Rolleiflex 4x4 User manual

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             rRolteifi&





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              USEIN PRACTICAL

'.>      ()n.    Rolleiflex is extremely simple fo use. Neverlheless yov should reod the insfruclions beforehond.
     For lhose in o hurry, o good slort con be mode by examining the illustrotions/ poge 7 -18. All the
     necessory operolions  will be mode cleor. A more lhorough reoding of this booklef should follow loter.
    Yov will find mony useful tips ond lobles covering fhe mosf imporlonl elemenfs of photogrophy.  This
     booklet hos been designed to help you ochieve guick success with your Rollei. Think of if os o mosf
     useful occessory to the comero.
                              FRANKE & H EIDECKE   ERAIJ NSCHWEIG


A BR'EF R OLLEIFLEX ANAIOMY
From lhe Rolleiflex 6 x 5, which from lhe beginning   ond lo supply o conlrol imoge essenliolly similor lo
sel fhe poltern for lhe development ol lhe lwin-lens    lhe wonled  picf ure. The imoge     f orming roys  of e
reflex comero, the  Rolleillex  4 x 4 hos foken lhe    lronsmilled by the lully open viewing lens, projecled
bosic principles of   ils  conslruclion. Two seporole    on lo fhe ground gloss vio lhe mirror lo form o  full
comeros ore joined, by meons of o common slurdy    piclure size, righl-side-up ground gloss imoge, This
die cosl body, lo moke o lwin comero: below, lhe    viewing imoge is visible ol oll limes ond every deloil
loking comero lor exposing lhe lilm ond obove, lhe     ol composilion ond froming moy be observed, even
viewing cqmers, using lhe reflecling mirror principle.    lhrough lhe exposure, To recognize ond ovoid such
The speciol funclion of lhe viewing porl of lhe lwin    piclure errors os excessively converging lines ond
comero is lo  permil focusing on lhe ground gloss     off-level horizons, lhe ground gloss is divided  inlo

www.butkus.us lour squores. The lines provided  will  enoble quick
 ond eosy leveling ond slroighlening lhe comero.
 Mosl imporlonlly, lhe ground gloss serves lor  direcl
 focusing of  the imoge. This  is occomplished by
 roloiing {he locusing knob' Bolh lenses, inflexibly
 coupled by meons of o common sfurdy {ronf plole,
 ore lhereby odjusled simulloneously: o shorp view-
 ing imoge is o guoronlee of on equolly shorp pic-
 lure, Becouse of lhe speciol com drive (buill on lhe
 principle  of  Archimedes  spirol)  lhe  fronl  of  fhe
 cqmero con be rocked eilher  in or oul wilh  com-
 plele  unif ormily ond wilh  complele lreedom   f rom
 ploy. The {ocusing ronge exlends lrom  infinily  lo
 40", meosured lrom lhe  {ilm  plone lo  lhe  obiecl'
 Since lhe Rollei possesses o fosl viewing lens ond,
 in  oddilion, o one sided  llof,  smoolh {ield  lens,
 exlreme locusing sensilivily wilh greot brillionce ond
 clorily  is obloined.
 The lolding hood hos o pivoling  4 x mognifier for
 eosy checking of shorpness. The inner ponel ol  lhe
 fronl porl  of fhe hood folds inword lo  provide o
 direcl viewlinder. The subjecl con lhen be observed
 in nolurql size for convenienlly lollowing losl moving
 ob jects.

