enough
to permit handling the films in two piles. Use suffi,cientdeveloperto
submergefilms completelyduring the time of development.Slide the
first film under the developer,breaking any air bells that may form
on its surface.When it is thoroughly saturated,proceedin the same
way with the other films until a pile is made. Take them one at a
time from the top of the pile and place them in another pile at the
other end of the tray. When fully developed,place them in the hard-
ening bath before fi*itg.
Development
Formulas DK-50 and D-61a are specially recommended.They
contain Elon and hydroquinone as the developing agents. These
developersare capable of giving excellent negatives free of stain or
fog and have the advantageover pyro in that it is possibleto dupli-
I cate resultsreadily, whereaswith a pyro developerthe degreeof stain i and, hence,the printing contrast tend to vary from batch to batch
of negatives.
10
I r ;)i.:i-.r,View original page 13Page 14 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
For development to low contrast which favors minimum graini-
ness,Formula D-76 is recommended.Formula DK-50 contains the
Eastman alkali, Kodallc, which has the advantage over carbonate
that no gas is liberated when the developeris brought into contact
with the acid hardeningbath or aeid fixing bath. Trouble from blis-
ters, therefore, is eliminated with developerscontaining Kodalk.
The activity of the developermay also be controlled more precisely
by varying the quantity of Kodalk in Formula DK-50. The activity
of D-76 may also be increasedby using more borax, but maximum
activity is obtainableby substituting Kodalk for borax and increas-
ing the quantity of Kodalk. Kodalk is not recommendedfor use with
pyro developers.
Those who prefer pyro developerswill find that very satisfactory
results can be obtained with Formulas D-l and D-7. Both of these
developers,however,have much poorer keepingqualities than any of
the Elon-hydroquinoneformulas.
For presswork where rapid developmentand fairly high eontrast
are often desired,Formulas D-19 and D-72 are recommended.Neg-
atives of extremedensity as required for line work may be obtained
s'ith Formulas D-8 and D-9. Formula D-8 has somewhat better
keeping propertiesthan D-9 and is especiallyrecommendedfor line
and halftone screennegativesintendedfor printing directly on metal.
Formula D-11 is recommendedfor generalcommercialwork and for
halftone screennegativesfrom which positive transparenciesare to
be made for dot etching.
Kodalk Developer IT FormulaDK.sO IJ
For Normal Contraston ProfessionalFilmc
Stock Solution Avolrdupole Metrlc
Water (about 1250 F.) (52o C.). 64 ounceE 2.0 llters
Elon. . 145 gralne 10.0 grams
Sodlum Sulphlte, deelccated (8. K. Co.). . .. 4 ounces 120.0 9rarrs
Hydroqulnone. . .. 145 gralng 10.0 grarns
Kodalk. ... .l oz. t45 gralns 40.0 grams
Potasslum Bromlde. 29 gralns 2.0 9rams
Cold water to make. I Eallon 4.0 llters
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
For tank development of Commercial Panchromatic Film, use without dilution.
Develop about 9 minutes at 65" F. (18" C.).
For tank development of SS Pan and Portrait Pan Film, tqkg l. part stock
solution and 1 part water. Develop about 9 minutes at 65" F. (18'C.).
For tray development, use without dilution. Develop about 5 minutes at 65'F.
(18" c.).
Greater or less contrast can be obtained by developing for longer or shorter
times than those specified.
By increasing or decreasingthe quantity of Kodalk in the formula, it is,possible
(a) io increasebr decreaseth=econtrast obtained in a given time of developmelt',
or.(b) to decrease or increase the time of development without affecting the
contrast.
