Minolta Flash Meter V User manual

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       Tne Minolta Flash Meter V is a highly advancedyet simple-to-useexposuremeter for
       measuringboth flashand ambientlight sources.
   -,+
               It featuresan intelligentAUTO mode which is suitablefor most measurements,
         automaticallydeterminingwhetherthe light sourceis ambientor flash light.

       o Separatemodes specificallyfor ambient and flash light are also provided. For
         ambient-lightmeasurements,either shutter-priorityor aperture-prioritymeasure-
        mentscan be taken.tp"
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               . Flashmeasurementscan be taken with or without a sync cord, and multiple-burst
          flash measurementsare also possible.When lightingconsistsof mixed ambientand
          flash lighting,the Flash Meter V can determinethe percentageof flash light in the
          overall exposure,and will even recalculatethe percentageif the shutter speed is
        changed.   #"
       o Memory is providedfor 8 measurements;stored measurementsare shown on the
         data panel'sanalogdisplayto help you previsualizethe shot. Storedmeasurements
        can also be averaged,and shadow or highlightbiasingis availablefor reflected-light
        measurements.

       o Additionalfunctionsinclude brightnessdifference,CINE measurements,and quick
         temporarysetting of a differentlSO, such as for test shots using instantfilm. A wide
         range of accessoriesare also availablefor incident-and reflected-lightmeasure-
         ments.



                                                       .i*hi'
       Pleasereadthis manualthoroughlybeforeusingthe FlashMeterV so that you can take
           full advantageof its featuresand functionsright from the staft.





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STANDARDACCESSORIES

Spherical  Diffuser
For measuring incident light for three-dimensionalsubjects.
(See p. 13 for more information on incident- light measure-
ments.)




Flat Diffuser
For measuring incident light for flat subjects or for deter-
mining the lighting ratio between various light sources.
(See p. 13 for more information on incident-lightmeasure-
ments; see p. 42tor more information on lighting ratio mea-
surements.)



Case





Neck Strap
Attachthe neckstrapas shownat right.

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@ rr:poo socket
@ Accessoryreceptorjack (with rubber cap)
  Forconnectingaccessoryreceptor.
@ eattery chambercover
@ Measuringleveladjustmentscrew
  Adjustscalculationof measurementvalues.Range:-0.8to +0.7EV(Seep. 46.)
@ otP switches
  Setsvariousfunctionsof meter,includingstill-camera/cinemeasurement,f-number
  /EVdisplay,etc.
@ mooe button
  Selectsmeasuringmode(AUTO,AMBI,AMBIFNo.,FLASH,FLASHMur-n).
@ m 1memory)button
  Storesdisplayedmeasurementvaluein memory. Up to 8 valuescan be stored.
@ Silen (shadodaverage/highlight)button
  Calculatesshadow,average,or highlightexposurebasedon measurementvaluesin
  memory.
@ lrl-Cm (memoryclear) button
   Deletesmeasurementvaluesin memory.
@ 8l  prightness difference)button
   Sets/cancelsbrightnessdifferencemeasuringmode.

DATA PANEL DISPLAYS




                                    2 2 . 8 4 5 . 6 8 1 1 1 6 2 2    64 90                                                              - 2 . . 1 . 0 . 1 .              3 . 4
                  fimBmS lffiI17s lntoll
           ifr,fl,1n
                     4             EEEfr
             5                                                          i AUTOAMBI FNo.
             6
             7


 I Pointers
  Indicatethe latest measurement,stored measurements,and/or calculatedvalue de-
  pendingon presentmetersettings.
  Analog scale
  Aperture (FNo.)scale for most types of measurements;brightnessdifferencescale
  when meter is set to brightnessdifferencemode.
  Sh utter-speedfframing-rate d isplay
  Shows shutterspeedor framing rate dependingon meter settings.
   Units:TIME:   Fractionsof seconds
      TIME s:  Whole seconds
      TIME m: Minutes
       CINEf/s: Frames/second
  E (instant-filmISO) indicator
  When shown, the displayedISO is the instant-filmISO setting and the displayed
  measuredvaluesare basedon the instant-filmISO setting.
  ISO display
  Shows the presentlyset lSO.
  Memory indicator
  Indicatesthat one or more measurementsare stored in memory.
  Number of stored measurements/numberof measuredflashes
  Shows the number of measurementsstored in memory in most measuringmodes;
  showsthe numberof flashesmeasuredin FLASHMulrrmeasuringmode.
5 Shadow mark
  Highlightmark
I  Over-/under-rangeindicators
    . l f 9 o r O b l i n k s , m e a s u r e m e n t i s u n d e r ( U ) o r o v e r ( O ) t f , e m e t e r ' s d i s p l a y r a n g
    .  lf U orO blinksand!: is displayed,the measurementis under( U ) or over ( O  ) trr"
    meter'smeasuringrange.


