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Kodak Films and Plates - 1938 User manual
User manual for Kodak Films and Plates - 1938. 33 pages in English. Read the original PDF, download or print a copy without registration.
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- Kodak
- Model / document
- Kodak Films and Plates - 1938
- Document type
- User manual
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- English
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- 33
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,
BOOK OF
FORMtJtAS
Eastman for
ProfessionalFilrns
and Plates
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
ROCHESTER,NETr YORKView original page 2Page 3 · Read text
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-v Developers for Eastman Professional
Films and Plates and Wratten Plates
Sensitive Materials Formula Patle
Fllms
Clrcult
Commerclal Elon-Hydroqulnonc
Commerclal Matte D-6la a
Commerclal Ortho Kodalk MQ
Commerclal Panchromattc DK.50 3
Portralt, Par Speed Borar MQ
Portralt, Super Speed Ortho D-76 5
(Regular and Antl-Halatlon) Elon-Pyro
Portralt Panchromattc D-7 7
Safety Panqtomlc Pyro Soda
Super Sensltlve Paachromatlc D-l ,
Plates Kodalk Troplcal
Commerclal DK.15 t2
EaEtman 33, tn, and 5ll Troplcal Kodeloo Polychrome D-91 13
Stngle and Double Coated Ortho
Unlversal
Wratten Trlcolor Panc.hromatlc Plates Kodalk MQ DK.50
Wratten Paachromatlc Platee Averale Contrast D-76 5 HtEb Contrast D-ll I
Super Panchro-Precs Madmurn Speed DK-50 3
Panchro-Press Flkn Htgh Contrast D-19 ll \ilratten Hyperseneltlve Panchromatlc
Films
Ortho Press
Panchro-Preso
Super Panchro-Pre$ Elon-Hydroqulnone
Safety Panatomlc D-72
Platee
Ortho Prese. Antl-halatlon
All Eastman and Wratten HfEh Speed Marlmum EnerEy D-82 Panchromatlc Fllme and Platee
Commerclal Fllm
Portralt Fllm, Par Speed Spectal Pyro-Soda
Any films used for CopylnE \ilort D-84
(except Process Fllms)
Process Films Hydroqulnone-Caustlc
Panchromatlc llrocesr D-8
Procesg D-9
Process Plates Elon-Hydroqulnone
Eastman Procesr Process
Eastrnan Infra-Red Procesc D-lt I
Wkatten Procesa Panchromstlc Troplcal Procecs
Wratten C. T. C. Panchromatlc D-13 10
Kodallth Strlpplng Ftlm (Superepeed) Ilydroq ulnone-Caustlc
Any film requlrlnA hlAh denetty D.E
Kodallth Strtpplng Fllm (Normal) Ertreme Contrast
Kodallth Fllm and Platec Para-Formaldehyds
Kodaltth Paper D-85 10
TVratten M Plat6 ( Low Contrast D-76c 1t
\ilratten Metallograpblc Plates lllEh Contragt D-19 ll
Eastman Infra-Red Sencttlve Platec Elon-Hydroqulnone D- 19 1t Eastman Spectroscoplc Plat€c
Eastman Poet Gard Platee Elon-Hydroqulnone D-62
Elon-Hydroqulnone D-?2 6
Hlgh Contraet D-ll I
Eastmaa Lantcrn Sllde Plrtec Ilydroq ulnone-Caurtlc t{
(Soft, Medtum, and Contrast) lVarm-BlacYD-32
Elon-Hydroqulnone l{
Blue-Black D-34
Kotava Safety Poeltlve Fllm Elon- ulnone D-52View original page 3Page 4 · Read text
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BOOK OF FORMIILAS
,Tr
Iur, formulas in this book supersede all others published
in direction sheetsand instruction books to date, relating to
Eastman Professional F ilms and Plates and Wratten and
Wainwright Plates. We recommend them to you, confident
that they will secure the finest results possible with products
of our manufacture.
Photography is so essentially a chemical process,involv-
ing the most delicate reactions of chemicalsin solution, that
the chemical materials used in photographic processesmust
have-in the greatest degree-purity, strength and uni-
formity. That is why we make and recommend Eastman
Tested Chemicals.
The Eastman alkali, known as Kodalk, has several
properties that make it especially suitable for photographic
use. It is slightly less alkaline than carbonate and more
alkaline than- borax. By increasing or decreasing the
quantity of Kodalk in a recommendedformula, it is possible
(a) to increaseor decreasethe contrast obtained in a given
time of developmentr_or(b) to decreaseor increasethe time
of development with6ut affecting the contrast.
Formulas containing Kodalk have the additional ad-
vantages: (r) blister formation is eliminated becauseno gas
bubbles are liberated when the developer is brought in
contact with the acid hardening bath or acid fixing bath, and
(z) scum formation is greatly minimized because Kodalk
developers have minimum tendency to precipitate an alumi-
num sulphite sludge in the acid fixing bath.
Eastman Tested Sodium Sulphite, desiccated (g6%%
pure) is specifiedin all Eastman formulas. In those formulas
specifying carbonate, we recommend the use of Eastman
Tested Sodium Carbonate, desiccated GA%% pure). If
monohydrated carbonate is used, the quantities of carbonate
given in the formula must be increased 17 per cent.
May, 1938
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DEVELOPMENT SUGGESTIONS
General Tral or Tank (Jse. F'ormulas QK-So and D-6r a are
specially r.cotimended for general portraiture of commercial
viork. They produce negativei of average.contrast free of stain or
fog, and havi the advantage over pyro in that it is possible to
du--plicate-stain results readily, whereas with a pyro developer,-the {egre.e
of and, hence, the printing contrast tends to vary from batch
to batch of hegatives. Iior "quick finish" work on Eastman Post
Card Plates, F-ormula D-62 should be used.
When low contrast and maximum shadow detail are required,
F'ormula D-26 is recommended. The activity.of Formula.D-7.6-can
be increar.d by using more bg1ax,_but maximu1 activity is o.b-
tained by substitoting Kodalk for borax and increasing the
quantity ' of Kodalk.
Those who prefer pyro developers will find that very. s1!is-
factory results can be obtained ri'ith Formulas D-r, and D-7.
These'developers, however, have much-poorer keeping properties
than any of tlie Eion-hydroquinone developers. F or copY negatives
and didplay transparenciei, use special pyro developer, D-84.