11View original page 14Page 15 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
J Formula I I DK-50R I ReplenisherSolution
For Use with FormulaDK-50
Metrlc
3.0 llters
20.0 grams
120.0 grams
40.0 grarns
160.0 grams
4.0 llters
I Formula I I D-6la I Elon-HydroquinoneDeveloper
For Tray or Tank Use
Stock Solution Avolrdupots Metrtc
Water (about 1250 F.) (52o C.). 16 ounces 500.0 !,rarns
E l o n . . . : . . . . . . . . 4 5 E r a i n s 3 . 1 [ r a m s
Qodium SglpJrtte, desiccated (E. K. Co.). ... 3 6unces 90.0 [rams
Sodium Bisulphite (E. K. Co.).. 30 grains 2.1 frams
*Sodiurn.$v{-roquinole.Carbonate,. . desiccated (E. K. Co.). . . 16585 grainsf,rains ll.55.9 [,rams[rams
P o t a s s i u m B r o m i d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 [ r a i n s 1 . 7 [ r a m e
Cold water to rnake. 32 ounces 1.0 liter
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
*If mo_nohydratedsodium carbonate is used, the quantity given above must be.
increasedto 195 grains (13.5 grams).
_ For tray use, -t1ke,l pa4t of stock solution to l part of water. Develop about7 minutes at 65'F. (18" C.).
For tank use, take I part of stock solution to 3 parts of water.
_-At a tempelatnre of 65oF. (18'C.), the development time is about 14 minutes.
While Formula D-6la does not produc_enegatives of warm tone, they have good
printing density and qualjty and the developer has excellent keepinf properlies.
It is one of the most satisfactory 4-evelopersfor continued use and, when liept up
to normal strength, will give excellent results over a period of several weeks-.
As with all tank developers, when not in use it should be covered with a
floatin$ lid or thin Kodaloid, cut to the exact size of the tank and floated
on the solution. The surface of the developer should be skimmed each
morning with the aid of a blotter.
- If the developer in the tank is of normal strength, but the volume of solution
has^p_eenreduced, add a sufficient amount of the suiphis stock solution (diluted I :3)
to fi.ll the tank. +
IJ lhe strength of the solution, as weU as the volume, has been reduced, add a Ilsufficient quantity of the following replenisher solution: j
FormulaJ h+I D-6rR I I ReplenisherSolution l
For Use with the Tank Dilution of FormulaD-61a l,]
Stock Solution A Avotrdupots Medc
Water (about 1250 F.) (52'C.). 96 ounces 3.0 lltere
Dlon.. 85 gralns 5.9 grame
Sodlum Sulphtte. desiccated (E. K. Co.). . . . 6 ounces 180.0 grams
$_od_iurnBisulphite (E. K. Co.).. 55 gralns 3.8 g,rams
4ydroquinone..... 170 grains ll.9grams
Potassiurn Brornlde. 45 [rains 3.1 grams
Cold water to make. . . . . . . l/2 gallons 6.0 lltere
(Continueil on pa4e 19)
t2View original page 15Page 16 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
Stock Solution B Avoirdupois Metrlc
*Sodlurn Carbonate, desiccated (E. K. Co.). . . 8 ounces 240.0 grams
Water to rnake. . . .: . . . 64 ounces Z.O literJ-
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
*ff monohydrated sodium carbonate is used, the quantity given above must be . increasedto 9 ounces 160 grains (280 grams).
{or u-se,take 3 parts of Solution A and 1 part of Solution B and add to the tank
of developer as needed. Do not mix these solutions until ready to use.
Elon-Hydroquinone-BoraxDeveloper [""6]Ht"l
For GreatestShadowDetail on PanchromaticFilms
. Avoirdupols Metrlc
Water (about 1250 F.) (52o C.). 96 ounces 3.0 liters
Elon. . .:.. ._.. . . . 116 grains 8.0 grarns
$_odjum Sulphite, desiccated (8. K. Co.). . . . t3l 6unces a00.0 Erarns
Hydroquinone. . . . 290 grains 20.0 grarns
Eo!?", granular (P. K. Co.).. 116 [ralns 8.0 [rarns
Cold water to rnake. 1 gallon 4.0 l-iters
Dissolve the chemicals in the order qiven.
Use without dilution.
For tanF use, develop^about 20 mi^nutesat 65oF. (18"C.). For tray use, .
decreasethe time about 20 per cent. Greater or less contrast'can be oblaineci
by developing for a longer or shorter time than that specified.
A fa*er.working developer can be obtained by increasing the quantity of .