5

Porollqx is compensoled for by o  corresponding    The Syndrro-Compur Shulter is o belween-lhe-lens
 limiting of lhe ground gloss imoge. The phologroph    shutler wilh evenly groduoled speeds   f rom 1/500th
 produced, in every cose will hove lhe desired from-    fo  I  second. ll  is oulomolicolly cocked when lhe
 ing. In close-up shols with lhe  supplemenlory     lilm is wound ond con be releosed only when lhe
Rolleinor lenses, lhe oddilionol porollox correclion   comero is reody lo shool; even lhe viewing hood
needed is supplied by o prism which is builf into    musl be open, since il ocls os q shuller solely guord
fhe Heidosmol Rolleinor.                                       when closed. The shulfer is fully synchronized for
                                                                                                                        1/5001hBolh lenses hove lhe some focol lengfh (f :  60 mm,    bolh eleclronic ond bulb flosh 9uns, up to
ongle of piclure    52 0) for lhe cerloin locusing of    sec, Selling for X or M conlocl is done wilh lhe                   -bofh lhe viewing ond loking porfs ol fhe comero,    Syndrro lever, which olso serves lo lension lhe self-
The loking lens, Schneider Xenor |  : 3.5, is o lhree     limer.
teclion, four gloss lens (modified Toylor type), wilh    Coupling lhe  shuller ond diophrogm, combined
excellenl correclion for block ond while ond color   wilh lhe use of lhe Light Volue syslem simplifies
phologrophs. The lhree gloss Heidosmol  I  : 2.8 view-    exposure selling ond olso permils ropid chonging
ing lens is especiolly designed fo suil lhe require-   lrom one shulfer speed-diophrogm  combinolion lo
menls for crilicol ground gloss focusing. Bolh lenses                                                           onolher.
hove obrosion resisfonl onlirelleclion coolings. The
double boyonel rings oround lhe lenses ore lor    Looding the comero hos been reduced lo lhe lewesl
olloching lhe lens hood ond oplicol lens occes-   number of operolions. The A8-,|27 roll lilm (melol
                                                                                                            consories ond lo hold lhem in oplicolly correcl ond    spool) ond lhe loke-up spool (lo which lhe film
firm posilion, The some size (Size I)  lilfers, lens   be olloched even oulside lhe comero) ore simply
occessories ond Rolleiflosh which  lif lhe 6 x 6 cm   dropped inlo lhe speciol pivofing spool holders ond
Rollei Xenor 3,5, Tessor 3.5 ond Triolor comero    the comero closed. Everylhing else is oulomolicolly
modef s olso fif lhe Rolleillex 4 x 4,                    ollended lo by lhe film lronsporl mechonism.

www.butkus.usTurning lhe film wind knob spools up lhe bocking
poper leoder. When lhe film ilsell reoches lhe leeler     The Evereody Cose
pin  ol  the  lilm  feeler mechonism, lhe  oulomolic
meosuring syslem is sel in molion. From lhis poinl
on lhe film knob con be lurned only os for os lhe
slop, when  it  will  be seen lhol  lhe counler hos
moved from 0 to  1. The comero is reody lor  lhe
firsl shol, ond only  oller  releqsing lhe shuller con
lhe film knob be wound on, moving one more piclure
lenglh inlo posilion ond cousing lhe nexl number lo
oppeor  in  lhe  counler window,  In  oddilion,  lhe
shulfer is ogoin cocked. This procedure olfers com-
plele proleclion ogoinst doubte exposures or blonk                                                                               For sofely'r soke
fromes. Since mony kinds of lilm ore ovoiloble  {or                                                                       hong by meons of
use in lhe Rollei, o film speed reminder (normolly                                                                                     slrop from lhe neck
set when looding lo ony speed belween 8 ond 800                                                                              before openingl
ASA, 10/10     30/10 0 DIN) hos been buill  in{o the                -
{ocusing knob.
                                                            To releose: gripWhen the lwel{th ond  losl piclure hos been loken,
lhe lilm slop ceoses lo funclion; lhe film knob lurns                              comerq ol bollom
                                                                                 wilh righl hond,lreely lo permil complele ond ropid winding ol lhe
exposed  film.  Opening  fhe  bock  outomolicolly                                 push wilh thumb.
relurns lhe counter lo 0, reody {or lhe nexl roll.