Press Work and Process Photography. For press work, when
rapid development and fairly higlicontrast are desired, Formulas
D-rq and, D-lz are recommended. F'or extreme underexposurest
*. i..o-mend the use of Formula D-Bz which gives great shadow
density. Negatives of very high density as required for line work
-"u b. obtained with Formulis D-B and D-9.- Formula D-B has
somewhat better keeping properties than D-9 and is especially
recommended for line and halftone screen negatives intended tor
printing'seneral"commeicialdirectly on metal. Formula D-r r il recommended for
work and for halftone screen negatives from
i"tri.tt positive transparencies are to be made for dot etching.
Photomicrographl and Spectroscoqty. For .low and normal
contrast workl Fbrinula D-76c is recommended. F'ormula O-t9r'
should be used when great contrast is desired
Lantern Elides. F'ormula D-lz is recommended for general use
with E,astman Soft, Medium, and Contrast Lantern Slides. F'or
line work on Contiast Slides use F.ormula D-rr. Formula D-S+
gives blue-black tones and F.ormula D-32, warm black tones.
faory Efects on Kotaaa Eafety Positiae Film.. Very satisfactory
tones ,iittt. obtained on Koiava Film by using Formula D-52.
Importantz Alkank developers,ytlgq not in use,shouldbe kept
.orr.r.d with a thin sheet of Kodaloid in the form of a shallow
boat which may be floated on the solution to prevent a-erial
oxidation. Aftei' removing the floating lid, the surface of the
developer should be skimmed with a blotter.
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Developers for Portrait and Commercial Work
Kodalk Developer I Ts"-p:I"DK-so I I
For Normal Contrast on Profeeelonal Films and Plates
Stock Solution
water (about 1250F.) (520c.) . tl"t"3$33:: #o'ff.tf""
Elon . 145 gralne lo.o grams
$gd_tum Sulphlte, deslccated (E.K.Co.) 4 ouncee 120.0 Erams
Hydro_qulnone . 145 gralns t0.0 lrams
potassrumtsoda[r . Bromrde . t "".'t g gHlff n3:3ill*3 cold watert" 4'0fiters
Sit3,". irrecrer.,icars'inthe:rai?tf;.
For tank development of SS Panehromatic and Portrait
Panchromatic Films take r part stock solution and r part water.
Develop about-9 minutes at 65o tr. (r8' C.). For trij, develop-
use withdrit dilution and leveloi aboui 3/ minut-esat 65"ir. Tgn! (r8 C.).
For tank development of other films and plates use without
dilution and develop about ro minutes at 65" F. (t8o C.),in the
fresh developer. Fbr tray development decr-easethe time zo7o.
Greater or less contrast may be obtained by developing for
longer or shorter times than thoie specified.
By increasing or decreasing the quantity of Kodalk in the -
formula, it is possible (") to increar. ot decrease the contrast
obtained in a given time of development, or (b) to decrease or
increasethe development time without affecting'the contrast. For
example,-by doubling the Kodalk, the time of d'evelopment will be
decreasedabout one-third.
For Eastman Tricolor Panchromatic Plates, use without
dilution. Develop-ment -times in a tank of fresh- developer are
determined for each emulsion and printed-on the directions, packed
with the plates.
Replenisher Solution I lqr'"_.rb I DK-50R For Formula DK-50 [ J
lv-ater(about1250F.) (52oC.) . *""9$3:1"" #0"rT.t"""
Elon . 290 €,ralne 2o.o grarns
$_od!um Sulphlte, deslccated (E.K.Co.) 4 6uncee 120.0 [rams
Hyoro-qutnone53ff"*"i""'' l oz. l4S €,ralns 40.0 fil?*'grarns ;i*"" ;n" ;n.::ix'fl.'u3:3 "n.-,;",',,, Add to the tank as need.edto maintain the level of the solution.
If.the-dgveloper solution is diluted r:r, the replenisher should be
diluted in the same proportion.
it.. rlsyNO.TE.be necessary.toIf the quentitydiscardof someKodalkof theis increaseddeveloperinbeforeDK-50addingover thatthe replenisherin the regularrn formula,order to
maintain an approximately constent developing tirne.
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NOTE: When Kodalk is substituted for borax in .f'ormula D-76 and a replenisher ia
required, it is necessary to substitute l{odalk for borax in . Formula D-76R as follows:
Kodalk Concentratlon Tlme of Tank Kodalk Concentratlon
ln the DeveloPer DeveloPrnent in the Replenlsher
Per Ltter Per Gallon 65" F. (18" C.) Per Llter Per Gallon
2 Arame grame '- f29016 gralnegralnE 2010 rntn.mln. 20.07.5 grarneArarne 2 oz, 290I ouncegralns 5
10 grarns 1 oz.145 grains 7ry, rntn. 40.0 grams 5 oz, 145 gralns
20 e,rams 2 oz. 290 gralns 5 min. *40.0 grarns *5 oz. 145 gralne
*Discard some developer before adding replenisher.
With use, the D-16 Developer becomes slightly- muddy, due-to
formation of a suspensionof colloidal silvrer,and the tank usu-ally
becomes coated with a thin deposit of silver. Both these effects
are harmless, however, and may be ignored.
f FormuraI Elon-Hydroquinone Developer D-72 L I ro, Lantern Slides and for PressPhoto$raphy
on Eastman Panchro-Pressand Super Panchro-Press Fllms
and Ortho PressFilms and Plates
Stock Solution
fld:fst: (about1250F.) (52'c.) . ti""8xfl::"" water 3-1 grams 45 gralns Blon
Sodium Sulphlte, deslccated (E.K.Co.) ,-Lr/z ownces 4q.g Erams
H.vdioqutnohe . 175 $ralns 12.0 $rams
S6dturirCarbonate, deslccated (E'K.Co.) 2!a oamces 67.! g,rams
Potisslurncold waterBrornldet" l'0llter
B?rti,"" it"'.t'"r'ii"tr'i' inj3raJ:i:T
For general use: Take I part stock solution to r part water.
Develofabout 5 minutes at 650 F. (r8" C-) in a-tank. Greater or
less contrast miy be obtained-by developing a longer or a shorter
time than that indicated. For tra3t use, decteasethe time about
20 per cent. For less contrast, dilute t zzl for greater contrast,
use without dilution.
For Soft Lantern Slide Plates take stock solution I part, water
4' parts.'For Develop 2 to 3 minutes atToo F'. (zro C.).