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t
I   Automatic Backlight                                 d*
    Under low-lightconditions,the data panel backlightwill be automaticallyswitchedon
     for approximately8 secondswhen any of the controls (exceptthe measuring button)
    are operatedor afterthe measuringbutton has been released.
         . When measuringambientlight or measuringflash light using a sync cord,automatic
       backlightwill be activatedwhen the measuringbutton is released.
    o When measuringflash light without a sync cord,automaticbacklightwill not function
       to avoid possibly affecting subsequentflash measurements. To activate the
      automaticbacklightin such situations,press one of the meter's buttons (such as the      .ro
     ISO button),which will causethe backlightto be lit for approximately8 seconds.





  @ Calculation mode indicators
      S for shadow calculation,A for averageof all measurementsin memory, and H for
        highlightcalculation.
      (z FNo./EV/lx/fcddisplay
       DisplaysFNo.,EV,or illuminancein lux (lx) or footcandles(fcd),dependingon meter
        settings.
        rt: Analyze scale
      Shows the percentageof flash light in the total light for the exposure. Each line indi-
       cates 10%.
        rfi Measuringmode display
      Shows the presentlyselectedmeasuringmode (FLASH,FLASHMuLtt,AUTO, AMBI,
      AMBI FNo.). When AUTO is selected,AUTO will disappearfrom the displaywhen
       the MODEbutton is released.




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PREPARATIONS
Battery

The FlashMeterV is powered by a single A/A-size1.5valkaline-manganeseor carbon
zincor 1.2vnickel-cadmiumbattery.


INSTALLING
    Remove the battery chamber cover by sliding it in the {
  I  r direction of the arrow.





     lnsert the batterywith the plus (+) and minus(-)endstEr  ori€ntedaccordingto the diagramin the battery
    chamber.





    Replacethe batterychambercover.e
l J r
.  After the battery has been installed,all of the meter's dis-
  plays and indicatorswill light for a few secondsand then
  the meter will be readyto take measurements.





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''gLOW-BATTERYWARNING                                                      T
Whenthe baftery'spower becomeslow, the data panelwill blinkfor approximately30
secondsand then the meterwill switchoff. Whenthis occurs,replacethe batterywith a   rd
new one.
o Whenthe batteryis replaced,the displayedmeasurementvalueand all measurement
  valuesin memorywill be erased.

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                                                                                                     _.{r





AUTO POWEROFF
To conservebattery power,the meter will automaticallyswitch itself off if no control
{measuringbutton,other buttons,or up/downdial} is operatedfor approximatelyone
hour.

Basic Function (DlP Switch) Settings



            PHOTO FNo. TIME1  SOUND
                          ON

                           SOUND
               CINE  EV(lx) TIME0.5  OFF


The DIP switches inside the battery chamber control the following basic functions. To
select a function, set the switch to the side with the desired function.

1. PHOTO/CINE
  PHOTO:  Exposure is determined for still cameras in terms of shutter speed and
           FNo. EV can also be measured.
  CINE:    Exposure is determined for cine cameras in terms of frames per second
          and FNo. llluminationin lux or footcandlescan also be measured.
2. FNo./EV(lx)
   FNo.:    Measured values are displayed as FNo.
  EV (lx):  When DIP switch 1 is set to PHOTO,measured values are displayed as EV.
                   r However, when flash is measured or when measuring mode is set to
           AMBI FNo., values will be displayed as FNo. regardlessof the setting of
                 this DIP switch.
         When DIP switch 1 is set to CINE, measured values are displayed as illu-
            mination in lux or fcd (see p. 47 for setting units of illumination).
3. TIME I/TIME 0.5
  TIME 1:   Shutter speed can be set in 1-stop intervals.
  TIME 0.5: Shutter speed can be set in O.S-stopintervals.
4. SOUNDON/SOUNDOFF
  SOUND ON: When measuring flash without using a sync cord, a tone sounds when
                 flash light has been received.
  SOUND OFF: No tone sounds when flash light is received.