lnserfion of Film Spool





To Crpen: Slide lhe bock locking lever ot the bollom   A. Lower Chqmber (supply spool); Open lilm holder
ol lhe cqmero in lhe direclion of lhe orrowO  ,  Iifl   by pressing red orrow @, clor. by inserling ond
lhe bock lock clip@, ond pull open the bock@.     pressing film spool @.The clip serves os o pulling fob,
To Close: Press fhe bock closed with the polm o{    B. Upper Chqmber (loke-up spool): Open by pulling
lhe hond, push down the clip ond slide lhe locking    oul lhe film wind knob@. Close by inserling spool,
lever bock lo originol posilion.                          slotled end fowsrd film knob @.

Looding fhe Comero www.butkus.us

        rc



 Inserl the new roll into lhe bollom spool holder,     Inserl loke-up spool inlo upper spool chomber ond
 ofter leoring open lhe lope. Remove empty spool    close bock.
 from comero. Drow o bit o{ fhe proleclive poper in                                                     Turn fhe lilm knob@ until il slops with the counler lhe direclion of lhe red orrow (while holding the film
 supply spool down wilh the thumb) @,  inserl into     indicof ing 1. The shuller will  oulomolicolly be
 lhe  I o n g side of lhe emply spool slot ond wind   cocked ond the combrq is reody for shooling' Sel
 spool lwo  rof olions with lhe prinled side o{ lhe    film speed in reminder by pressing knurled knob in
 poper out @.                                            cenler ond iurning lo desired volue @'

9

Film Tronsport                         fo Remove the Film





After eoch exposure wind lhe    f ilm lo  lhe  nexl   After lhe twelflh ond losl shot: Wind up lhe pro-
number,                                                  feclive poper lully @. Op"n fhe comero in shode,
                                                     pull film knob @ ond loke oul fhe spring lifled  Do nof chonge the film in direcl sunlight; use,
     il need be, lhe shodow of your own body for        {ilm @. Fold lhe end of lhe proleclive .poper (for
   proleclion. Avoid exposing the comero lo dusl       convenient leoring when developins) @ qnd fqslen
  ond dirl condilions, cleon occosionolly wilh       securely wilh slicker. Pre{erobly, slore lhe . exposed
   solt brush.                                                          {ilm sofely in originol 'pocking.

                                                                                                     to

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           Toking the Picture

1. Alcerfoin lighl volue, using exposure loble
   meler, ond sel on lhe red scole ()poge  l'2)'

   Sel shulter speed   keeping in mind lhe mofion ol                      -   the object () poge 22).

  Open hood (coulion: shuller sofely colch now
   inoperolive) ond locus on the ground gloss
   () poge 1s).
4. Check depth ol lield. lncreose zone ol shorpness,
     il need be, by furlher slopping down lhe lens
  or moving bock with comero. () poge 23)'
  The choice of whelher lo ploce prime imporlonce
  on shuller speed (for greoler shorpness of moving
   objects) or on lhe diophrogm selling (depth ol
   field) depends, of course, on lhe subiecl.
   Releose lhe shuller () Poge 16).

   Wind the lilm to lhe nexl slop: ihe comero is once
   ogoin reody for shooling (|poge  10).

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Light Volue Scole
This is lhe red scole on lhe shuller speed ring ondlhe desired volues ore sel lo lhe red dot on lhe ,o,o@,,@,6,, s*@,
diophrogm ring, Midpoint lighl volues con be used,
Eoch lower light volue indicoles double lhe exposure.   Diophragm Scole
                                                     Hof{ (dols belween ligures) os well os full (4 to 22)Shuffer Speed Scole                                            diophrogm stops con be sef, The line next loThe block numbers ore lor inslonloneous speeds, in                                                diophrogm 4 indicoles 3.5, o mid-poinl slop belweenfrocfions of o second (for exomple 30 :   1i30lh sec.).                                                                                    f : 4 ond f : 2,8 in lhe inlernolionol diophrogm scole,Holf volues belween numbers cqnnol be used. The
figures for eoch shuller-diophrogm  combinolion, when    Holf slops ore obloined when working wilh holf
chosen, musl be set lo cenler of indicolor,                lighl volues,
1/601h sec. is lhe mosl frequenlly used speed, reduc-    Bolh speed ond diophrogm scoles ore evenly divided
ing e{fect of comero molion.                      so lhot eoch   f igure represenls holf or double lhe
For shorpness ol moving objeclsr )  loble poge 22.    one belore, As is shown by lhe shuller speed-
The green leller  "B't  is  for  lime  exposures    diophrogm combinolions, closing lhe diophrogm one
(|pose  l6). The green numbers oid in colculolinq    slop requires double the exposure durolion (see
exposures somewhol longer lhon I sec. ()poge  19).     chorl).