Medium'Lantein Slide Plates take stock solution I part,
water 2 parts. Develop r t9 2 minutes atToo F. (zl' C.).
For eontrast Lantern Slide Plates take stock solution I part,
water r part. Develop 3 to 5 minutes at 7oo F. (zr' C.).
f FormqlaI Maximum Ener$y Developer D-82 I I ror UnderexposedNegatives
water (aboutr25oF.) (52o- c.) ii:"-3-S#1"" tuffg'X"tl
Wood Alcohol ; lVz fluld ozs. 48.0 cc.
Elon
Soatum-suiphite, d&lccated (E.K.Go.) _ !3/ ounces q?.q gramg 14'0 lirarns €ralns Hydroqulnohe . . ?qq grams gralns . SriAturi Hydrorlde (Causttc Soda) Q.Q \2-,
coiaPoiaisfunfwaterBrorride-t" . . l?Q gralns 8.8r'0ltter{lrarns
Birti,"" ir," "r,.-i"ulsin;he33rdfiffff. Developabout 5 minutesin a ffay,at 65" F. (t8' C.).
The pripared d-eveloperdoesnot k..p ryor-g.thala.few.da.ys.
If wood it.dttot is omitted and the developeris diluted, the solution
.*"si*i* -. . . . " - " i . . . * x s : . " : - *Sei&,View original page 9Page 11 · Read text
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tank take 32 ounces each o{ A, B and C and add water to make
,U'^nitIi"J. Devel,op for about rz minutes at a temp.erature,of
"6?6F. (rB. C.). A"i scum that may fgrm on the surface of the
ii".i"*r *uit be rimoaed by meani oJ a sheet of blotting paper
itlort developing or stains will result'
- - - f rg{muta I Special" P v v r e r Pyro Tray Developer D - 8 4 I J _ r
For Display Transparencies, Copy Negatives
and Cln6 EnlarP,ements
Stock Solution A Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water U ounces 750'0 cc' s'"?iii"'suipr'ite,destciated(E'K'co'). t33:3 PYro i 3tff:" 3lXH3
Water to make
Stock Solution B 1'0 ltter ounceE 32 Water grams 120'0 -l ounces i"?iii-baibonate, destccaied (E'K'Co') F;;Gi"'' B;fr'::il;;n;*,;""," erams ;nji'0.fli",1.i'
For use, take one part A-, one part B and four parts water.
n.".iop";t.;i; min,rtesat 65"F' (tB' C')'
Developers for Process Photo$raphy
Formulas D-B; D-9, D-rr and D-r3 are recommended for
p-;g*:phoiogtupny 6h.r. verv high contrast and density are
requlreo, .tp..t"i[ifo. lin. *otk. F6rmulas D-B and, p-l should
#;J'at'65o F'. (lgo C.),-ngt w,rn'er, and should never be
ifr";55b .F (.tS" C.). F'ormul? D-B has somewhat "..J"."fi.; il;J k;.pitti ptop.rtres rn an open tray .thap D-9 and-givespormulaa ,li;irA" lii,if,.i d!"r'iry in a shorter time of developr.nelt.
D-l-t-(..;; better than D-B or D-9 and may be usedeither fbr tray
; r;;t;-e;;.1;p-."i *h." high but. not-extrem.edensity is re-
o"ii.J. Formrila D-13 is reco-mmendedfor tropical use at tem-
p.ratnt.s to B5oF. (29" C.).
f rosnuta'l Sin$le- Solution Hydroquinone' D-8 I I Caustic Developer
For Very High contrast on Process and Panchromatic Process
Films and Ptites and on Kodalith Stripping Film (Super Speed)
Stock Solution Avotrdupols Metrlc
Water ' Soaiuln-s.,tprrite,'a"ist&te'a<b.r.co'l ii ;;ru: 133:3tllfr: (iaui,tr,isda"i $#r1'"S"tli'?Hrta!Potasslum Bromlde . : : I SHf::: it[:[ffifr:
formula is p"".lop,.::-:X.*;"ffi;6.;t z minutesffi'il::i'!'i''-":frat 650 F. (r8oIti*r#;";wa,eC.). This
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especially recommended for making line and halftone screen nega_
tives intended for-printing directly on metal.
wash thorougli.ly afte! develofing and before fixing, or srains
and dichroic fos will result.
A formula which is slightly less alkaline and gives almost as
density with Panchromatic process F'ilms ind plates. can f".lr
be,obtained,by using ounces of socium hydroxide (calstic JTA
so"df) per gallon of stock solution (rrz gra;ns per 4liters) instead of the quantity given in the formula.
For KodalitL Striqpfg Fllm (suqer speeci), develop about z
minutes at 6so.tr._(tB--c.),rinse in ih. sb-ra'Acetic Acid Ri"r.
(qS9 r,S) about 5 seconds and fix t/z minutes in the F._5 I.1..h t'..'rxrngtsath (page r5).
Then immerse in warm water (not-over Boo F.) (26. c.) for
2,or.3 minutes.and strip. the film from the paper..rpport.-- Minip-- ----^r
ulation from this poinf is the same as with *.t pt"[.I.
Hydroquinone-Caustic Developer I Forrnurao-' I I process,.d #;"I??Jllll -llT::T,?ff. For Tray Development ",'u",u.["u stock solution A
(a!sut- pa-ter r-2qo FJ -tt:s Sodium Btsulphrte (E.i<.co.IQ2:c.) : . .. t;t'8$H3:""% il;a;- uooYf,l'"1' e;;m" Hydroqulno:re .,
Potasslurn Bromtge
Cold water to_rnake : . . SZ'- oilces f .O f.-itei--
Stock Solution B
Coldsodrumwater. . - -.' _._ g2 ounces sz'E1.0 ltterL'"-."" ""0'"ili:J::H:':r:*,:)rs' in the::,j.:tH?
use equal parts of A and B and develop for not more than z
minute"sat 65i tr. (ts' w1gh. thoroughly after development 9.).and before fixing_,or and dichroic fo[ may result. _stains
cold water should alwa1s be used when dissoluinr sodium Jnt-
droxide (caustic soda) becauseconsiderable heat is eu'olued. If h'ot
water is used, the solution will boil with violence and may cause
seriousburns if the alkali spatters on the hands or face. Solirtion A
should be stirred thoroughly when the caustic alkali is added to-- ii.