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Setting Film Speed

The Flash lleter V can be set to fllm spcde tqn  ISO 3 to
SmO. To set the lllm speed, tum the up/donn dhl whlb
holdlqg the tSO buton pr€ssed untll the desh€d FQ ydue
ls shown.
.  lf you changethe film speedafter measurement,the dis-
  played FNo. or EV will be recalculatedto determinethe'
  correctreadingwith the new film speed.





                                                                       1 1

SettingFilm Speedfor  tr (lnstant-FilmISO)Button

Thefilm speedto be usedwhile the  tr  (instant-filmISO)buttonis pressedcan be set
to a differentvaluethan the film speednormallyusedfor measurements.This is
convenientwhen test photographswill be takenusinginstantfilm with a differentfilm
speedthanthe film whichwill be usedfor the final exposure.
To set the film speed for the  tr  button, turn the u/down
dial while holding the  tr  button pressed until the desired
ISOvalue is shown.
.  lf you changethe film speedfor the tr buttonaftermea-
  surement,the FNo.or EV displayedwhile the  tr  bufton
  is held pressedwill be recalculatedto determinethe
  correctreadingwith the new film speed.





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SELECTINGTHE MEASURINGMETHOD
                                                                                                                                                                  *{fi
    Exposurecan be determinedby measuringeitherthe light incidenton the subject(the
     light illuminatingthe subject)or the light reflectedby the subject. The method which                                                  tr    shouldbe useddependson the particularsubjectand situation.                                    .

      Incident-Light Measurements
   When you use a meter to take incident-lightmeasurements,the exposure is based
^    entirelyon the brightnessof the light falling on (incidenton) the subject. As a result,
I    the subject'sreflectance(how light or dark it is) does not influencethe measurement,
I   and light and darktoneswill be reproducedas they appearedin the originalscene.         qt
    Another advantageof incident-lightmetering is that you can select the diffuser to
    match the subject. For three-dimensionalsubjects,use one of the sphericaldiffusers;
     for flat subjectssuch as postersor paintings,use the flat diffuser.
     Incident-lightmeasurementsare preferredby many photographersbecausesuch mea-
    surementsproducepredictableresultsin a wide varietyof situations.They are most
     effectivefor sceneswhich containa full rangeof tones,such as in architecturalor land-
    scapephotography.Incident-lightmeasurementsalsowork well for portraitand similar
     situations,where the lightingcan be controlledand adjustedto make the contrast
    rangeof the scenefit the exposurerangeof your film.


    To take an incident-light measurement, attach the diffuser
    (see below for selecting diffuser) to the Flash Meter V.                                                                        -9     Position the meter near your subiect, aim the receptor          lncident lioht         ,.1'/
     directly at the camera,and press the measuring button.         ,^-M/"      ffi                                                      camera
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    A C C E S S O R I E SF O R I N C I D E N T - L I G H TM E A S U R E M E N T S
     Spherical Diffuser (standard accessory):
     For measurementswhen shooting th ree-dimensionaI subjects.
     Flat Diffuser (standardaccessory):
    For measurementswhen shootingflat subjects.
    4X SphericalND diffuser (optional accessory):
    For measurementswhen shootingextremelybright subjects. Extendsupper limit of
     meter'smeasurementrange by two stops.
    8X SphericalND diffuser (optionalaccessory):
    For measurementswhen shootingextremelybright subjects. Extendsupper limit of
     meter'smeasurementrangeby threestops.
     Mini Receptor(optional accessory):
     For measurementsin areas which cannot be measured by the meter's own receptor
    head. Plugsinto the meter'saccessoryjack.
                                                                           1 3
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fr "*   Reflected-Light Measurements

[,*    When you use a meter to take reflected-lightmeasurements,the exposureis based on
        the averageof the light reflectedfrom all subjectswithin the meter'sfield of view. Like
           all reflected-lightmeters,the Flash Meter V is calibratedto provide an exposurewhich
h        will reproducethe meteredarea as a medium-graytone with 18o/oreflectance.In many       cases,the average scene reflectanceis actually around 18%o,and thus reflected-lightl
ii      measurementsprovide good exposuresin a wide varietyof situations.
       However,like all reflected-lightmeters,the Flash Meter V does not take the actual
        reflectanceof the subjectinto considerationwhen determiningexposure. Even if a sub-
         ject is very bright, such as a white dress,or very dark, such as a blacktuxedo,the expo-
       sure will still be calculatedto reproducethe subjectas mediumgray. You must adjust
        the exposurecalculatedby the meter accordingto the actual subject reflectance.With
       experience,you can recognizethe relativereflectanceof subjectsand determine how
      much the exposureneedsto be adjusted.
        Reflected-lightmeasurementscan also be used together with the meter's memory
       functionand analog scaleto determinethe brightnessrange of the subjectscene.
       Additionalmemory functionsallow exposureto be determinedas the averageof all
      measuredvaluesin memory, or as a highlight-or shadow-basedexposure. See p. 32
        for more informationabout memory functions.

