Руководство Pentacon Praktica User manual

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www.butkus.us

                                                                Digitally signed by Mike Butkus
                                                DN: cn=Mike Butkus, o=Butkus camera
                                                     manuals, ou=butkus.org,
                                                                c=US    Mike Butkus email=mike@butkus.org,
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l4  OKynBp Ooroannapara nPAKTtIKA c MecraMu KpenneHtrn nphHaAnexHocreri





oT xapaKTepa o6'beKra  il efo ABUXeHVF' nv6o no MLlKponpu3MeH-
HOMy pacrpy, nt60 no MaroBoMy Konbqy. Ha npaeorl cTopoHe
u3o6paxeH14F B Br'rAoLrcKarene y MoAenefi c cBeroil3MepeHileM
.lepe3 06'beKrue (TTII) pa3MeqeHa crpenKa sKcnoHoMerpa  u
ycTaHoBoqHafl MeTKa.
Onruqecxue cBoricrBa cilcreMbr Br,rAor4cKarenn noAo6paHbr raK,
qro il3o6paxeHue nerKo paccMaTp[BaeTcfl HopManbHbrM Tna3oM
(axxouoAaqufl Ha AanbHoe spexue). tDororpa$ot c nopoKaMh
3peHr4F AOnxHbr no3roMy npr4 HaBoAKe Ha pe3Kocrb HaAeBaTb
o9,KtA VnV Xe BOCnOnb3oBarbcF  Harna3HuKoM co BcraBneHHoli
KOppurnpylou.leh ntAH3oi1, KoTopbrr 3aKpennFercH Ha oKynFpe
(pnc. 14). B erou Mecre MoxHo yKpenurbraKxe AononHnrenbHbtil
neprlcKonuqecrurl  (yrnoeorZ) era4orao<arenb vnv renecron (nyny)
Anfl HaBOAKLT Ha pesKocrb.
BlrAoncrarenu Soroannapara  l-'IPAKTilKA VLC B KaqecrBe cMeH-
Horo Br44or4cKarenn t4Meer raKylo xe KoHcrpyKr-luo onruqecrofr
eacril, KaK u Bl44oucKarenil Apyrhx uo4enefi ceprara flPAKTlilKA,
HO B HEM MOXHO 3AMEHUTb KONNCKTUBHVP  NilH3V.

Mecro npucoeAuHeHuF cMeHHbrx o6beKTuBoB
KorAa e '1948 r. Soroannapar  llPAKTlzlKA 6urn cna6xeH pe36oi
Anff 3aMeHbr o6'beKTuBoB, To gro oKa3anocb otleHb AanbHoBLrA-
HbfM pelueHilefil. Pesu6a M 42 x 1 c rex nop crana ilcnoflb3o-
BarbcF Bo BceM Milpe, nonyllt4B Ha3BaHne "pesu6a l-lPAKTlzlKA".Benacu 6onuuran noneMilKa BoKpyr Bonpoca, qro nyque, pess6a
,4nh lurbrKoBuri gareoo. Ho cerZqac pesu6a M 42x 1 oreeqaer
MexAyHapogHoMy ypoBHro e paspa6orxe KoHcrpyKr-luu Qoroanna-
paroe. Bo BceM Mupe no ceroAHffurnui 4exu BbrnyuleHo cBbL!e
50 vrnnnoHoe o6rerrueoe c "pess6oti flPAKTI,4KA".
O6reKrrebr Qororarraep flPAKTLIKA MoxHo 3aMeHhrb Haunpo-
creriuluw nyreu, 6es oco6urx yxuulpenurl vnv Aonon+vlTenbHblx
vanunynnquti.  Burerxqheator  ilx noBopaqilBaH!4eM BneBo, BBLIHqh-
Bator     noBopaLr!4BaHileM BnpaBo (puc. 15). !nn y<pennexununt cH+rvn-     o6ueKruea AocraroqHo rpex noBoporoe. Bce ero
orHocr4Tcn il K npoMexyroqHbrM KonbLlaM, cyQne unm HacaAKe      14
AnF MilKpOCHt/Mr(OB.