otherwise the heavy caultic solution will sink to the br;l;;. .--'
Elon-Hydroquinone Developer I "Sii'" I
For Process and Panchromatic Process Films and plates, infra-Red'
Process Plates, and contrast Lantern slide plates For Tiav or T;;k
water (about 1250F.) (520c.) . l;t':H#:"" uoilt"ll1'
3l"at.,,,''s.,ipr'ite,oesrccatico.r.cb.l' li" SnlU" rl:$ gll*" llv{-roqutno-ne ..'. I30'-grainJ 9.0[il;; Sodrum carbonate, desrccated(E.K.co.) 365 Erti''a zs.d Eiaiii" Potasslum Brornt4e
cold water t" i'o trtei-
B?rtir"" ihe chemicals'inhe33"d;:*:
(See next page)
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Hypersensitive Panchromatic Plates, develop 2% to 4 minutes at
6to-F.- (r8" C.) in a tray according to the contrast desired.
Develop Super Panthro-Press-Film about 5 minutes in a tray
at 65" F. (tB' C.)
Ihcrease the time given about 25 per cent for tank development.
For Eastman Sp6ctroscopic Piales use without dilution and
develop about 5 minutes in a tank at 65oF. (lB" C.)
Foi Eastman Infra-Red Sensitive Plates, dilute r part Stock
Solution to 4 parts water, lld_.d.."qlj'q about 6 minutes in a tank
or 5 minutes in a tray at 65" tr. (lB' C.).
[ I Elon-Hydroquinone Developer "glry*"Lt-ozL I nor Eastman Post Card Plates
Stock Solution
water (about125'F.)(52oc.) . t;t":Ifl:l"" uo#f,::1'
Elon 55 grains 3.8 grarns
Sodlum Sulphlte, deslccated (E.K.Co.) 1 ounce 30.0 !,rarrs
Hydroqulnone la ouYrce 7.5 grams
SodtumCarbonate, desiccated (E.K.Co.) lr/2 ounces 45,0 grarns
Potassiurn Brornlde 27 gralns 1.9 grams
cold watert" r'0 rrter
Tf.i"" it ;he33rd"::ff"? " "r,"-i."ls'in
For use take stock solution one part, water one part.
For softer tones take stock solution one part, water two parts.
Develop about + to 7 minutes at 65" F. (18' C.) in a tank.
Tropical Development
For best results it is advisable to have the temperature of the
solutions as near 65" F. (r8'C.) as possible. There are times, how-
ever, when it is impossible to do this owing to unusual conditions.
Thiiis especially true in tropical countries-*h.t. the temperatures
are high ind where it is difficult to obtain fresh, cool waier.
To develop films at temperatures up to 9oo F. (:z' C.) Kodalk
Developer,F'ormula DK-r5ris especiallyrecommended.This form-
ula has'the following advint"g.rt (l) it is non-blistering because
no gas is formed when the developer is added to the acid harden-
ingLath or the acid fixing bath. (z'; The development rate changes
slowly with time so that on slight overdevelopment the negatives
will not be too dense. (f) It has a minimum scumming tendency
in conjunction with the average fixing bath.
It*ili ] Kodalk TropicalNon-blisterin$Developer Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water (about 1250 F.) (52" C.) 24 ounces 750.0 cc.
Elon 82 gralns 5.7 lFams
Sodlurn Sulphlte, deslccated (E.K.Co.) 3 ounces 90.0 9rams
Kodalk . 3/n ounce 22.5 grarne
Potasslum Bromlde 27 $ralns 1.9 $rarns
*Sodlum Sulphate, deslccated lr/z ounces 45.0 girarns
Cold water to make 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
*If it is deeired to use sodium sulphate crystals instead of desiccated sulphate, we 3)4
ounceE per 32 ounceg of developer (105 grams per liter).
t2
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At normal temperatures tf.95"- T. to 75" tr. (rB'C. to 24" C.),
deve.lopmentwjll be more rapid if the sodium sulphate is omitted,
but it should always be.us-ed-whenworking above 75' F. (2+" C.)'.
. Average.tiTg for tank developm ent without thesuiphate is 5 to 7
minutes and witlr the sulph ate g-to 12 minures at 6q" F. (r B. e .) in
the fresh developer according to the contrast de6ired.' Develop
about 2o7o less for tray use.
By increasing or, decreasing the quantity of Kodalk in the -
formula, it is possible (") to lncrease or decrease the contrasr
obtained ir u- given_time of development or (b) to decrease or
increase the time of development without affecting the contrast.
Prolonging thg developmenf time, however, is uery-undesirable,as
excessiveswelling and softening of the gelatin wili occur.
Approximate times of devel-op[ent it Boi f: to 90" F'. (26.5" C.
to 3{ C.) erg {rom 5 minutes at 8o" F. (26.5' C.) to-z/ minut-es at
9oo F'. (gz'C.).
After development, rinse the films not more than r second in
water- (omit- water rinse above 85" F.) (zg.S" C.), and immerse
directly in Lh. Tropisal Hardener-(Forinuli Sg-+)-for 3 minutes.
Then fix in Formula pug. r5, for at leaslro.minuteJand wash {-S,fo11o t-o -r5 minutes in water not over 95" F. (:S'C.).
The following formula will also give 6itisfaci"o"ry results untler
t roprcal condrtrons:
'f:lT" Kodelon Tropical Deveroper [ I Avolrdupols Metitc
pfo.:i"fo"".t125o.F.)(ul" 9.). : : .. 10024 ouncesgralns 750.07.0 lramecc. Sodlum Sulphlte, deslccated
(E.K.Co.) 1 o2.290 gralns 50.0 grarne
Sodlurn Carbonate. deslccated
(E.K.Co.) 1 oz.29D gralns 50.0 lrame - waterto -toto,r;orrr" r'o fiter
ihech"-ic"l, tr',n31ro."r"riii"".
Average time of develop:nentrT to 9 minutes at 65' F. (r8' C.)
and z to 3 minutes at 9oo F'. (sz' c.) ih the fresh dev6loper'accord-
ing to the corrtrast desired. Rinse, harden, fix, and wash as recom-
mended for Formula DK-r S, page 12.
F'urther details on handiing-bookletfr'tmsunder high temperature con-
ditions are included in our "Tropical Dlvelopment,"
obtainable on request.