                        Tripod Piclures                               Hond-Held Piclures
                                                  Speeds                        Fosl Speeds    Time  Exposure (| poge 19)    |I        st"w
                                                                                          'r115                                                         l/30 lt6O 11125 11250 1/500 sec.  12560301584           B               I    tlz    tl4  t18

Hood                                    Mognifier
                                                                  \9+                              €
                              to                             $1.'      Ap





To Open: Li{t bock edge of hood ond roise cover   To Open: Press direcl viewfinder ponel inword;
ponel lo verlicol posilion @. Coulion: shuller sofely    mognilier oulomoficolly springs info posilion @.
now in o{f posilion    !
                                    To Close (Before closing hood): Push mognif ier
To Close: Press sides inword, simulloneously pullinq  down @.
bock cover ponel @; press closed. Shuller releose
locked.

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             Direct V





  To Open: Press lhe center ponel ol lhe fronl ol lhe    Turn lhe locusing knob while simulloneously exomin-
                                                ing lhe imoge for shorpness on fhe ground gloss  hood inword unlil  il colches @.                                                      lhrough lhe mqgnif ier. The disfonce scqle on lhe
                                                     locusing knob should be consulled only when
  fo Clote: Press lighlly on lhe righl hood ponel @.    checkins depth of lield (} poge 23).
  The direcl view{inder ponel inslonlly relurns.                                                   Generol Rule for Focusing:
                                          Be sure lhql the plincipol oreq in lhe subiect is lhe
                                              one in shorpesl focusl

t5

To Releose Shuffer                                Self-fimer
t':l!
l:f





        Wilh  Focusing  Hood Open:               Cock shuller @.  Unlock Synchro-lever @ ond sel          Inrlcnlqneous Erposure: Press shuller  . releqse                                             on 'V' @.  Releose @.  The shuller will open          smoolhly @.  Shuller will oulomolicqlly open for
           lenglh of lime sel.                                   opproximolely l0 seconds oller releosing. All speeds
                                                            from l/5001h lo I sec. con be used. Shufler ond self-          fine Erposure "8":  Press fhe releose ond hold lor
          desired inlervql, Shuller closes when releose is    limer con remoin cocked, when comero.is nol in
          qllowed lo relurn fo normol.                            use, wilhoul undue weokening of lhe springs.

                                                                                                                 l6

Evereody Cose
                                  To inserl comero: Slide grooved
                                bose  plole  o{  ccrmero lrom
                                       lhe  reor  inlo  lhe  refoining
                                    device   unlil     il   cqlches, To
                                 remove:  Slide  cqmero  bock-
                                words oul of cose.
                                            Corrying Strop
                          To ollqch: press down solely
                                 blodes on strop holder wilh
                                knob of end of strop ond slide
                                    upword. To re.move: Press sofely
                                     blodes wilh fingernoil ond slide
                              knob oul,
Exposure ond Light Volue                             sensitivily ol lhe film being used, ll is lhen sel on
                                               lhe lighf volue scole of lhe comero, In fhis woy
Exposure is odjusled in oicord wilh the exisling   bofh speeds ond diophrogm openings ore odjusted
lighling condilions (more exoclly: in occord wilh fhe    in relotion lo eoch other to provide correcl exposure.
omounl of light reflecled by lhe subject). The lighf    Since lhe scoles ore {irmly- coupled,  il  is possible
volue serves os lhe  meosuremenf lor   correct    lo  selecl eifher o  desired speed or diophrogm
exposure.  ll  is oscertoined lrom lhe exposure foble   opening wilhoul lurlher need fo compensole for
or lrom on exposure meter, loking inlo occounl lhe    exposure.