www.butkus.us
      Mecro yKpenneHuF o6terrhea Soroannaparoa nPAKTI,4KA
           flBnffeTcF TaKXe MeCTOM BbtBOAa SneMeHTOB, ynpaBnHlou{t4x aBTo-
         uarrqecxorl gna$parnaofi.  flpra Haxarvn cnycrorl KHonKh B
        HhxHefi qacru Mecra npilcoeAmHeHuR  o6teKrilea cpa6arureaer
       SneMeHT ynpaBneHilf, npilBoAFu.lt4l,l B ABt/XeHile UTaHTr, 3aKpbt-
        Batoqne AuacpparMy e o6'beKrilBe Ha 3aAaHHoe gHa,leHile. npu
        ucnonb3oBaHilu o6rertileog c aBToMaruqecxori 4raaSparrrltora
        cnycKoBof MexaHu3M BbtnonHfler cneAypulyro nocneAoBarenb-
        Hocrb QyHKr-luri:
      o Cnvc<





     O 3eprano orKr4AbtBaercff BBepx
       a Ana$parMa 3aKpbtBaercr Ha 3aAaHHoe 3HaqeHhe
       o  Cpa6arureaer 3arBop, nneHKa gKcnoHHpyercF
      o  flnaQparva cHoBa nonHocrblo orKpbtBaercF
     O 3eprano Bo3Bpau.laercF Ha cBoe fi"ecro
      a  Cvrrnan (rpacxan n,terra) B BLtAo14cKarene noKa3brBaer, qro
          3arBop cpa6oran h KaMepa He roroBa K c-beMKe
       Bce eru Synxrllrra npoucxoAnr B npuHyAurenbHoM  nopFAKe.