"t'r.t" 'Metrlc[ J T:Tg?iilqAvolrdupolsBT12"c) Water "J:?gi:T. 32 ouirces 1.0 ltter
Potasslum Chrome Alum I ounce 30.0 grarne *Sodiuln Sulphate, deslccated 2 ounces 60.0 lrams 'rlf it io deeired to use of the deeiccated gulphate. then sodium sulphate-gramecrystalo instead
4 ounceg per 32 ounceo of hardener lfZO per liter) should be ueed.
the negatives for 3o to 45 secondswhen first immersing. $gitate
in the hardening bath, or streikinesJwill result. Leave them in the
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bath for at least 3 minutes between development and fixation.
After the equivalent of twenty B x ro-inch films or plates per
gallon (a liters) have been processed,the bath should be replaced.
If over#orked, scum markings will result.
Lantern Slide Developers*
f ForrnulaI Elon-Hydroquinone Developer D-34 I I ror Blue-Btack rones
Stock Solution A Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water (about 1250 F.) (52o C.) 16 ounces 500.0 cc.
Elon 60 grains 4.2 ltarns I Sodlum Sulphlte, desiccated (E.K.Co.) r/2 ounce !!.Q grarns
Hydroquinohe __r/z ounce 15.0 gxams
C6ld water to tnake 32 ounces 1-0 ltter
Stock Solution B
Water 32 ounces 1.0 llter
SodlurnCarbonate. deslccated (E.K.Co.) r/2 ortnce 15.0 gramg
Potassrumu'"ff|li,"" 2'115ams
ih"'ch"-i."rrir,;h"3:rd.ffitT;.
For use take stock solution A, r part, stock solution B, r part.
For softer tones take equal parts of A, B, and water.
Develop t/ to 3 minutes at 7oo F. (zlo C.) according to the
contrast desired.
f rormuraI Hydroquinone-Caustic Developer D-32 I I ror warm-Btack rones
Stock Solutlon A Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water (about l25o F.) (52o C.) I . 16 ounces 500.0 cc.
Sodtuni Sulphlte, deblccated (E.K.Co.) 90 gralns !.! grame
Hydroqulnohe . lqq grains 2.9 Srams
P6tassl-um Brornlde 50 gralns 3.5 grams
cttrlc Actd 10 gralns 0.7 grarn
Cold water to rrake 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
Stock Solution B
Cold water 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
SodlumCarbonate'sodrum deslccated (E.K.Co.) 1 ounce 30.04'2 9rameErams
""u''otl,:"1::H:: f*tt?rs i n ; he6:rd.fftT;.
For use take equal parts of A and B. ior still warmer tones
take one part A and two parts B. I
Develbp about 5 minutes at 7oo F. (zr" C.).
Elon-Hydroquinone Developer
For Kotava Safety Positive Film ["r#"]
Stock Solution Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water (about l25o F.) (52o C.) 16 ouices SOO.O-cc.-
Elon 22 Prains 1.5 grams
Sodlum Sulphlte, deslccated (E. K. Co.) ,3/a oun.ce 2 .2.5 gtarns Hvdroqulnohe 90 gralns 6.3 grams
Sridturi Carbonate, deslccated (E.K.Co.) r/2 orurrce 15.0 grarns
Potasslurn Brornide . . 22 grains 1.5 grarns
Cold water to make 32 ounces 1.0 liter
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
For use take stock solution r part, water r part.
Develop not less than t/ minutes at 7oo F. (zt' C.).
*See also recommendation for use of Formulas D-72 (page 6) and D-Ll (page 9).
L4 ,}
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e
Films and plates will be fixed properly in ro minutes if a freshly
prepared fixinf bath has been ns.d. Leaving them in the solution a
few minutes l6nger than the time specifiedwiil not do any harm,
but prolonged irimersion, especialli in *".- ;.;ah.;; ir ti"r-f"t.
When the total fixing time (twice the time to clear) for a slow
fixing film or plate, exceeds zo minutes, the bath should be dis-
carded. This will usu-allyoccur after approximately eighty to one
hundred B x ro-inch films or plates or ?heir equivaienihurr. been
per galloy (+.liters). The bath giyes good hardening and {xed.
should not sludge throughout its useful life.
Acid Hardener Stock Solution "rrr" [ J For Use with Formula F-5
water (aboutr25qF.) (52oc.) . t6t"g$3:1"" i:u'ff.tf""
'rAcetic.Sodlum AcldSrr-lph^lte,(28Vo pure)deslccated(E,.K.Co.)(E.K.Co.) 3010 ouncesfluid ozs. 300.09e0.0 grarnsEc.
**Borlc Acld, Crystals ._ . 5 ounces 150.0 lrams
Potasslum Alum _(E.K.Co.) 10 ounces 300.0 [rame
. Cold water to rnake 1 gallon 4.0 l-iters
*To make 28/s acetic acid from glacial acetic acid, dilute three parts of glacial acetic . , &cro wrln ergnDparfs oI water.
**Cry.lP]line.boric-acid should be used as-specified. Powdered boric acid diseolves only ... with great difficulty and ite use should be avoided.
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
A fixing bath is made-by adding one parr of cool stock hardener
solution to four parts of cool 30 per cent hypo solution (zr/ Ibs.
per. gallon of water) (3oo giams per liter) while stiriing the Irypo nypo raprdly.
f Fo:muraI Chrome Alum Fixing Bath I F-16 | L r For General Use with Films and Plates
Solution A
^i""$Hfltut" sodrumThrosulphate(Hypo) . nuJlo"$ttrr"
S_odlurn Sulp-hlte, deslccated (E.K.Co.) 2 ounces 60.0 grams
Water to make 96 ouncea 3.0 ftters It Solution B
Water (not above l25o F.) (52'C.) 32 ouncea 1.0 ltter
Potasslum Chrome Alum 2 ounces 60.0 grams
Sulphurlc Acid, C. P. (E.K.Co.) r/1 flulil oz. 8.0 Cc. I Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
Pour solution B into solution A slowly while stirring A rapidly.
Always rins_ethe films thoroughly before fixing. This bath is
recommended for use in hot weather.
A fresh bath should be prepared frequently because a chrome
alum bath often loses its haideiting prop6rties in a few days either
with or without use, while with an old 6ath there is a tendency for
scum to form on the surface of the film. Any such scum shou[d be
removed by swabbing with cotton before drying.