                                                          Shulfer Speed      .(Shorpness of Moving Objecls  Subiecl                                     I      Film  ltiil,Til )>        l-ight Yolue                                                   I       Diophrcgm        (  Deplh of Field


                                                                                                                    r8

www.butkus.us  Speciql Core: Time ExPosure                     The Exposure Tqble wilh  ils light volues lokes inlo
  In generol you use the light volue wilhin lhe ronge    considerolion only lhe opproximole lighl  condilions
  ol fhe evenly groduoled speeds {rom 1/5001h-t  sec'   ond eliminoles gross errors in exposing. In  difficull
     ll  conditions ore such lhol  selling "B"   is reoched    coses, consulling on eleclric exposure meler is  re-
  ond if is necessory fo close down the lens slill more,                                                commended,  ll lhe meler being used does nol reod  the  light volue musl be obondoned.                                                                   in lighl volues,  il  is necessory lo lronspose lhe speed
  As on  oid  lo  defermining the  longer  exposures    ond diophrogm reodings seporolely 1o lhe comero.                                              provided                                      ore                                   ligures                       green                     lhe               selling,  with'8"                                                         ligure    Thus lhe volid  lighl volue is indireclly sel ond sweeP-                              The                                           correcl                                    sec.).                         B[:2]            15 8 4  (125 50 30
   will be found opposile lhe oppropriole diophrogm    ing up or down lhe speed or diophrogm scoles con
  volue,  Rule:  observe  lhe  number  in   seconds    proceed in lhe prescribed monner.
                                                           lhe                                     slop; uncouple                    diophrogm              desired          fhe  obove                                                            lhe    General Exposure Rule:  ll  is not olwoys possible lo                                        opposile                        opening desired                   set lhe           ond  diophrogm
   indicolor, lhen expose lor  lhe number ol  seconds     poir o  sufficienlly {osl shuller speed (lo  minimize
  previously observed. (Uncoupling ond moving  lhe     ellecl  of subject molion) wilh o  smoll diophrogm
  diophrogm conlrol couses lighl  volues lo become    opening (for greoler depth ol  field). Obviously o                                                                      4:                                           volue                                                  lighl                         Exomple:                        selling.)                 "8"           with   involid                                                   compromise  is  required ond   il would be well  lo                                                                                                                 I                                            B(:2)                        15  8  4                    30                60            125     sec.
     diophrogm       22  16 11    I   5'6        4     remember fhol  under-exposure resulls in  hopelessly
   Desired diophrogm 22    obsele  required exPosure      losl shodow detoil, whereos over-exposure moy be                                  -                       22 opposile lhe indicolor    compensoted lor  lo o greol exlenl by proper pro-  30 sec.    set diophrogm              -   (under'8")                expose lhirly seconds'                   cessing.  Therefore:  o  good  generol   rule   for                    -
     lf  lhe diophrogm slops ol  lhe  mid-poinls belween     exposu re:
   fhe green numbers, holl volues of exposure ore ob-
    lo                                                  Alwoys expose lor lhe shqdows'                                                                  rolher o bil more lhon loo lilllel     ined.12s 60  30   15  8  4   B(:2)sec'               231263

l9

Explonations
 of lhe Piclure
 Exomples:
A
 High mounloins
 (snow) wilhouf
 foreground.
Open beoch,

 B
 Sporl scenes,
 Brighl sfreels
ond squores,
open londscopes,
c
Londscopes
wilh foreground.
Groups in open oir.