l-       12

lz'lHrerpanunoe  u3MepeHileTexn rqecxre oco6ennocrr
                                                                                                               Qoroene<-Qoroan naparoB n PAKTh KA                        rprvecruiflpu unrerpanbHoMnpheMHilK Lr3MepeHiluHanpaBnf,ercffFpr<ocrhBecb noroKo6'beKraceera.naFlpoucxogur
                                                             npoLlecc uHrerpaqilh FpKocr14 orAenbHbrx peranefi o6rercra.
                                                           hsuepnercn cpeAHFF FpKocrb B nnocKocrr4 uso6paxenun.
                                                    Ho rar xar np6orl cpxer cocror,4r n3 6onee hnil MeHee pacnpo-
                                                              cTpaHeHHbrx cBerflbrx hnil TeMHbtx yqacrKoB, yxe reoperurecKh
                                                     HeBo3MoxHo Ao6urbcn roro, vro6ur nph eKcnoHnpoBaHhu Bce
                                                           cBera u renu 6urnn (npaBunbHo'> 3acBeqeHbr. lonn npaBrnbHo
                                                                  oKcnoHilpoBaHHbrx cHLIMKoB 3aBucr4T oT pacnpeAeneHufl cBeTnbtx
                                                                                                       ta TeMHbrx ygacrKoB o6rerra.
Mero4 cBeron3MepeHun nEHTAKOH-LC
Oco6urrrir npil3HaKoM $oroannaparoe nPAKTI4KA nennercn npu-
MeHeHue cBeroKoHLleHrparopa (LC :   Iight concentration) u ero
uognQnraqufi e pasnuvnbtx MoAeflFX flPAKTLIKA LTL, LLC  ra
VLC.
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pa6oran c qenbto 4o6urscn crarucrrrtecKoro MaKchMyMa npaBhnb-
Ho eKcnoHLrpoBaHHbtx cHt4MKoB. Pasyveercn, qro cucreua LC
pa6oraer no npilHrlilny ,43MepeHuF cBera, npoxoAFu.lero qepe3
o6'beKrnB  (TTn).
flocne noReneHrln t43MepeHun cBera ga o6teKrnaov 6utnn ucnut-
TaHbr pa3nilqHbte MeroAbt l43MepeHun, .npuMeHnpuluecn e Soro-
TexHhKe c pasnurnofi ,lacroroti, Koropbte Aator pa3nrlqxsrri npo-
qeHT npaBilnbHo or<cnoHilpoBaHHbtx cHt4MKoB. f'lpu erov pa3nh.laor
napLluanbHbre, rHTerpanbHbte  il qacTilrlHo-t4HTerpanbHbte  MeToAbl
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                                                                              16 L4ecro  ff pa3Mepbr nonF h3MepeHilF B Soroannaparax nPAKThKA LTL, LLC H VLC.
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                                                                        Llacrrqno-uHrerpanunuttl  ueroAflapquanuHurrl merog
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o6rerra. [erzcreyroulee none u3MepeHilF cocraBnfler e o6ulevr   neHHyto qacrb KaApa. Aonn npaBunbHo SKcnoHilpoBaHHbtx  cHt4M-
,il4rrjb oKono 100/o Bcero nonF 3peHilR o6terruea.                  KOB 3aBilCUT OT BenfiqhHbl U nonoxeHr4fl noflF il3MepeHuF.
Bpevn ercno3r[iLru onpe4enffercn Ha ocHoBe il3MepeHhF FpKocrt4   gacrrqno-unrerpanuuurfi MeroA noMoraer ug6exarb 3aKoHoMep-
4eranefi. XorR eror MeroA BnonHe onpaBAeH AnF cneLlhanbHbtx   Hbre HeAocTaTKu napqilanbHoro u ilHTefpanbHoTo l43N4epeHuff   t4
Bt/AoB c'beMr<v, Ann nlo6nreneri oH HenprroAeH no cneAytot{t4M    npuBoAr4T K MaKCilManbHOMy  Lrhcny npaBilnbHo SKcnoHrlpoBaHHblx
npuqilHaM:                                                                CH14MKOB.
                                                                 HauJen                                                                                     Har46onbLUee pacnpocrpaHeHile B KoH-                                                    Merog        u3MepeHuf,                            o6uerra,                                           n reHeri,                                    ero cBeroB                                                  nyxen   9ror                    4eranefiO [ns                                                                                              cTpyKr.l14f                                                                                   naparoB.                                                                      x cpoToan   npoLlecc           o64ylureanun                                                          eKcno-                             onpeAeneHilF                                            npaeunuxori                     AnF
   3VUWU.                                                                          2. Hacrraqro-r,rHTerpanbHoe  cBeror3MepeHne LC
a Tpe6yerca t HAABI AyanbHan xann6poara cBerou3Mepr4renb-   Ha napognou rou6unare flEHTAKOH APE3AEH npo6neue va-
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K qeMy crpeMFrcn npn paspa6orKe KoHcrpyKquta SoroannaparoB.    cnequanuHofi nhreparype (3, 4, 5). B qeHrpe BHilMaHUF  npil eroM

                                                                                                                                       13

www.butkus.us
          17 CnnouHoi cBeroKoHqeHTparop,  np[craBneHHbri K neHTanpx3Me.
              '18 Pa3AeneHHbli  cBerokoHqeHTparop  3a nonynpo3pacHbtM  3epKanoM u ero HenoAstrx-
              HaF qacrb.





       cTofn Bonpoc onThManbHoro pa3Mepa nonF u3MepeHuf, ,4 ero
       noroxeHilF B KaApe. OcHoey Anff sroro cocraBilnu pacqerbl
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        xeHufl KaMepbr.
      Ceour onurroB Ha 6onuu.tou t{ucne o6'beKToB t4 cpxeroB c
        oAHoBpeMeHHofi cueuroti Ha LlBerHyto nneHKy nogeonunu  o6Fta-
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      eTO nOnOXeHue h npOLleHT <npaBUnbHO>' 9KCnOHUpOBaHHbIX
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        06pa3oM:
     a MaKcLlMyM npaBilnbHo SKcnoH[poBaHHblx cHt4MKoB Aocrura-
         eTcF rorAa, KorAa nph qacruqHo-t/HrerpanbHoM  l43MepeHhU
         pa3Mep nonF u3MepeHilF cocraBnner 30-400/o or pa3Mepa
          Bcero KaApa, a caMo none 3aHuMaer BnonHe onpeAeneHHoe
          nonoxeHue B KaApe.
      Ha pnc. 16 noragaHur pa3Mep u noroxeHile nonn u3MepeHun B
        BuAor4cKarene KaMep flPAKTTIKA LTL, LLC u VLC.