16tlt
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Formula F-5 (pug. 15) maintains the hardening prop.erties
throughout the- ui-eful life of the bath and also has a minimum
sludging tendency.
The Importance of Agitation
When processing films (or plates) in tanks it is.important to
agitate the films during treatment in the various solutions.. $gi-
tition during developmint insures uniform development.with frge-
dom from mtttle, airbells, and streakings. Ttt. films should also
be agitated when first placed-in the-fixing bath in order to arrest
devJlopment and minimize the tendency for streaks and mottle.
It is not desirableto rock the tank itself as it is almost impossible
to produce^this uniform agitation of the solution at aII parts-of the film
in way. If streaks are encountered, moving the hangers
themselvesis absolutely necessary
Aeitation of a batch of films is greatly simplified by using the
Eastrian Film Developing Hanger Rack. _ After loading the rack
with film hangers, lower Jt into the developqt. Then raise each
r/ inch and tap it sharply several times hanger separalely-about
otr ih. side of the rack. This dislodges any airbells which may
cling to it. After developing for r minute, Iift -the entire -Hanger
RaJk out of the solution indimmerse again. Then allow develop-
ment to go to comPletion.
whennxed,,ilTl#-":'ffi:.3i1J"13Tremovedto the
washine tray or tank. To washihoroughly, it is necessarytb insure
a const;nt supply of fresh water at thelurface of the film, _andthat
quite difficult tob conditionsthe water in^thevary sowashingwidely tankin practiceis renewedthat itfrequently.is Washing
recommend specific washing times but fairly complete removal of
the hypo can'be insured by zo t.o 39 minu-tes washing. Thorough
washing will result if the water inlhe tank is replaced completely
completeness of ? about Iix times every 3o minutes. To test for
washing, use the following solution:
HypoTestsotution tnill t I ]
Avoirdupols Metrlc
' Dlstllled water . 6 ounces 1E0.0 cc.
Potassiurn Permanganate . 4 grains 0.3 9rarn
Sodium Hydrorlde (Causttc Soda) . 8 grains 0.6 $ram
Water (dtsttlled) to make . . 8 ounces 250.0 cc.
Take 8 ounces (z5o cc.) of pure water in a clear -glassand add
% dram (r cc.) of th-eHypo Test Solution. Then take one 8 x ro-
inch film or plate, or its equivalent in other sizes (!*o 5.x 7-inch or
four 4 x s-inch, etc.), from the wash water and allow the water to
drip for lo seconds'f.o- its surface into the glass containing the
Hypo Test Solution.
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If a small percentage of hypo is present the violet color will
change to orange in about 3o seconds,and with larger concentra-
tions of hypo the orange color will change to yellow. In either
case the washing should be continued. When further tests produce
no change in the violet color, this indicates that the hypo content
has been reduced to a safe margin, thereby insuring satisfactory
permanency.
NOTE: Oxidizable organic matter if present in the water reacts with the permanganate
solution and changes ite color in the same manner as hypo. The water should, therefore, be $
tested as follows:
Prepare two samples of permanganate test solution, using distilled water. Then add avolume of the tap water to one test sample equal to that of the wash water drained from the $
plate into tbe other sample. If the sample to which tap water has been added remains a violet
color, this indicates the absence of organic matter a,nd it will be unnecessary to make the test
in duplicate. If the color is changed slightly by the tap water, however, the presence of hypo
in the plate will be shown by the relative color change of the two samples. For example, if
the tap water sample turned pink and the wash water sample became yellow, it would indicate
the presence of hl'po while if both turned the eame sbade this would indicate the absence of
hypo.
Hardening of Negatives for After-Treatment
Most of the processesof chemical reduction, intensification and
stain removal have a softening action on the gelatin unless
precautions are taken to harden the negative previous to after-
treatment. The following hardening bath, (Formula SH-l) is
recommended especially for negatives which are to receive after-
treatment:
f FormulaI Formalin Hardener
sH-l I I ro" all ProfessionalFitms and Plates
^;?I$lf*ts Forrnann(40Vor|orfnaldehydesolution) r#r"$:
SodturnCarbonate, deslccated (E.K.Co.) 70 gralns 5.0 grams
Water to make 32 ounces 1.0 liter
After hardening for 3 minutes, negatives should be rinsed and
immediately immersed for 5 minutes in a fresh acid fixing bath and
washed thoroughly before given any further chemical treatment.
Intensifying and Reducing
If films or plates need intensification or reduction, it is best to
give them such treatment immediately after they have been
ivashed. Much time is saved and the negatives, when dry, are
ready for finishing.
Precautions: Stains are sometimes produced during intensifi-
cation or reduction unless the following precautions are observed:
(r) The negative should be fixed and washed thoroughly before
treatment and be free of scum or stain. (z) It should be hardened
in the formalin hardener (SH-t) before the intensification or re-
duction treatment. fu) Only one negative should be handled at a
time and it should be agitated thoroughly during the treatment,
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(F'ormula SH-r, page r8) before reatment with the chromium
intensifier, or the gelatin may reticulate and ruin the negative.
Bleach thoroughly at 65" F. (rB' c.), then wash five minutes
and rede.velopfully (about.5 minutes) in irtificial light or daylight
(not sunlight) in a non-staining developer such as Formula b-6ra
(n"9. a) diluted r:3. If.the negative is-not redevelopedfully then
fix for five minutesr.and washlhoroughly. Fixing rs unnecessary
if redevelppment is thorough. The deg-reeof intens'ificationmay be
controlled by varying the time oT redevelopment. Greater .
intensification can be secured by repetition.
Th9 degree.of intensification can be controlled by varying the .
time of redevelopment. The Eastruan chromium litensiie"."rrrD-
plied in tubes is equally as satisfactory as Formula In-4."
xWarnlng: Developers_, such as tr'ormula D-76, -containi4s a higtr concentration of sulphite, are not suitable for redevelopment, since the sulphite tendi to d*issolve t[e U]Luc[Ja i*ig"
before the developing agents have time to act on ii.
Ne.gativesintensified with chromium are more permanent than .
those intensified with mercury.
Note: Seeprecautions on handlinp negatives,page 1g.
Formura f I Silver Intensifier rn-c L J por all Professional Films and plateg
This is the only known int-elsifier which gives an image of
neutral color. The progress of intensification-may be foll6wed
visually and arrested at any stage.