D
Groups in shode.
Slreel scenes
wifh shode.

E
Groups under trees,
lighlly shoded.
Groups in gloss-
roofed holls.

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                                                                                                                                                                                       is  The Depth of Field Toble                      menl of lhe  15ls x15/e"  negolive  lo  63lta$lf 4"
                                                            required, Enlorgemenls of lhis size, viewed ol  10",   Since fhe shorp zone in lhe piclure does nol end                                                     delermine lhe  bosis  for  the minimum occeploble   obruplly, bul groduolly chonges lo somelhing less                                                             shqrpness. Wilh lhis in mind lhe size of lhe circle of   shorp, il  is generolly sullicienl lo reod lhe deplh                                                           confusion is compuled qnd lhe limils ol lhe deplh ol   of lield in round figures. With lhis in mind lhe scole                                                                       field oscerloined. Negolives mode in  lhis woy will  on lhe focusing knob hos been colibroled for quick                                                         permil enlorgemenls olso lo lorger sizes, while  slill  ond proclicol use,                                                              reloining  lhe some impression of  shorpness, This
    lf exqcl ligures ore desired, lhese moy be found in     is becouse lhe  viewing  dislonce  is  olwoys  cor-
  the loble on poge 24. Depending upon whelher    respondingly increosed.
   normol or increosed shorpness is needed, eilher lhe
  upper or lower diophrogm ligures ore used:           Wilh enlorgemenls from porlions of Rollei negolives
                                                           lhe requiremenls wilh regord lo shorpness ore mote
  Use fhe u p p e r figures when enlorgemenl of lhe     crilicol.  In  lhis cose deplh of  lield   is  colculoled
   enlire 15/sx 15/g" negolive oreo is plonned (circle of    using o smoller circle of conlusion. In proclicol use
   confusion, l/1400 ol lhe focol lenglh).                  lhe required deplh is obloined lhrough lhe use o{ o
  Use lhe lower  diophrogm figures when enlorging    smoller diophrogm opening:     (lower diophrogm
                                                                                g u res).  from o porlion ol lhe negolive (circle of confusion            li
    :   {/2000).                                             The ellecliveness o{ lhe scole on lhe comero  ilself
   Explonolion: lhe degree of shorpness required from   moy be exlended in lhe some monner merely by
  o negolive is exclusively dependenl on lhe mognili-    using fhe nexl smoller diophrogm opening lhon lhe
   colion of lhe prospeclive enlorgemenl ond ils subse-   one indicoled for lhe desired zone.
  quenl viewing dislonce.                                                                                                        lf enlorgemenls of very greol size ore lo be mode
  To oblqin correcl perspeclive ol normol viewing    use o diophrogm opening lwo slops smoller lhon
  dislonce in lhis cose, o 4.2 limes lineor enlorge-    lhe one indicoled.