      To take a reflected-light measurement, attach one of the
       accessories for reflected-light measurements (listed below).
      Aim the               meter's                       receptor                                                      position                          head                                 from                                         the                                     camera                                                      so                                       D                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  /-/      r        that                     it is               reading                             you                        the area                                 want                                                to                                     measure                                                     without
        ca'sting a shadow on the selected area or being affected by                                                                                                ffiffiCamera                                                                                                                                    IFS        the surrounding areas. lf necessary,move closer to ensure                                                                                                                             Reflected l-f\4,                                                                                                                                                                         light        that the reading is not affected by surrounding areas or
        other lights.                    il

      A C C E S S O R I E SF O R R E F L E C T E D - L I G H TM E A S U R E M E N T S
       40" Reflected-LightAftachment (optional accessory):
       40" acceptanceangle allows measurementscorrespondingto the field of view of most
      normal lenses.
        Vievrrfi nder 5" (optional accessory):
        5" acceptanceanglefor spot measurementsof part of the subjector scene.
       VieMinder 10" ll (optional accessory):
       10'acceptanceanglefor spot measurementsof part of a subjector scene.




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Attaching/RemovingReceptorHead Accessories

To attach an acoessoryto the rcceptor head:
Align the white dot on the accessorywith the index on the
meter receptor head, push the accessoryinto the receptor
head,and turn the accessoryclockwiseuntil it stops.
o The Mini Receptorand'Boosterll shouldbe pluggedinto
  the accessoryjack.



To rcmove an aooessoryfrom the rcceptor head:
Turn the accessorycounterclochrviseuntil it stops and re-
movethe accessoryfrom the receptorhead.





                                                                1 5

TAKING MEASUREMENTSWHEN USING A STILL CAMERA

AUTOMode

In AUTO mode, the meter automaticallydeterminesthe type of light being measured
(flashor ambient)and takesthe measurementaccordingly. Measurementsof ambient
 light or of flash light (with or without a sync cord) can be taken in AUTO mode. AUTO
mode can thus be used for measurementsin a wide varietyof situations.
 . Under certainconditions,AUTO mode may not be able to providethe appropriatere-
   sults. See pp. 20 - 29 for informationon other measuringmodes.

    Pressthe POWERbuttonto switchthe meteron.1
   I r
  Checkthat film speed is set to the appropriatevalue.
    lf a sync cord will be used for flash measurements,con-
  nect the sync cord to the flash unit. (The flash unit may
   fire when the sync cord is connected.)



     Press the MODE button repeatedly if necessary to sett
G  r the measuring mode to "AUTO".
. The measuringmode will changein the following order
  eachtime the MODE button is pressed:
            ... AUTO -+ AMBI + AMBI FNo.-+ FLASH--;
       FLASHMurl + AUTO ...
. When selectingAUTO, "AUTO" will be displayedwhen
  the MODE button is pressedand will disappearwhen the
 MODE button is released. Thus, when no measuring
  mode is shown in the display,the selectedmeasuring
  mode is AUTO.

    Use the up/down dial to set the desired shutter?
tJr  speed.
. The shutter speed range is 1/16,000sec. to 30 min. for
  ambient light.  lf the shutterspeed is set to higher than
  1/1,000sec.and flash light is measured,the shutterspeed
   will be automaticallyresetto 1/1,000sec.
.  Shutter speedscan be set in 1|2-stopor 1-stopincrements
  dependingon the settingof DIPswitch 3. (Seep. 10.)
. The shutter speed can also be changed after a measure-
  ment has beentakenand the resultswill be recalculated.


1 6
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4

     Position the meter and press the measuring button.