Stock Solution No. I (Store tn a brown bottle)
ni""*$i:ll
Slver Nr6ate. crystals_ (E.K.co.) udlo"$t""-" - Water, dlettlled, to make g2 ounces f.O lttei
Stock Solution No. 2
$_gdtum Sulp-hlte, deslccated (E.K.Co.) 2 ounces 60.0 grams
water to lllal(e g2 ouncea 1.0 ltter
Stock Solution No. 3
Sodlum Thlosulphate (Ifypo) 3r/2 ounces 105.0 lrams
Water to rnake 1.0 llter
Stock Solution No. 4
Sodlum Sulphlte, grams 15.0 - gfarng 24.0 deslccated (E.K.Co.).. ..'Etrl gfil.'!"ounce lltere 3.0 Rl:e" ''.r" t.i
The intensifier solution is prepared as'follows:
Slowly.add one par-t of solution No. z to one part of solution
No..t, shaking or siirring to obtain thorough mixing. The white
precipitate which appeari is then dissolved-by the of one
part of Solution No. 3. Allow the resultine solution"dditionto stand a
few minutes until gleir, Add, with stirrin{, 3 parts of solution
No. +. The intensifier is then ready for usi'Jni the film should
?0
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be treated immediately. The degree 9{ intensification obtained
deoends upon the time of treatment which should not exceed z5
minutes. Aft.t intensification the film should be immersed and
aeitated for z minutes in a plain 3o7o hypo solution and then
w-ashedthoroughly.
The mixed intensifier is stable for approximately 3o minutes at
7oo F'. (zr'C.).
Note: Seeprecautlons on handlin$ ne$atives,page 18'
Reducers
Reducers may be classified as follows:
A. Subtructirr. or cutting reducers for correcting overexpo-
sure.
R-z Acid Pelhang anate.
R-+" F'armer's Reducer (F erricyanide-Hypo).
Iodine-Cyanide Reducer.
B. Proportional Reducers for correcting over-development.
R-4b Two Solution F'armer's Reducer.
R-5 Persulphate-Acid Permanganate.
R-g Vloaified Belitzski (also a cutting reducer).
C. SuperPropo_rtionalReducerforcorrectingover-developed
negatives-of contrasty subj ects.
R-r Acid-PersulPhate.
Persulphate Reducer f rosm.uta'l^-' For Over-develoPed Netatives of Contrasty SubJects L I
Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water . 32 ounces 1.0 llter
Ammonla Persul;haie : : . 2 ounces 60.0 gramc
*Sulphurlc Acld, C.P. (E.K.Co.) . 3/4 dir:arln 3.0 cc.
For use take r Part of stock solution and 2 parts of water.
When reduction is comPlete immerse in an acid fixing bath for
few minutes, then wash.
Permanganate Reducer *i:;'" For Correctin$ Overexposed Negatives [ ]
Stock Solution A AvoirduDols Metrlc
Water . 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
Potasslum Permanganate . l3/e ounces 52.5 grams
Stock Solution B
Water 32 qunqes l'0 llter
*$glpEurtc Acld, C.P' (E.K.Co.) I fluld oz' 32'0 cc'
*Warnina: Alwayg add concentrated sutphuric acid-slowJu to. the water with stjrring-
n"r", iii'i"tf,i"'friZiiai"iu"t*i,J,i1n"iotuu6" miy boil andlpatter the strong acid on the
hands and face ceusing seriouE burns.
The negative must be washed thoroughly to remove all traces
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of hypo be-foreit is reduced. For use take I part A, 2 parts B and
64partsof water. Wlrqtth. negative has been reduced sufficiently
place it in a fresh Acid Fixing Bath (Formula F-5, page 15) for a
few minutes, to remove yellow stains, then wash lfroro-"ghfy.
If reduction is too rapid, use a larger volume of water when
diluting the solution for use.-
Importanf : This solution should not be used as a stain remover
as it has a tendency to attack the image before it removes the stain.
Use F ormula 5-6 on page z4 for removing developer stains.
NOTE: If a ecum forme on the top of the permanganate solution or a reddieh eurd appears
in the solution, it is because the negative has not been eufficiently washed to remove all-6ypo.
or_becausetle permangan?.te-solution has been contaminated by hypo. The separate eolutiono
will keep and work perfectly for a considerable time if proper precauiione againei contamination
are observed. The two solutions ehould not be combined until immediate-ly before they are to
be used. They will not keep long in combination.
A close observance of the foregoing instructione ia important. Otherwise, an irideacent
e-cum will gome-bimeeappear on the reduced negatives aftefthey are dry, and thia is difficult,
if not impoeeible, to remove.
"nif" Farmer's Reducer [ ] For Correcting Overexposed Negatives
Stock Solution A
Avolrdupole Metrlc
Water . 16 ouncea 500.0 cc.
Potasslum Ferrlcyanlde . lr/t ouncea 37.5 p,rams
Stock Solution B
Water , 64 ounceo 2.0 lttere
Sodlurn Thlosulphate (Hypo) . 16 ounces 480.0 grams
For use take: Stock solution A, r ounce (3o cc.), stock solution
B, 4 ounces (r20 cc.), and water to make 32 ounces (r liter). Add
A to B, then add the water.
Pour the mixed solution at once over the negative to be re-
duced. Watch closely. The action is best seenwhen the solution is
poured over the negative in a white tray. When the negative has
been reduced sufficiently, wash thoroughly before drying.
Solutions A and B should not be combined until they are to be
used. They will not keep long in combination.
F-armer's Reducer also may be used as a two-solution formula
by treating the negative in the ferricyanide solution first and sub-
sequ.ently in the hypo solution. This method has the advantage
of giving almost proportional reduction and correcting for over-
development. - The single solution Farmer's Reducer gives only
cutting reduction and corrects for overexposure.
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Use the reducer solution full strength for maximum rate of
reduction. Treat the negatives for r to ro minutes at 650 to 7o" F'.
(r8o to zro C.). Then-wash thoroughly. If a slowJr action is
desired, dilute one part of the solution with one part of water. ,i
Iodine-Cyanide Reducer IIt.i
. 1 A very powerful subtractive reducer is made from a solution of I'l
iodine in potassium iodide, to which potassium cyanide has been
added to dissolve the silver iodide formed during reduction. To
make up a reducer, dissolve 5 parts iodine crystalrin roo parts of a
ro per cent solution of potassium iodide. Then dissolve r part of
sodium or potassium cyanide in ro parts of the iodine-iodide
solution and make up to roo parts with water. The activity of
the reducer may be decreased by diluting with water. fhit
solution may be used for reducing either bromide prints or nega-
tives. For less active reduction, the reducer may be diluted with
water.