25

www.butkus.us                                                                Exposure Time (os indicoled in lheExplonotion of the Toble                      lhe  Effective
                                                      toble by meons of colored    ink) is nol in eoch
ihe "Conf ocl" column indicof es lhe  correcl sefling    cose idenlicol lo fhe shulle'r speed, bul depends
ol lhe M-X lever for eoch lomp lype.               on lhe porlion o{ lhe llosh lomp lighl oulpul ulilized:
lhe "Shutter Speed" column shows  lhe permissible                                                                                   l. Wilh  X-Conlocl    lhe durolion of lhe llosh
speed ronge.                                                       ilself is ocluolly shorfer lhon ony of lhe permissible
Cenfer: lhe recommended    shuller speed in-    shuller speeds. Therefore, lhe lighl   durolion
cludes proclicolly lhe enlire    lighl oulput ol lhe    of lhe llosh (specilied in porenlhesis ofler lhe moke)
flosh lomo, This ossures lhe moximum illuminolion     will be lhe  octuol, conslonl   exposure
os well os lhe rmollesl diophrogm  (lor greoler deplh      I i m e so lhol lhe selecled diophrogm opening musl
ol lield), The lollowing opplies os o generol rule:   be mo inlo ined even when using slower shuller
                                                              speeds.
  Use lhe slondord recommended    speed
      togelher with lhe correcl selling ol the         2. Wilh  M-Conlocf    lhe shuller speeds, from
      M-X lever for lhe lomp in use,               "loslesl" lo "recommended"  loll within lhe durolion
                                                  of     f he   f losh: lhey lherefore represenl lhe ocluol
Left: the  f oslesl  speed indicoles lhe limil lo    exposure lime ond if lhe shuller speed is increosed,
which the shuller moy be sef. For lively oclion or   lhe diophrogm musl be opened occordingly' Only
sporls subjecls, lhe losler speeds ore employed.       when slower shuller speeds ore employed is the fully
                                                            utilized light oulput equol to lhe ocluol exposureRighl: the exposure time moy be increosed lo lhe                                                             fime, ond lhis is lhe some os lhe recommended speed.s I o w e s I speed (1 second or even lime exposures),
if, in oddition lo lhe llosh, it is desired lo moke use   The illuslrotion should moke lhe ufilizolion of lhe
ol exisling lighl. In such coses lhe  I o I o I omounl of    ovoiloble flosh light slill more obvious: lhe while
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    f losh, ond lhetr slze, lhelight from oll sources musl be considered in choosing   symbols represenl the
lhe diophrogm opening.                                    ulilized lighl ot lhe shuller speed employed.

I'PS ON P/CIURE-IAKING                 Children
                                                Never use force, wolch for  inleresling effecls ond  Portroif s                                                         expressions corefully, A  clever ossislonl lo  diverl
  Lorge heods: do nol work closer lhon 40 inches lo     child.ren's ollenlion lrom comero is oflen o voluoble
 ovoid  possible perspeclive dislorlion.   lf  necessory,     oid. Try close-up shols of children's expressions os
 enlorge from o smoller seclion. Focus on lhe eyes,    lhey lislen lo  lovorile or exciling slories. Loughler,
 Use quiel,  neulrol  colored bockgrounds ond  do    oslonishmenl,  pily  ond even on occosionol yown
  nof slop down loo much (f : 5.6) so os lo keep bock-    provide wonderlul moleriol lor good shols or piclure
 grounds {rom infruding.   lf  possible, move  subjecl     series. For close-up shols use some lechnique os for
, owoy from bockground. Oul of doors, lry using sky     porlroifs. For children in molion, use snopshol tech-
 os  only  bockground. For  porlroils  wilh  ponchro-    nique oufdoors ond  llosh indoors, Low viewpoinls
 molic film  in lhe open oir, choose o soff lighling,    ond close-up ellecls ore besl.
 preferobly in lhe morning or lole oflernoon. Fovor                                             Animols
  soll  lighl,  ovoid deep shodows.  lf necessory, liqhl                                                            Polience, quielness ond fomiliorily  wilh lhe onimol up fhe shodows wilh on oluminium loil     covered                                                         -           ond  ils peculiorilies ore greol ossels. Close-up pic- cordboord used os o   ref leclor, or wilh  llosh. You                                                           lures ore mosf rewording; use porlroil  lechnique,
 con somelimes moke effeclive use of  lighl  wolls,                                          Moke use ol  nolurol  lighl  ellecls such os  bock-
 clolhing  ond snow os  refleclors. Simple, proven     lighling, Aclion piclures: use snopshol or sporl fech-
  orlificiol  lighl procedure: lomp No. I nexl to comero    nique (wilh  flosh,   il  needed). Rolleinors ore  oflen
 somewhof obove heod  level, lomp No.2  on  the    helpful wilh smoll onimols. Zoo: onimol porlroils
 side lo  lighlen shodows, For speciol ellecls, lomp    ovoid bors or  nelling,  Hinl:  nelling ollen becomes-
 No,3  os overheod or  bock-light.  lmporlonl:  use     invisible when lens neorly louches wire.    Fish in
 lens hood. Moislen  lips  (highliqhls!). To  reduce    oquorium: use side ond overheod lighling- in olher-
 shorpness ond  odd   'glomor" r   Rolleisoll   (soll    wise dorkened room. A good lrick is lo  limil move-
 dilfusion disc) 0 or  |  (slronger) over lens. Use lorger   menl of fish wilhin shorp zone by meons of verlicol
 diophrogm openings ond bockliqht for sunny effecls.    gloss plole  in lonk,