           3. Onru,{ecroe peueHue qacr}rqHo-xHTerpanbHoro ueroAa LG
       Onnpancu Ha reoperuitecKue  rccneAoBaHilF, Benucb nohcKt4
        KoHcrpyKTt4BHbrx peueHhti ontil,{ecKotl cncreuut, yrrruteaoulei
           pe3yfl brarbl cep'1r onbrroB.
     B ocnoey KoHcrpyKr-lr/14  onri,r,{ecrofi ct4cTeMbl 6utno nonoxeno
       rpe6oaaHne, qro6st Anf, u3MepeHilF f,pKocr14 Llcnonb3oBancfl
         MhHuartopHbrri  Soropesracrop. eTo l:orpe6oBano oco6ulx onrn-
       qecKux SneMeHToB    cBeToKoHqeHTpaTopoB,  KoTopble oTBeqanu
         6ur cnegyrou.l4M ycnoBhf,-    M  :
     a  MaKcilManuHurri yrer rex qacrerZ KaApa, Koropbre HaxoAFTcff
            BHyTpr4 OnrilManbHoro nonfl u3MepeHhF.
     o MunnuansHoe BnhFHile ocranbHbrx  .lacretl KaApa, nexaulux
          BHe STOrO nOnF.
     a OrceilBaHue nocropoHHero  cBera, naAapu{ero qepe3 oKynnp
          Ha cporope314crop.
     a O6ecne,{eLiue nocroFHHoro coorHotrJeHilF ocBeqeHHocrt4
          $oropeeracropa  il ocBeqeHHocrr4 KaApa AnF Bcex 3HaqeHui     18
           AilaQparMbr, Qorycnstx paccronHr4i  t4 rrlKanbt paccronHhtl.

         14t\

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npueMHaF noBepxHocrb npxneraer K nony3epKanbHoi nnocKocrl4    HoMerpr4qecKofi cmcreMbl h npaBhnbHofi sacserxil nprlHqhnnanb-
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a ero BbrxoAHafl noBepxHocTb HenocpeAcTBeHHo  nphMbtKaeT  K
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B xanaepe flPAKTI,4KA VLC ceeroroHqeHrparop cocrot4r r43 AByx                                   Ha o6rerruee. VpaeHoeeur neanue
qacreri. t{acru ero pacnonoxeHa sa nonynpo3partHbtM  3epKanoM                              9KcnoHoMeTph,tecKoi ct4creMbl
u uMeer KocBeHHyto (onrueecKylo) censu c HenoABt4)KHo BcrpoeH-                                   npom3BoAl4TCF nyreM u3MeHeHhF
xoi aropoft qacrbto, r xoroporZ, B cBoto or{epeAb, npuMbtKaer                               BbrAepxKn  t.
MuHuartopHbrri Qoropesucrop (pnc. 18).                                           a  npi4 nphopuTere BbtAepxKl4:B cooTBeTcTBrAn C XapaKTepoM
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npuBoAflr K  cynepn03utll4Lt cBeroBbtx nyHKoB, nphxoAffu{14x                                KOrOpaf u ycraHaBnvBaercf Ha
14MeHHo 143 Tex ,{acrei  KaApa, o6ecne,{rBatot414x MaKcrlMyM                      KaMepe.  Ypaenoeeuueanue
npaBrnbHo oKcnoHilpoBaHHbtx cH14MKoB. floerovy  orKa3arucb                                gKcnoHoMerorqecroti  c14creMbl
TaKXe or roro, vto6sr orMerhrb B Bl4Aol4cKarene none u3MepeHhn                                     npotl3BoAt4TcF r43MeHeHneM AUa-
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Cncrema eneKTpnqecKof nMltraqnn Alta+parubt          cBera 3a o6reKrileoNr voxei 6urrs ocyulecrBneHo AByMF pa3nilr{-                                                               cnoco6aMnNEHTAKOH.DS                                              nsrvu                                                                        r  nyTeM                                                                  l43MepeH4f-  nyreMnpr n3MepeHilFearputrorrr npuHa orrpurrorigr,ra$parrvre3aAaHHyto BenilguHy
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np14i{eM u B SToM cnyqae MoxHo Bocnonb3oBaTbcfl nphHaAne)<-   peuJeHue TexHhi{ecKil npocTo, 3To CBR3aHO C TeM HeAOCTaTKOM,                                                  qro c r43MeHeHuev gnaSparvut  143MeHflercf, TaKxe ffpKocrbHOCTFMI4 AnR MaKpOC'beMKU     npoMexyToqHbtMl4 KonbqaMn   t4                                                                 B BhAot4cKarene.cy$ne. Tpe6oeanocu rairu -npocryto cl,lcreMy nepeHoca 3Ha-   uoo6paxexun
geHlafl gnaSparuur or o6terrilea B KaMepy, u qro6ur oro    lzlauepexue TTfl npra orrcpurroi graaQparrvre
peueHue uueno 6onuu.ry|o nepcneKTuBy.
                                              B grou cnyLrae Bo BpeMF il3MepeHilF ueo6paxenue B BuAor4cKa-
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flna npaeunuxori saceerrh ra4pa Heo6xogruo go6rarucn neroropori    il3MeHeHile cBeroBoro noroKa. flocne naxarrfl Ha cnycK Ana-
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BenuqilH:                                                        onpeAeneHHy|o npH ypaBHoBeuilBaHhr.
   Cpegxei FpKocrt4 o6terra B
   tlyBcrBilTenbHocru nneHKn x                                               2. Ilprxqnn erexrpl,tqecxol t,tuxraquu A[a$parMbt e ct,tcreire DS
                                     Ha HapogHoM xou6nnare nEHTAKOH APE3AEH npo6nerrlre   Bpeueura BbtAepxKh  t                                                                oneKTpr4qecKoh uuutaqnu graQparvrsr AaBHo yxe npuAaBanocb
   3HaveHr4R graaQparuur k.                                   6onuuroe 3HalreHile, oHa crana o6terrou 6onuuoft HayeHo-