!9Iu*. By increasi"g ltte borax about 10 times, from 116 giains to 2 ouirces
?.90etqipq per gallon (f.to+ Q grams-to 80 grams per 4 liters), the development time will be about one-half that of the regular D-76.
Maximum activity can b^e^obtainedby_substituting Kodalk for borax and using
290 grains of Kodalk per 32 ounces of developer (20 €lramsper liter). With thi;
concentration, the contrast of a negative developed for 4tl minutesin the more
rapid developer will approximate that obtained ln 18 minrites in D-70.
With use, Formula D-76 becomesslightly muddy, due to the formation of a
suspensionof colloidal silver, and the tank usually becomes coated with a thin
deposit of silver. Both these effects are harmless, Lowever, and may be ignored.
ReplenisherSolution TJ FormulaD.76R JI
For Use with FormulaD-76
Metrlc
3.0 liters
12.0 grams
400.0 grams
30.0 grams
E0.0 !,ramo
4.0 liters
a
Kodalk Concentratlon Tlme of Tank Kodalk Concentration
ln the Developer Development in the Replenisher
Per Liter Per Gallon 650 F. (18o C.) Per Liter Per Gallon
I grams llQ grains 20 min. 7.5 grams 1 ounce
_! grams 290 grains l0 rnin. 20.0 prarns 2 oz. 290 S,ralns
!Qerams \"". \!Qpralns 7/2nln. 40.0 grams 5 oz. t45[,rains
20 grams 2 oz. 29O grains 5 min. *40.0 grams S oz. t4S frains
*Discard some developer before adding replenisher.
13View original page 16Page 18 · Read text
$ www.orphancameras.com fl
Elon-PyroDeveloper ["""#it l
For Tank or Tray Use
Stock Solution A Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water (about 1250 F.) (5? C.). 16 ounces 500.0 cc.
Sodlum Blsulphite (8. K. Co.).. I ounce 7.5 grame
E l o n . . r/4 ounce 7.5 grams
P y r o . . I ounce 30.0 grams
Potasslum Bromlde. 60 grains 4.2 Erarns
\ilater to rnake. 32 ounces 1.0 liter
Stock Solution B
Water. 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
, Sodium Sulphlte, deslccated (8. K. Co.). . .. 5 ounces 150.0 grams
Stock Solution C
Water. 32-i%"ii".,ounces 1.0 llter . xsodrumc;b";;i;;;r;i;;i;a <'8.'ii.'cb.i... 75.0srams
Dissolve the chemicalsin the order given.
*ff monohydrated sodium carbonate is used, the quantity given above must - be increased to 3 ounces (90 grams).
For tray dqvglopm.ent,take 2 ounees (64 cc.) each of A, B, and C solutions
to 16 ounces(500 cc.) of water. Develop about 4 minutes at 65'F. (18'C.).
For tank development, take 8 ounces (250 cc.) each of A, B, and C and add
water to make_l gallon (4 li,ters).At a temperature of 65" F. (18" C.), development
time is about 8 minutes. Greater or less contrast can be secured by developing
longer or shorter times than those indicated. Formula D-7 cai be used^re-
peatedly for about two weeks if kept up to its normal volume by adding fresh
developer in the proportion of 2 ounces(64 cc.) each of A, B, and C to Siunces
(250 cc.).of water, although it is usually necessaryto increasethe development
time as the developer a,ges.
All_tankdevelopers must be kept covered with a floating lid or a piece of
thin Kodaloid with the edges turned up to form a shallow boat, and then
floated on the solution. This prevents oxidation. After removing the
floating cover, the surface of the developer should be skimrned with a
blotter.
Three-SolutionPyro Developer [""iln.'t"t
For Warm TonesUsingTank or Tray
Stock Solution A Avoirdupots Metrtc
Sodium Bisulphite (8. K. Co.).. 140 grains 9.8 grams
lyro.. 2 ounces 60.0 [rarns
Potasslum Brornlde. 16 grains 1.1 [rams
Water to rrrake. 32 ounces 1.0 liter
Stock Solution B
Water. 32 ounces 1.0 llter
Sodium Sulphlte, deslccated (8. K. Co.). . .. 3r/z ownces 105.0 grams
Stock Solution C
Water. 32 ounces 1.0 ltterIt *Sodlum grams 2% ounces Carbonate, deslccated (8. K. Co.).. . 75.0
Dissolve the chemicalsin the order given.