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Iondscopes                                        lhrough ond improve fhe clority of dislonl views, The
                                                     blue   filler  reduces confrosl,  lhe  red  or  oronge
 Focusing for  dislonl views wilh loreground moy be    increose brillionce, Moximum penelrolion of  lighl
occomplished simply  wilhoul  using ground  gloss   hoze is obloined wilh  infro-red film ond  infro-red
excepl {or viewing:  sel  infinily  mork (o)  opposite      filler  (700 mpt,). Borely visible mounloin choins oro
diophrogm opening used                          second corresponding     reproduced cleorly. An odd eflecl wilh  lhis combi-                                    -diophrogm mork will indicole neoresf poinl in locus.    nolion  is  lhot green leoves ore rendered olmosl
Exomple: o  ol   |  : 11                        shorp oreo @  lo 17  ll    while. Using lillers  for beller cloud rendilion  is of                                -(5 melers).                                     no use in reolly bod weolher when lhere is o good
Use of Filters is imporfonl in block ond while shols    deol ol moisfure in lhe  oir,
lo seporole ond emphosize lhe lones of lhe dominonl    3. Seq, Beoch, Mounlqins: slrong ullro-violel  roys
colors, such os lhose ol lhe blue sky, green folioqe    musf be obsorbed lhrough use of UV liller.  Resulls
ond yellow  groin  lields.  Specific chonges in  lhe     will olherwise be dull. The H I  liller serves lhe some
olmospheric mood  ol  lhe  piclure  con  olso  be    purpose lor  doylighl-color  lilm.  Reduclion of  lhe
e{lected.                                                     bluish cosl is quile morked. When color lemperolures
l. Blue Sky with Clouds: yellow  lillers dorken blue    drop (cloudless blue sky, wilh sun lo lhe side ond
skies ond lhus improve lhe reproduclion of  clouds.    olso in lhe shode): use color conversion   f illers ol R
The deeper lhe color of the liller,  lhe slronger ond    group  ( )   pos"  39). When  in  doubl,  use  lhe
more dromolic lhe  eflecf. Blue snow shodows ore    weoker  filfers.
clso rendered lruer  lo lone. The green liller  lones                                                         Piclure Composilion Rules: distont views ore  ge-down lhe  sky, brighlens lolioge ond dorkens lhe                                                           nerolly  beller   i{  foreground conloins (for  oddedoccosionolly loo  liqhlly  rendered reds (with  pon                                                   deplh  impression)  lrees,  people,  onimols,   elc.film) such os sun-lonned flesh ond red  file  roofs,                                                     Folioge  is ollen used os o frome lor  lhe  dislonlFor  fillering  lhe sky bul  nol  lhe  londscope: lhe                                                       view.  Focus should be  sulficiently  shorp  in  lheRolleipol   filler  dorkens fhe  blue  sky  only  by                                                     {oreground. Slrong ellecls ore creoled when deepeliminoling fhe polorized  liqht.                                            shodows in  ihe  loreground ore  sel  ogoinsl  fhe
2. Hoze and Misl: lhe blue liller,  useful for picloriol     liqhter dislonce. Side liqhlinq or even bock liqhfinq
effecls, increoses hozy ellecl. The oronge or red cul    give fhe mosl impressive piclures.