                                                                                                                                       15                                                                     i&.. .**',

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HoBorrHbrx oneMeHToB (ruonru  lr ronuqa) KaMepbt h o6uerrnea.
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qecKue.                                                                       finn roro, qro6br B grl4x KaMepax MoxHo 6utno ucnonb3oBarb
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4avu B (6aeuc) ra E (nnraoulrari enerrpoA). napannenbHo K   <h3MepeHhe npr4 pa6oqetr AuaQparve".
6asrcuorriry oneKrpoAy no rpaQuroaoMy cnoto ABLtxercF cKorb-
aaqnu KoHraKr S. 3avepexnbte Mex4y oneKrpo4aMh E n B
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Han pFXeH hR no oKcnoHeHaLlran bHoli Kpt4Bot4 3agtAcur B ocHoBHoM
or reoMerpnta rpa+hroBoro cnon. B cepuranou npou3BoAcrBe
3ra BenilqhHa nerKo yAepxilBaercF B y3Kr4x npeAeflax AonycKa.
Ha pvc.20  il306paxeHbt ABa gKcnoHeHqilanbHbtx  Aenilrenfl
HanpFXeHilF (eAH)   AnF KaMepbt I Anr o6'beKrr4Ba.                     -
floneynor e.QH raveput nepecraBnnercn BpaqeHr4eM KHonKu AnF
ycraHoBKh BbrAepxKli4. C novoulsro cyMMt4pyroulero MexaHil3Ma
AononHilTenbHo 3aAaercn riyBcTBilTenbHocrb nneHr<m. eto snavnt,
Hro 3AH KaMepbr BbtnonHFer 4ae Synrrlr,rr.
lloneynor eAH o6ter<rnBa nepecraBnnercn BpauleHueM Konbqa
AilaQparMbr B npoqecce ypaBHoBeuilBaHilF enerrpnrecrori
cxeMbr oKcnoHoMerpa. Tarrau o6pasorvr npoLtcxoAhr oneKrprl-
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Ha BennqIHy, xaigeHHyro npil ypaBHoBeunBaHrvt.
flnn enerrpuqecrofi cBn3il eAH o6terrusa n KaMepbt co cropoHbl
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a co cropoHbt KaMepbt    rptt KoHraKrHbtx Aopo)KKr,t (puc.21).                        -
flpouexyrolHbre KonbLla Anfl MaKpoc'beMKu  14Metor re xe one-
MeHrbr, nogroMy c14creMa TTn npv orKpbtroi 4raSparrrae
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                                             **                                             17