; *ff monohydrated sodium carbonate is used, the quantity given above must be increasedto 3 ounees (90 grams).
Prepare lresh deueloperfor each batch o! films.
For tank development, take 9 ounces each (285 cc.) of A, B, and C and add
water !o m_ake1 gallon (4liters). For the 3l1-gallon tank, take 32 ounces (1 liter)
each of A, B, and C and add water to make 3rl gallons.Develop for about 12 min-
utes at a temperature of 65'F. (18" C.). Any scum that may form. on the
surface of the developer must be remouedby means of a sheetof blotting paper bejore
developing films.
For tray development, take 1 ounce (30 cc.) each of A, B, and C and add
7 ounces(210 cc.) of water. Develop about 6 minutes at 65oF. (18'C.).
15View original page 18Page 19 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
ProcessFilm Developers
The following Hydroquinone-Caustic Developers D-8 and D-9
will give very high density and will be found best for line work.
They should be used at a temperature of-65'T. (lq:.CJ, lo.t warmer,
and should never be used colder than 55" F. (13'C.). It is important
to wash all negatives very thoroughly before fixing, or stains and
dichroic fog will result. Fix in an acid-hardening fixing bath.
[ ""'#it" ] Single-SolutionHydroquinone-
CausticDeveloper
For Maximum Density on Processand Procers Panchromatic Filmc
Stock Solution Avoirdupols Metrlc
Water. 96 ounces 3.0 liters grame ounces Sodiurn Sutphlte, deslccated (8. K. Co.). . . . 1.2 !QQ-9 *I 180.0grams 6 ounces Hvdroouinoire.....
SriOium Hydroxlde (Caustlc Soda) (E. K. Co.) 5 ounces l!Q.Q grame
Potassiunit" *"obil;;i;;'ih;Brornide. 4'0riters water bii.i"i*r'.'ir,'tr," "fr"'n;il"#.part of water. Develop about For use, lake 2 parts of stock solution and 1
2 minutes'at 65oF.-(18" C.). This formula is especiallyrecommendedfor making
line and halftone screen negatives intended for printilrg directly on metal'
A formula which is sliehtl-y Iess alkaline and gives almost as much densit_ycan
be obtained by using 3fi ouncesof sodium hydrbxide per gallon of ,stock solution
(112 grams per 4lit6rs) instead of the quantity given in the formula.
t"'#not"lI Hvdroquinone-CausticProcessDeveloper
For Hish Contrast
For Tray Use
Stock Solution A Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water (about 125" F.) (52" C.). 16 - ounces 500.0 cc.
Sodiuni Bisulphite (8.'K. Co.).. ${ ounce )1.i-gtatns
Hvdrooulnone. . . . 14 ounce 22.5 Eranra
P6tassfum Bromlde. i( ounce 22.5 grame
Watef to make. 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
Stock Solution B
,rColdsodrun'"u'"fiwater 32 ounces 52's1.0 lltergrams *:5f,?J?"l!?illif ArStf iil" o,ht"tfi,"eT.
Use equal parts of A and B. Shake bottles well before using. Develop about
2 minutei at 65oF. (18'C.). This developerwill not keep when mixed and, there-
fore, is not suitable for tank development.
*Cold water should always be used when dissolvin$ sodium hydroxide
(caustic soda) because coniiderable heat is evolved. If hot water is used,
ihe solution will boil with violence and may cause serious burns if the
alkali spatters on the hands or face.
A developerwhichgivesalmostasmuchdensity,keepsbette-rthan *D-8 or D-9iandcanbeusedfor tank or tray developing,is givenbelow:
[""initl Elon-HydroquinoneProcessDeveloper t For Tank or Tray Use
Avolrdupole Metrlc
cc. 500.0 ounces o' EWater1 o n . . (about. . . . . . 125'F.) (52o C.). 16 g r a i n s 1.0 1 5 9ram
grams 75.0 (8. K. Co.). '.. deslccated Sulphlte, Sodium ,^|/2ouncee grarns 9.0 . , . . r . . - . H y d r o q u i n o - n e . . . . . . . ' t q q ! , r a i n s
*S'Sdiurn Carbonate, deslccated (E. K. Co.). . . 3qq grains 25.0 9rams
Potassium Bromide. 5.0 grarrs
Water to make. 32 ounces 1.0 llter
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
*If monohydrated sodium carbonate is used, the quantity given above must
be increasedto 1 ounce (30 grams).
