Photography reference
Sears A THIS BOOKLET - PART 1 Product booklet
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Page 6 · Read text
INTPOIDUCTION.
- In this little volume, we shall entirelyavoid all the complicated
theoriesof the chemistryand optics of Photography,and confine our-
selves simply to those facts and principleswhich everyonemust be
familiar with in order to producegoodpictures. There is plenty of
time to take up the scientific theoriesof photographywhen you have
learned the fundamentalrules of exposure,developmentand printing.
, Photographyundoubtedlyoffers a more attractive field, either
for pleasure or business,than anything else at presentopen to con-
sideration,and its great popularityis probablydue, in no small meas-
ure, to the simplification of the various processes,the perfection
which has been attainedin the manufactureof cameras,dry plates, {
sensitizedpaper,and the variousother materialsand apparatusused,all tendingto rnake the productionof photographsa simple and easy' I
matter.
In thesedays, the lover of the beautiful seoufesin a few mo-
mor^ts exact likenessesof the choicestviews of nature,vhich form-
erly could be obtainedonly in a slow and laboriousmannerby those
favored few gifted with the ability to draw 9r paint. What could .
be more treasuredin after yearsthan picturesof friat s or family,
the old home, with all its treasuredmemoriesand sCsllosof past
pleasures?
The modern photographicoutfit places the ability to make such
picturesin the handsof everyone,and we believe that the time will
soon come vhen a person unable to operate a'camera will be as
rare as one unableto read.
Before taking up ihe subjectof photographyin detail,the author
wishes to particularly impress upon his readersthe importance,in
fact, the imperative necessity for the most careful and watchfulView original page 6Page 7 · Read text
gtgglla success in photographyis dependentupon the
little things. The principres tnvolved are simple and easiry mast- 'ered,
but there is alwaysa right way and *rong way to ao
thing. Photographyis simpry a branch "of thoJe great sciences,"u"ry-
chemistryand optics, in which there is no guesswork, no chance,
every result being in accordance with fundamental principles anc
laws, which are inexorabre.' Like causes always produce rike re_
and when you make a negativewhich does noi prove success- 1_ltsr
ful, you may rest assuredthat in some detair,apparenilyunimport-
ant, or perhaps entirery overrooked,you hav" ti"nsgressed these
natural laws, and a repetition of the same difficulty is only avoided
by carefully ferreting out the cause of the first failure.
...Jlow To sEtEcT AN OUfFlT...
As this book may fail into the hands of some who have not yet
prrchased a camera' we have endeavoredto give such information
as shall make the selectionof an outfit easier for thosewho have
had no experiencein photography,so if you are about to invest in an
outfit, we advise you to read over carefuily the descriptionsof the
different forms of cameras as given in the following chapter, noting
carefullywhat is sajd in regard to the kind of ro.f fo, which each
style is suitable,anc then afler carefully studyingthe description of
camerasand.completeoutfits as given in our catalogue,taking into , i
consideration,also, the amount of money which you wish to invesa Ityou shouldhave no difficulty whatever in deciding which outfit to {lorder.
Many who order cameras without fuily investigatingthe subject
beforehand,find, as soon as they become familiar with the work,that some other style, slze or kind, would have beenmuch more suit_ ;LFr
able for their purpose. we believe, however,that anyonewho makes i
a selectionwith the aid of the suggestionsgiven here, togetherwith I
the very complete and carefur descriptionsof the goodslisted ln our :
catalogue,will be sure to get an outfit which will prove entirely satis_'a cte'rl and perfectly suitedwww.orphancameras.comto the purpose contempratedView original page 7Page 8 · Read text
C3IAPTEP I.
cAllEpAS.
Essentialry a camera is simpry a right-tight box with a piece ot
glass, called the lens, in one end and a means of supporting the serr-
sitive prate or film in tne other end. Rays of light, reflected from
the object to be photographed, pass through the lens and are pro-
jected against the plate where they impress upon its sensitized sur-
tace the likeness of the object'
The box constituting a camera may be constructed entirely of
wood or metal in a rigid manner, or it may be constructed partly of
leather, croth or rubber, in such a way as to permit its being folded
into a more compact form when not in use, and it may be fitted with
various adjustments and accessories, but no matter how complicated
the camera may apPear
at first sight, ^ slight
examination will demon-
strate the faet that es-
sentiallY it is simply a
light-tight box with a
lens in one end ancl a
means for holding the
dry plate or film in the
opposite end.