When taking measurementsof ambient light:
. Measurementswill be taken continuouslywhile the measuringbutton is held pre-
  ssed.
. When the measuringbutton is released,the last measurementwill be held in the
  display.
. Under certaincircumstances,the meter may mistakeintermittentlight sources(such
  as fluorescentlamps)for flash light and measureaccordingly.lf this occurs,change
  the measuringmode to AMBI and repeatthe measurement.
. The meter may mistakerapid changesin light levels(suchas may occur due to meter
  movement)for flash light and measureaccordingly.This is particularlylikelyto occur
 when taking reflected-lightmeasurements. lf this occurs,change the measuring
 mode to AMBI and repeatthe measurement.
When taking measurementsof flash light using a sync cord:
. The flash will be fired and the measurementtaken when the measuringbutton is pre-
  ssed (continuingto pressthe measuringbutton after the flash has fired will have no
  effect).
. The trigger voltage of some flash units may be too low for the Flash Meter V to fire.
  In such case,fire the flash manuallyand take a measurementwithout using a sync
  cord.
When taking flash measurementswithout a sync cord:
 . While the measuring button is held pressed,ambient light will be measured
  continuouslyuntil the flash is fired and the meter receivesthe flash light. When flash
   light has been received,the meter will measurethe flash light and the resultswill be
  held in the display. lf the measuringbutton continuesto be held pressed,the meter
   will be set to stand-by mode (waiting for the next firing of the flash). At this time,
  "FLASH"will blink at the bottom of the display.
 . Under certaincircumstances,the meter may mistakeintermittentlight sources(such
  as fluorescentlamps) for flash light and measureaccordingly. lf this occurs,repeat
  the measurementusing a sync cord.
 . The meter may mistakerapid changesin light levels(suchas may occur due to meter
  movement)for flash light and measureaccordingly.This is particularlylikelyto occur
  when taking reflected-lightmeasurements. lf this occurs, repeat the measurement
  usinga sync cord.



                                                                       1 7

DISPLAYEXAMPLES
Whenmeasuringambientlight:
With DIPswitch2 setto FNo.

                        Measured aperture
        | La 2 2t a 5.e I   fl rG223at|5t.00         Measuredaperture(The small digit indicatesa value be-
 ,ftrc                     tween full stops in 1/1O-stopincrements. In this exam-
                              ple,the valueof "5" indicatesthat the exposureresulting  it  56                          from the shutter speed/aperturecombinationshould be
                         reducedby 0.5 stops. This can be achievedby either in-
                         creasingthe shutterspeed or closing down the aper-
                              ture.)
                           Shutterspeed (set using up/down dial)

With DIPswitch 2 set to EV (lx)

                        Measured apefture


                        MeasuredEV




When measuringflash light:
                        Measuredaperturefor ambient light
                        Measuredaperturefor flash light (blinks)
   ,ft-C                  Ft{o               Measured aperture for overall exposure
                        Measured aperture for overall exposure (The small digit    55             indicatesa value betweenfull stops in 1110-stopincre-
                         ments. In this example,the value of "5" indicatesthat
                            the exposure resultingfrom the shutter speed/aperture
                         combinationshould be reducedby 0.5 stops. This can
                        be achievedby either increasingthe shutter speed or
                           closingdown the apefture.)
                         Analyze scale (lndicatesthe percentageof flash light in
                           the overallexposure. Each line equals 10%. In this ex-
                         ample, flash light makes up 60"/'of the exposure,and
                        ambientlight makesup 40%.)
                           Shutterspeed (set using up/down dial)



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AMBIMode (Ambient-LightMeasurements/Shutter-SpeedPriority)

AMBI mode should be used for measurementsof ambient light in situationsthat in-
 clude intermittentlight which could be mistakenfor flash light in AUTO mode.

     Press the POWER button to switch the meter on.
               I
  Checkthat film speed is set to the appropriatevalue.l




     Press the MODE button repeatedly if necessary to t
E   r s€t the measuring mode to "AMB!".
 . The measuringmode will change in the following order
  eachtime the MODE button is pressed:
             ... AUTO -+ AMBI -+ AMBI FNo. -+ FLASH-+
       FLASHMurl -+ AUTO ...



    Use the u/down dial to set the desiredshutter speed.e
 l J r
 . The shutter speed range is 1/16,000sec. to 30 min. for
  ambientlight.
. Shutter speeds can be set in 1/2-stopor 1-stop incre-
  ments dependingon the setting of DIP switch 3. (See p.
  10.)
. The shutterspeed can also be changedafter a measurement
  has been taken and the resultswill be recalculated.

     Position the meter and press the measuring button.