16View original page 19Page 20 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
Use full strength. Develop 5 minutes at 65oF. (18" C.).
This formula is useful for general commercial photography and for making
halftone screen negatives from which positive transparencies are to be made for
dot etching.
When great contrast is not desired, dilute the mixed developer with an equal
volume of water.
TropicalDevelopment
For bestresultsit is advisableto havethe temperatureof the solu-
tions as near 65oF. (18" C.) as possible.There are times, however,
when it is impossibleto do this owing to unusual conditions.This is
especiallytrue in tropical countrieswhere the temperaturesare high
and where it is difficult to obtain fresh, cool water.
To develop films at temperatures up to 90oF. (32" C.), Kodalk Developer,
Formula DK-15, is especially recommended.This formula has the following ad-
vantages: (1) It is non-blistering becauseno gas is formed when the developer is
added to the acid hardening bath or the acid fixing bath. (2) The development
rate changes slowly with time so that on slight overdevelopment the negatives
will not be too dense. (3) It has a minimum scumming tendency in conjunction
with the a,verageacid fixing bath.
KodalkTropicalDeveloper II FormulaDK-rs II
Non-blistering
water (about1250F.) (5? c.). i'"i*".:tJ ,uffltj
Elon.. 82'qagrains 5.7 prarne R""1'x,fYfllil:::Y::::::. li: T .T:l.::: 33:9 B$t38"gralns Bromlde. Potassiurn 27 1.9 B**lgrams ' *Sodium grams Sulphate, l/2 deslccated. ounces 45.0 . . . .
Cold water to rrrake. 32 ounces 1.0 liter
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
*If it is desired to use sodium sulphate crystals instead of desiccated sulphate,
useSrl ouncesper 32 ouncesof developer (105 grams per liter).
At normal temperatures of 65o to 75" F. (18' to 24" C.), development will be
I' more rapid if the sodium sulphate is omitted, but it should always be used when working above 75'F. (24" C.).
Average time for tank development without the sulphate is 5 to 7 minutes and
withthe sulphate9 to 12 minutes at 65'F. (18'C.) in the fresh developeraccord-
ing to the contrast desired. Develop about 20 per cent less for tray use.
By increasingor decreasingthe quantity of Kodalk in the formula, it is possible
(a) to increaseor decreasethe contrast obtained in a given time of development
or (b) to decreaseor increasethe time of development without affecting the con-
trast. Prolonging the deuelopmenttime, howeuer,is uery undesirable, as encessiue
swelling and, softening o! the gelatin will occur.
Approximate times of development at 80o to 90'F. (26.5'to 32o C.) are from
5 minutesat 80' F. (26.5' C.) to 2rlminutes at 90oF. (32" C.).
After development, rinse the films not more than 1 second in water [omit
water rinse above 85'-F. (29.5' C.)1,and immerse directly in the following Tropical-F-5,
Hardener (Formula SB-4, page 18) for 3 minutes. Then fix in Formula
page L8, for at least 10 minutes and wash for 10 to 15 minutes in water not over
95'F. (35"C.).
Further details on handling films under high temperature conditions are
included in our booklet "Tropical Development," obtainable on request.
L7
. .-SiuL;u.-ln-View original page 20Page 21 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
I Formula I I SB-4 | TropicalHardeningBath
For Useat 75e to 90o F. (24'to 39' C.)
Avolrdupols Metrlc
32 ounces 1.0 liter
I ounce 30.0 grame
2 ounces 60.0 grams
instead of the desiccatedsul-
(140 grams per liter) should
]
Rinsingand Fixing aI
After the development has been completed, the films should be
rinsed for at least 5 seconds in water and then placed in a clear acid
hardening fixing bath, such as F-5.