NPAKT]4KA LB                                o  AeroMaru'.'|ecKaF  AuaQparMa
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6agvcaofi MoAenu, Ho KpoMe roro oH ocHau.leH BcrpoeHHblM  o yuKo AnF peMHF t4 tlTaruBHaF pee;6al/r"
oKcnoHoMerpoM, n03Bonatou.lnu eut6paru npaBhnbHylo 9Kcno314qilto  O 9KcnoHoMerp, HecBF3aHHbllicApyrhMh  MexaHh3MaMu KaMepblB npeAenax, AocraroqHbtx AnR np6urenuc<ofi Qororpa$un.
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Koporxo o rexHr{ecxrx AaHHbtx nPAKTI4KA LB                                                                       Bcrpoeunutti sKcnoHoMerp npou3BoAt4r t4HrerpanbHoe  il3MepeHHe
o  lJleneeoli 3arBop r43 cranbHbtx crBopoK-nenecrKoB              FpKocrr4 o6r'erra B npeAenax yrna oxBara - 50o. Sror yron                                                                             ocHoBHoro o6uexrhea.                                                                          yrny 3peHuFa BbrAepxKtl or 1 cer. Ao r/rooo cer. u B                           orBeqaer                                                                                       r{yBcrBurenbHocrl4                                                                                      nneHKu BHeuHee Konbqo                                                            flocne ycrauoBKh
o Kypor 6utcrporo B3BoAa                                          uiKanbl nepecTaHaBn4BaercF Ao Tex nop, noKa cTpenKa noKa3bl-
o YnpoqeHHafl 3apFAKa nneHKu                                   Bau{ero uHcrpyMeHTa xe corl4ercR c ycraHoBoqnofi vrerroi (puc'
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a CaMoc6pacbrBa|ou{urlcF cqerqhK                            3aTeM Ty, KOTOpaF OrBeqaeT ycnoBuFM c'beMKu.
a PyKoFTKa o6parnofi nepeMorKt4 pyneroHHoro rhna                                                              Paaueput Soroannapara c o6lerrusot',l ,qOMLlnnAH 2,8/50a CaMoBo3Bpau{apqeecF 3epKano                                           o UlupuHa :142uua MerKa, yKa3brBa|oulan cpa6arureaHne 3arBopa                                           a Bbrcora :  96  tvttvt
                    KHonKa   KocaF cnycKoBaFa                                           o l-ny6una  :  80,5  tvttvt                                        (X, r/rzs cer.)   CuHXpoHr,reaqunO                   SoroecnbluJKt4
a KonoAKa AnF npuHaAnexHocrefr c chHxpoKoHTaKroM            Bec $oroannaPara
                                           o c ocHoBHuru o6uerrueoM  : 690 ra  f'fpr43MeHHutfi erAoucrarenb c nvH3oil Opeuenn, KonbqeBblM
   noneM MaroBoi noBepxHocrn  il MhKponpl43MeHHblM pacrpoM   a 6es o6terrhea                 : 540 r





                                                                       23 NPAKTI4KA LB.
                                                                       24 KonbqeBbre  utKanbt eKcnoHoMerpa  SoroannaPara nPAKTI4KA LB