Wash thoroughly after the reduction treatment. Negatives
should preferably be hardened with the Formalin Hardener (SH-r,
page tB) previous to the treatment.
Warnin!,: Cyanide is a deadly poison and should only be handled in
a well ventilated room. Solution containing cyanide should never be
discardedin a sink containin€, acid or poisonous hydrogen cyanide gas
will be formed. The sink should be well washed out with water after
discarding the cyanide solution.
Stain Remover and Tray Cleaners
""5:d'] Stain Remover [ For all Professional Films and Plates
Developer or oxidation stain may be removed by first hardening
the film foi z or 3 minutes in the Formalin Hardener Solution (Foi-
mula SH-r, page rB), then washing for 5 minutis and bleaching in:
Stock Solution A
Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water . 32 ounces 1.0 llter
pota"ir.im'peiman gindte' . 75 gralns 5.3 grarns
Stock Solution B
Avolrdupole Metrlc
Water . 32 ounces 1.0 llter
Sodlum Chlortde (Table Salt) . zrh ounces 75.0 grame
Sulphurlc Actd, C.P. 1E.K.Co.) . r/z fluld oz. 16.0 cc.
Use equal parts of A and B. The solutions should not be mixed
until ready for immediate use since they do not keep long after
mixing. Ail particles of permangarLate ihould be dissoln.d .o--
pletely when preparing Solution A, since undissolved particles are
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likely to produce spots on th-enegativ_e.Bleacbing should be com-
pt.tJ in i or + mihutes at 650 F.(tB" C.). The brown stain of
i;;;;;;e dioxide formed in the bieach bath is best removed by
i--Etti"e the nesative in r/6 sodium bisulphite solution' Then
ii"r. *.ll""nd de#lop in strorig light (except direct sunlight), with
,rorr-staining developer suih as F'ormula D-72 diluted I part
"nuto'z parts of waler (see page 6).
lVarninA: Developers containing a high sulphite and low.alkali concentration,(such ar
D-76) should-not be used for redevelopment beeause the sulpltlte tends to drssolve tne slrver
a*il6 b;f;;the developins agents have had time to act upon it.
Acid Bichrom ate Tray Cleaner "fat" [ ]
Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water . 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
Potasslum Blchromate , 3 ounces 90.0 €rarns
Sulphurlc Actd, C.P. (E.K.Co.) . 3 fluld ozs. 96.0 cc.
Add the sulphuric acid slowly to the bichromate solution when
mixine. nevef th. bichromaie solution or the water to the acid
"ddwill boil and may spatter on the hands or face ot inE'rolution
causing serious burns.
For use: Pour a small volume of the tray cleaner solution into
the vessei to be cleaned. Rinse around so that it has accessto all
^ti-.r then Dour the solution out and wash the tray six or eight
""irc. with water until all traces of the cleaning solution disappear'
ftiir tt"" cleaner is a corrosive solution. It ihould be discarded
after use and notleft in the tra1.
Acid "ra$" [ I ;::T"Tff#:,ff3."::""""* Solution A Avolrdupols Metrlc
Water 32 ounces 1.0 ltter
Potasslum Permantlanate 73 gralns 5.0 grams
*Sulphurlc Actd, C.P. (E.K.Co.) 2r/z drarns 10.0 cc.
*Add the sulphuric acid glowly while atirring the permanganate solution rapidly.li
Solution B
Water 32 ounces 1.0 llter
Sodlum Btsulphtte (E.K.Co.) 145 !,rains 10.0 $rarns
Pour solution-in." A into the tray and allow it to remain for a few
rnir"t.r; rinse with *"tet. Apply solution B, and wash
thoroughly.
This formula is recommended especially for the removal of
several types of silver stains from enamelied trays. It is also
satisfactorv for general use.
25
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Weights and Measures-Conversion Tables
In photographic practice, solids are weighed and liquids are
measured either by the Avoirdupois or the Metric system.
The following tables of weights and measures give all the
equivalent values required for converting photographic formulas: iv . {F
Avoirdupois to Metric Weight
Poundc Ounces Gralns Grarns Kllo!,ramc
1 t6 7000 453.6 0.4536
o.0625 1 437.5 2E.35 0.02E35
,0.03527 t5.431 10.064E 0.001
2.205 35.27 15430 1000 1
U. S. Ltquid to Metrlc Measuret
Gallons Quarts Ounces Drams Cublc Llterc
(Flutd) (Flutd) Centlmetere
I 4 128 to24 3785 3.785
0.25 1 32 256 946.3 0.9463
1 I 29.57 0.02957
0.000975 0.0039 0.125 1(60 rntns.) 3.697 0.003697
0.03381 0.2705 1 0.001
0.2642 1.057 33.81 270.5 1000 1
Solid ConversionT"l.,".
Gralns per 32 ozs. rrrultlplted by O.O6a47 -grarns per llter
Ounces per 32 ozs. multlplted by 29.96 :grarns per llter
Pounds per 32 ozs. rnultlplted by 479.3 :grams per llter
. Grame per llter rnulttplled by f4.60 -gralns pet 32 ozs.
Grams per llter multlplled by 0.03338 :ounces pet 32 ozs.
, Grarns per llter multlplted by 0.002086:pounds per 32 ozs.
Liquid Converslon Yaluest
(U. S. System)
Ounces (flutd) pet 32 ozs. multlplled by 31.25-cublc centlmeters per llter.
Cublc centlmeters per llter multlplled by 0.032:ounces (flutd) per 32 oze.
'rThese tablea do not apply when converting British Imperial Iiquid measure to metric
measure.
When a formula is expressedin grains, ounces, and pounds, it
may be converted into a metric formula by using the conversion
tables above, which take into account the difference between
32 ounces and one liter. After a conversion has been made, the
values obtained should be rounded off to give convenient working
quantities. The error introduced in rounding off a value should not
be greater than 3 per cent and the ratio between chemicals such as
Elon and hydroquinone, or carbonate and sulphite should not be
changed.
26
,,:&!iri.la.*l*-; ;sir,a, ;*i*&;*& *e*S;e&;p*ra 6 JView original page 29Related documents and language editions
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