Freedom from stain formation will be assured, especially under
hot weather conditions, by using the following hardening bath after
the water rinse. The use of the chrome alum bath also extends the
life of the fixing bath.
I
I Formulase-e II ChromeAlum HardeningBath
Water.
Potasstuil Cil;;;'ii;il.'.'.. i ;;;A- e0.0erams
W'hen developed, rinse the films for about 5 seconds in water and place for
3 minutes in the hardening bath; then place immediately in the fixing bath.
Agitate the negatives for a few secondswhen first immersed in the hardenerl
, otherwise a chromium scum, which is very difficult to remove, may form on the
film. If negatives have been rinsed, the potassium chrome alum is sufficiently
acid to neutralize any alkali carried over from the developer. The chrome alum
hardening bath should be renewed frequently, and, if any scum tends to form, it
should be removed before the bath is used.
[Forrnuural Acid Hardening Fixing Bath
\ Avoirdupols Metrlc
\ Water (about 125o F.) (52e C.). 80 ounces 2.5 llters grams 2 pounds 960.0 I' Hypo... Sodium Sulphlte, deslccated (8. K. Co.). . .. 2 ounces 60.0 grame
'tAcetic Lcid (287o pure) (8. K. Co.). 6 fluid oz. 190.0 cc.
{p*Boric Acid, crystals. . . . I ounce 30.0 grams
Potassiurn Alurr (E. K. Co.). 2 ounces 60.0 grarns
Cold water to make. I gallon 4.0 litere
Dissolve the chemicalsin the order given.
*To make 28 per cent acetic acid from glacial acetic acid, dilute 3 parts of
glacial- acetic acid with 8 parts of water. **Crystalline boric aciii should be used as specified. Powdered boric acid dissolvesonly with great difliculty and its use should be avoided. I
If films are fixed in a tank, they should be left in the developing hangers.They
should be fixed properly in 10 minutes if a freshly prepared fixing bath has been
used. Leaving them in the solution a few minutes Ionger than the time specified
will not do any harm, but prolonged immersion, especially in warm weather, may
tend to bleach the image.
When the total fixing time (twice the time to clear) exceeds 20 minutes, the
F-5 bath should be discarded.This will occur usually after eighty to one hundred
8 by l0-inch films (or their equivalent in other sizes) have been fixed per gallon
(4 liters). This bath gives good hardening and should not sludge throughout its
useful life.
18View original page 21Page 22 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com
3
Stock HardenerSolution IJ Formular-sa II
For Use with FormulaF-5
water(aboutr2soF.)(5?c.). fJ":t"T"""t: llu'fli""
Sodium Sulphtte, desiccated (8. K. Co.). . . . l0 ounces 300.0 Arams
*Acetic lrcld (287o prrre) (D. K. Co.). 30 fluid oz. 940.0 Cc.
'**Borlc Acld, crystal_"..r. r..:,.. 5 ounces 150.0 grarns
' Potasslurn Alurn (E. K. Co.).
Cold water to rnake. I gallon 4.0 fiters
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
*To- make 28 per cent acetic acid from glacial acetic acid, dilute 3 parts of - glacial acetic acid with 8 parts of water.
**Crystalline boric acid should be used as specified. Powdered boric acid
dissolvesonly with great difficulty and its use should be avoided.
A fixing bath is made by adding L part of cool Stock Hardener Solution
to-4-parts of cool 90 pgf cent hypo solution l2lhlbs. hypo per gallon of water (1200 gra,ms per 4 liters)l while stirring the hypo rapidly-
Formula I I ChromeAlum FixingBath t F-16 I
Solution A Avoirdupols Metrlc
I_Iypo.
S.idiu'i''Si'i;tit6:'.i;ft;;6likb.'t.'c;:i: : : : t 5;;".J'6o.o Eiami Water to make. 96 ounces 3.0 litere
Solution B 'Water (not above 1250 F.) (52o C.). 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
PotasslurnsurphurrcAcid'Chrorne Alurr. 2 ounces 60.08'06c'Arame
ti;".r"!ltf;ff;k; i;';il" o,#"uJ,'i"11'
Pour Solution B into Solution A slowly while stirring A rapidly.