                                                                                                                                       19

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                                                   PRAXTICA
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NPAKT]4KA LTL                                         grcnoHouerpheecKan cucreMa $oroannapara IIPAKTI4KA LTL
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Ooroannapar nPAKTLIKA LTL (puc. 25) ornnvaercn or 6aencHoft      nyreM usMeHeHnr 4raa$paruut npu 3aAaHHofi eut4epxre'                                                                        -MoAenu reM, '.{To oH paccqhraH Ha cBerou3MepeHile sa o6l-      nyreM u3MeHeHuF BbtAepxKl4 nph 3aAaHHofi 4uaSparue.eKrilBoM (TTII) npu pa6overZ graQparue. l4cnonugoeaHll'e cv-   -
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o YnpoqeHHafl 3aprAKa nneHKu                                  1,35 B unh aHanort.tHbli eMy SneMeHT Apyroro il3ToroBurenn.
a CaMoc6pacureatoulhficR cqertl4K                          eror  BbrcoKoKaqecreeHFtutfi SneMeHT nMeer cpoK xpaHeHur
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a CaMoBo3Bpau{aouleecr  3epKano                                     nofi eurocru. OHa AocraroqHa AnF 5.000 usuepennfi.
o  Merra, yKagbrBaloqan cpa6aruteaHne 3arBopa                  Pasuepur $oroannapara c o6terrueoM nEHTAKOH ayro 1'8/50
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a  npu3MeHHurri  eilAohcrarenb c nuaeoil Opeuenn, KonbqeBblM   Bec $oroannapara
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20

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26                                                            I

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Ilpouexyroubre Konbqa
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a npoMexyroqHbre Konbqa c uroKaMu (rounnerr u3rpexKoneq)
   Orgenunure Konbqa rMetor ronlUuHy 7, 14 u 28  r,,r,,t (prac. 35).
  B raxgou Konbqe nMeercn u.troK h KopoMbtcno,  Heo6xoAt4Mbte
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   npeAenax or 0 Ao 56 uu. (Houep 3aKa3a 208830).
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qBer 14 uMelor cBeronornor4a|ou{yto crpyKrypy BHyrpeHHet
n0BeoxHocT14.





                                                                                                                                       29

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Ycraxoso{Hue cara3Kt,t
YcraHoeo,r-rure cana3Kn (puc. 37) 3HaqurenbHo o6ner,rator pa6ory
QororpaQa. Ecnu |IPAKThKY ycranoeilrb Ha cana3Kr, ro nerKo
n3MeHFrb paccronHhe or npe4Mera go nepegxeri rnaeHofi nno-
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BoM; ora KoM6rHaqrR oqeHb yAo6Ha e pa6ore. Ooroannapar na
cana3Kax MoxHo nepeABilrarb na 70 vwr. (Houep 3aKa3a 208201).
Manoe cySne AnF MaKpocbeMxx
3ro ycrporlcrBo c pa3Buratoulr4Mcn MexoM AnF cbeMKh c 6nug-
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AnR cbeMK!4 B ropr3oHranbHoM  r4n14 BepruKanbHou Qoplnare n
$urcrapoearu B oroM nonoxeHulr. (Houep 3aKa3a 722100).
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xeHile   35 ulr, nau6onuuree    125 vut.        -                       -
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   Boro rpochKa. (Hovep 3aKa3a 208540).
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san6onuuee  -  139 naru.flnn pa6orur c aBroMaruqec<orl  Aua@parMotl  r SneKTpt/qecKuM
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a  ,qBofiHoi cnycroeoft rpocr4K. (Houep 3aKa3a 210050).
(Ct',t. prc. 42).
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60  rr,trr,t, nan6onuuree   150 uu. .QuanasoH BbrABr,lxeHhF ocraercrnpexHilM   90 uu.  -          -Eule xecronuKo 3aMeqaHilri o pa6ore c ManbtM cy$ne. Maculra6
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pttrc. 43.
Eonuuoe cyQne
eror ynr,raepcanunurrl npr6op AnF c'beMKu c 6nu3Koro pac-

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cHFTre <onnil c HerarilBoB (vepno-6enutx unn qBerHbtx) unu gna-
no3urr4BoB gopuara 24x36 uw. (Hor,rep 3aKa3a 715524). tlpu
3ToM MoxHo onruqecKn KonilpoBarb e uacura6e 1:1 ranra xe
cHFTb Konuu c qacril opvrvHana. Bcn npncraera moxer 6utru
ycraHoBneHa Ha uJraruBe (puc. 49) vnv Ha penpoAyKtll4oHHoM
CTAHKE.
6novxo-rvro4ynbHan KoHcrpyKql4n  orr4x ycrpoficre coegaer 6onu-
uue y4o6crea, raK KaK cySne c xe6onuuluu qmcnoM AononHurenb-
Hbrx Aeranet npeBpau.laercn e npr6op, BbrnonHrtou,lrri cnequanu-
Hbre 3aAaqfi. Orgenunoro npn6opa 6onuue ne rpe6yercn.