  Measurementswill be takencontinuouslywhile the mea-
  suring button is held pressed.
  When the measuring button is released,the last mea-
  surementwill be held in the display.



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AMBIFNo. Mode(Ambient-LightMeasurements/AperturePriority)

AMBI FNo. mode shouldbe usedfor measurementsof ambientlight when you want to
selectthe apertureand have the meter determinethe appropriateshutterspeedfor cor-
rect exposure.

 I    Press the POWERbutton to switch the meter on.
   l .
 . Checkthat film speedis set to the appropriatevalue.




4    Press the MODE button repeatedly if necessary to set
1.   the measuringmode to "AMBI FNo.".
. The measuringmode will change in the following order
  eachtime the MODE button is pressed:
            ... AUTO -->AMBI -+ AMBI FNo.-+ FLASH--r
       FLASHMurr -+ AUTO ...



    Use the up/down dialto set the desired aperture.?
t J r
. The aperturerange isfl0.7 to f/90.
. The aperturecan also be changedafter a measurement
  has beentakenand the resultswill be recalculated.



A   Press the measuring button.
T r
. Measurementswill be takencontinuouslywhile the mea-
  suring button is held pressed.
. When the measuringbutton is released,the last mea-
  surementwill be held in the display.




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FLASHMode (Single-burstflash measurements)

FLASHmode can be used when you want the meter to enter stand-bymode (waiting for
the flash to fire) when the measuringbutton is pressedand to remain in standby mode
even afterthe measuringbutton is released.
 I    Press the POWER button to switch the meter on.
  l.
. Checkthat film speedis set to the appropriatevalue.





O   Press the MODE button repeatedly if necessary to set
Gt   the measuring mode to "FLASH".
. The measuringmode will change in the following order
  eachtime the MODE button is pressed:
            ... AUTO + AMBI -+ AMBI FNo. -+ FLASH-+
       FLASHMurl -+ AUTO ...



    Use the up/down dialto set the desired shutter speed.?
l J r
. The shutterspeed range is 1/1,000sec.to 30 min. for flash
  measurements.
.  Shutter speedscan be set in 1/2-stopor 1-stopincrements
  dependingon the settingof DIPswitch3. (Seep. 10.)
. The shutter speed can also be changed after a measure-
  ment has beentakenand the resultswill be recalculated.





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Position the meter and press the measuring button.

 When the measuringbutton is pressed,the meter will be
  set to stand-by mode (waiting for the firing of the flash)
  and "FLASH"will blinkat the bottom of the displayfor ap-
  proximatelyone minute after the measuringbutton has
  been released.lf a flash is fired during this time, the flash
  light will be measured,the resultswill be shown in the
  display,and the meter will return to stand-bymode for
  approximatelyone minute.
  Stand-bymode will be cancelledif any of the meter con-
  trols (other than measuringbutton) are operatedor after
  approximatelyone minute. To return to stand-bymode
  after it has been cancelled,press the measuringbutton
  agarn.
  Under certaincircumstances,the meter may mistakein-
  termittent light sources(such as fluorescentlamps) for
  flash light and measureaccordingly. lf this occurs,take
  the measurementusinga sync cord.
  The meter may mistakerapid changesin light levels(such
  as may occurdue to meter movement)for flash light and
  measureaccordingly. This is particularlylikelyto occur
 when takingreflected-lightmeasurements.lf this occurs,
  repeatthe measurementusinga sync cord.
  Measurementsusing a sync cord can also be performed
   in FLASHmode in exactlythe same way as for AUTO mode.

DISPLAYEXAMPLES
                       Measuredaperturefor ambient light
    1  t a  2 2 - a a  5 6 t        l l     l C 2 2 3 2 i l t 6 4 0 l l          Measuredaperturefor flash light (blinks)
 ,fi-C                Fro               Measuredaperturefor overall exposure
                       Measuredaperture for overall exposure (The small digit    55s
                            indicatesa value between full stops in 1110-stopincre-
                        ments. ln this example,the value of "5" indicatesthat
                           the exposure resultingfrom the shutter speed/aperture
                        combinationshould be reducedby 0.5 stops. This can
                       be achievedby either increasingthe shutter speed or
                           closingdown the aperture.)
                         Analyze scale (lndicatesthe percentageof flash light in
                           the overallexposure. Each line equals10%. In this ex-
                        ample, flash light makes up 60% of the exposure,and
                        ambientlight makesup 40%.)
                           Shutterspeed (set using up/down dial)
                                                          25