Always rinse films thoroughly- before fixing. The above bath is especially
recommendedfor use in hot weather.
A fresh bath should be prepared frequently because the chrome alum
fixing bath loses its hardening properties in a few days either with or
without use, while with an old bath there is a tendency for scum to form
on the surface of the film. Any such scum should be removed by swab-
bing with cottdn before drying. Formula F-5 (page 18) maintlins its
hardening properties throup,hout the useful life of the bath and has a
rninimum sludging tendency.
The lmportanceof Agitation
'When processingfilms in tanks, it is important to agitate the films
at intervals during treatment in the various solutions. Agitation
during development insures uniform development. The films should
also be agitated when first placedin the fixing bath to arrest develop-
ment and minimize.the tendency for streaks and mottle. Move the
film hangersup and down in the solution. Rocking the tank will not
produce uniform agitation.
The No.4 Film DevelopingHanger Rack (page30) offersan effec-
tive meansof agitating six or more films uniformly. After loading the
rack with film hangers,lower it into the developer.Then raise each
hanger separately about /2-inch and tap it sharply several times on
the sideof the rack. This dislodgesany air bells which may cling to it.
19View original page 22Page 23 · Read text
www.orphancameras.com T
After developing for 1 minute, lift the entire Hanger Rack out of
the solution and immerse again. Then allow developmentto go to
completion.
Washing
TV'henfixed, the films are removed to the washing tank or tray.
The secret of thorough washing is to insure a constant supply of
fresh water at the surface of the film and frequent renewal of the
water in the washing tank. Fairly completehypo elimination can be
insured by 20 to 30 minutes' washing. For thorough washing, the
water in the tank should be replacedat least every 5 minutes.
I Formula I I HT-la I Hypo TestSolution
Avolrdupols Metrlc
Potasslurn Perrnanganate. .. 4 prains 0.3 gram
Sodiurn Hydroxide (Caustlc Soda) (8. K. Co.) 8 gralns 0.6 grarn
Water (distilled) to rnake.
To make the test, take 8 ounces (250 cc.) of pure water in a glass and add
/a dram (1 cc.) of the permanganate-causticsoda solution.
Then take an 8 by l0-inch film or its equivalent in other sizes from the wash
water and allow the water from it to drip for 30 seconds into the glass of test
solution. If a small percentage of hypo is present, the violet color will turn orange
in about 30 seconds,and with larger concentration the orange color will changeto
yellow. fn such case,washing should be continued. When further tests produce no
change in the violet color, this indicates that the hypo content has been reduced
to a safe margin, thereby insuring satisfactory permanency.
Noro: Oxidizable organic matter if present in the water reacts with the per-
manganate solution and changesits color in the same manner as hypo. The water
should, therefore, be tested as follows:
Prepare two samples of permanganate test solution, using distilled water.
Then add a volume of the tap water to one test sample equal to that of the wash
water drained from the film into the other sample. If the sample to which tap
water has been added remains a violet color, this indicates the absenceof organic
matter and itrwill be unnecessaryto make the test in duplicate. If the color is
changed slightly by the tap water, however, the presenceof hypo in the film will
be shown by the relative color change of the two samples. For example, if the
tap water sample turned pink and the wash water sample became yellow, it
would indicate the presence of hypo; while if both turned the same shade, this
would indicate the absence of hypo.
Hardening Negatives for Altertreatment
Negatives which normally would be softened considerablyby a
chemicaltreatment in the removal of severaltypes of stains or by
intensification or reduction should be hardenedby treatment with
the alkaline formalin solution, Formula SH-1, given below:
[t"$ff-it'I Formalin Hardene]
(\ For All ProfessionalFilms .
Avolrdupols Metrlc
Formalln (37/s Fornraldehyde solutlon).... . 2/2 drarns 10.0 cc.
Sodlurn Carbonate, desiccated (E. K. Co.). . . 70 grains 5.0 9rams
Water to rnake. 32 ounces 1.0 liter
After hardening for 3 minutes, the fi,lms should be rinsed and, if incomplete
fixation is suspected,they should be immersed for 5 minutes in a fresh acid fixing
bath and washed thoroughly before any further chemical treatment.