50 PenpoAyKqroHHbri  craHoK c ocaerilTenbHbtM  ycrpoucrBoM





                                                                       Penpoflyrqnorrslfi  craxox
                                                           Flpn creure c 6nfisroro paccroffH14fl rlacro qenecoo6pasxo
                                                                        o6ecne,.thrs Sr,rrcrapoeaxHoe nonoxeHue KaMepbl tl o6uerra, a
                                                      TaKXe npuMeHFTb cnnbHbtfi ucto,{Hr4r ceera. 9ruN4 rpe6oeaxunut
                                                                Bcelleno orBeqaer penpoAyKt-ll,4oHHsttl craxo< (pnc. 50). (Houep
                                                              3aKa3a 715516).
                                                  On ycrpoen Anf, KpenneHun KaMepbt ilnn oAHoro ras cy$ne. Llncno
                                                                   BapilaHToB npu cbeMKe He orpaHilqeHo, TaK KaK KaMepy MoxHo
                                                            noBopaquBarb B AByx nnocKocTFx 14, KpoMe Toro, ocyu.lecTBl4rb
                                                            ee napanneruxutfi  nepenoc.
                                                                          l4o ecex Bo3MoxHbrx cnyqaeB Mbt npr4BoAlrM nogroMy ronbKo ABa
                                                                 (puc.51 n 52).

www.butkus.us
Menxne nphHaAnelHHocrH   lt                              5657 ConHecHaFHarna3HrK. 6neHAa.
Qoroan napara M n PAKT14 l-{A                              5859 YrnoBoiYcraHoBoeHaffBrAorcKarenbnyna.





OororpaQrrecrutl  ycnex HepegKo 3aBucl4T or  MenKilx npu-
HaAflexHocrei    nporreoconneqnotTt 6nenAut, Harna3HnKa,  3ep-
                    -            fl  vntA ycraHoBotlHoi nynut. [axe  cny-KanbHoro BilAot4cKaren
cxoeoir rpocLl< npu cbeMKe Hoqbto, npn AnilTenbnofi eutgepxxe'
MOXeT OKa3arb HeManble ycnyru.
ConneqnaR 6neHAa (prac. 56) ilcKntovaer apegHurri nocropoHH!4fi
cBer npm c'beMKe nporr4B conHqa, a npm nnoxofr noroAe oHa
3aulhulaer o6teKrile.
Harnasgux (prac. 57) ycrpaHFer  rriteulaou.lurl 6oKoeofi cBer npu
HaBoAKe Ha pe3Kocrb. fluqa c nopoKaMu 3peHuf, Moryr BcraBhrb
B ero onpaBy Koppt4t-t4pytol{yto nhH3y u pa6oraru c ratuepofi 6es
 ort t<oB.
yrnoBo14 B14Aocr<areflb (pttc. 58) n03Bonfler HaBoAl,lrb KaMepy u3
no6oro HanpaBneHilF. l-lpn erorv paccMarprBaercn Bce nao6pa-
xeH!4e B BllAocKarene. finqa c nopoKaMr 3peHnfl Moryr nph-
cnoco6uru BrAocKarenb K cBo!4M TJIa3aM, Bpau.lan AhonrpiliHoe
KOnbqo.
YcraHoeoqHaF nyna  (pnc. 59) AononHhrenbHo yBenhqnBaer
rso6paxeHue B BuAoLlcKarene a 2,7 pa3a; oHa nptlN4eHFercF
 TorAa, KorAa K HaBoAKe Ha pe3Kocrb npeA"bFBnForcR  oco6enxute
rpe6oeaHrR. h sAecu nMeercF Bo3tvloxHocrb BpaqeH!4F Auon-
To14rHoro Konbua.
lnn ecex nrogenefr Qoroannaparoe flPAKThKA rvenrcn   nonu.q-
 Hbre qepHbre QyrflFpbr, 3au.ll4u{aou.14e hx or ronqKoB h 3arpfi3-
 HeHilF, He Metllafl B TO Xe BpeMF npU CbeMKe.