2g
ilv6-View original page 23Page 24 · Read text
TD www.orphancameras.com
Intensifyingand Reducing
If films needintensificationor reduction,it is best to give them
such treatment immediately after they have been washed. Much
time is saved and the negatives, when dry, are ready for firishing.
Precautions: Stains are sometimes produced during intensification
or reduction unless the following precautions are observed: (1) The
negative should be fixed and washed thoroughly before treatment
and be free of scum or stain. -(2) It should be hardened in theIr Formalin Hardener (SH-l) before the intensification or reduction
treatment. (3) Only one negative should be handled at a time and
it should be agitated thoroughly during the treatment. Following the
treatment, the negative should be washed thoroughly and wiped off
carefully before drying.
Mercury lntensifier [""ffii'] n"fjl3::" PotassrumBromrde. ,#?Th"
Mercuric Chloride. ${," ownce 22.5 [rarns
FI BleachWatertheto negativernake. in the above solution until32it ouncesis white; then1.0 literwash thor-
oughly. Blacken lt with 10 pe1 cent sodium sulphite solution, i, developing solu-
?,i con-c.28pertion, s^qchascentammoniatoFormula D-61agpartswater)ithisegi'iingpro^gressivelygreaterdiluted 1:1 (page L2), or 10 per cent ammoriiad'ensity(1 part
in the order listed. To increasecontrast greatly, blacken with the foll<iwingsolution:
Solution A Avolrduools Metrlc
Water. 16 ounces 500.0 cc.
*Sodium or Potasslum Cyanlde.......:...... /2 ounce 15.0 grame
Solution B
Water. 16 ounces 500.0 cc.
Sllver Nltrate, crystak (8. K. Co.). . A ounce 22.5 grarns *Cyanide is a deadly poison and should be handled with extreme care.
Use rubber gloves and don't expose yourself to its fumes. Cyanide reacts
with acid to fofrn poisonous hydrogen cyanide gas. When discarding a
solution containing cyanide, always flush it out of the sink quickly with
water.
To prepare the intensifier, add the silver nitrate solution (B) to the potassium-allow
cyanide solution (A) until a permanent precipitate is just producedl the
mixture to stand a short time and filter. This is called Monckhoaen'sIntensifier.
Redevelopment cannot be controlled as by the chromium method (Formula in-4
below) but it must go to completion.
Note: See precautions on handling negatives, above
fmages having greater permanency may be obtained by using the -
chromium intensifier formula given below:tt
r* ChromiumIntensifier [""r"rfli''I Stock Solution Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water. 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
Potassium Blchromate 3 ounces 90.0 !,rame
Hydrochloric Acld, C. P. (8. K. Co.). 2 fluid oz. Oe.Oic.3i - For use, take 1 part of stock solution to 10 lrarts of water. Bleach thoroughly.
then wash five minutes and redevelop in artificial light or daylight (not direct
sunlight) in a nonstaining developer,* such as Formul-a D-61a itit[tea'1:8, given
on page 12.If the qegative is not redevelopedfully, fix for five minutes, andlhen
wash thorougtrly. Fixing is unnecessaryif redevelopment is thorough.'
Repeatingthe processgives greater intensification.
(Contirwed on pa4e 22)
2lView original page 24Related documents and language editions
KodakPDF
At Home with the Kodaks - 1925
User manual
36 pages · EnglishRead →
KodakPDF
Kodak Films and Plates - 1938
User manual
33 pages · EnglishRead →
KodakPDF
History of Kodak Camerasoriginal release dates and prices, film size
Product booklet
36 pages · Not specifiedRead →
KodakPDF
Kodak Book 1
Product booklet
11 pages · Not specifiedRead →
KodakPDF
Kodak Book 2
Product booklet
11 pages · Not specifiedRead →
KodakPDF
Kodak Book 3
Product booklet
11 pages · Not specifiedRead →
From the M. Butkus archive. Original publisher and archive notices are retained.
Check the model and edition against your equipment.
PDF verified 2026-10-10.