All cameras may be
divided into four generalF classes, the simPle Hand
THE CAMERA. C a m e r a s , f r e q u e n t l Y
View cameras called Bt. Cgnffi the ryl@eras' infiniteu an is and Portrait Cameras' There - 5 - - .View original page 8Page 9 · Read text
6 corrrn ETE InstnucrroNs tN pnorockAp'y"F and styles of cameras' but they can all be classified under one or the other of the above heads.
ln taking up for considerationthese different forms of cameras,
' It will be impossible for us to touch upon the details of manipula- tlon' such as the operation of shutters, methods of adlusting, etc., "- 2s these details vary in different makes,and moreover, small instruc-
tion sheetscoveringtheseparticular points are alwayssent with each camera.
iOX... The simple Hand camera or Box camera is by far the
CAIIEPAF . most popular and most universallyused of all cameras.
This is undoubtedlydue,first, to its simplicity cf operation,
and secondly,to the low price at which such cameras can be pu. chased. .
Althougha Box camera is capableof producing fine pictures
within certain limits, there ere many kinds of work beyond its
capacity' and many pictures which cannot be *"J" at all with e
Box camera, ?';")easilymade with e cemeremore completein its adjustments.
There are two principalforms of Box cameras, known as plate
Holder cameras and Magazinecameras. In the plate hclder camera' the sensitive dry plate, upon which the picture is made is placed in what is known as a plate holder, and this plate holder, with
the plate in it, is insertedin the back of the camera when a picture
is to be made, Each plate holder holds two plates,and the plates
must be put into the horderin the dark room.
The Magazinecamera is so constructed
that a large numberof plates,usuallytwelve,
,can be put directly into the camera itself
and exposedone after the other, thus doing
eweywith the use of plate holders.
The most popurar and undoubtedrythe
best MagazineCamera is the Seroco Maga_ rHEsERocoMAcAzrNE, zine, and our iilustration shows the mannel, A Box .o',illii'*u'
in which the plates are held and manipulatedinsidethe camera
The best example of the plate holde, Bcx Camera is the www.orphancameras.comView original page 9Page 10 · Read text
SeARs, Roeeucrc & Co. (lxc.), Cnlc^A,Go,ILL.
Delmar shown in our illustration. The Delmar is undoubtedly
the best camera a beginner, who desires a simple, yet good
camera at e small expense, can obtain. Box Cameras are
', universal " or " set " focus lenses, that usually provided with
is, lenses not requiring to be focused and therefore mounted immov-
ably in the camera front. Such cameras offer special advantages
to the beginner, or to those who do not wish to ,go too deeply into
photography, 2s it is not necessary to adjust the focus each time
a picture. is taken.
The Folding Hand Camera is th; next s FOLDING nANl
above the simple Hand Camera, and consistr':"r:
..G.CAI{EPAE
sentially of ^front part supporting the lens and
e re^r part with aCjustment for holding the sensitized plate in posi-
tion, these two parts being connected by a rubber or leather bellows,
which folds like an accordion, making it possible to fold the camera
iirto smaller space for convenience when not in use. The principal
anct most important advantage of the folding hand camera, lies in
the fact that the distance between the plate and the lens may be
altered at will, in other words, the camera mey be focused.
The simplest forrn of
folding hand camera is
provided with no special
adjustments or improve-
ments, and therefore,
the f.act that it can be
focused and folded to a
more compac.t form,I constitutes its only ad-
vantages over the plain
Box Camera.
In the more complete
THE SEROCO A, A FOLDING HAND CAMERA.
folding cameras, how-
ever, is reached the highest degree of perfection attained in the
rnaking of cameras, and some of the latest sty/es, complete with a!!View original page 10Page 11 · Read text
CorvrpuETE h.rStnucTloNs IN Pnorocnarur'
the mobt improved adjustmento ere
marvels of mechanical perfection and
capable of the most difficult work.
We reproduce an illustration of the
Seroco A Cycle Folding Camera,
which is an excellent exarnple of the
Folding Hand Camera, and which,
although not as complete in its adjustments
as some of the more expensive cameras, is
thoroughly well made throughout and fully
meets the requirements of the vast ma-
tographers. The
highest types of F'olding H and Cameras,
complete in every detail and adjustment,
'some of which are not used once in a
hundred exposures) might very properly be
called photographic luxuries.
The Folding Hand Cameras are de-
signed to be used either with or without
a tripod, and are suitable for any class
of work which may be done either with
e simple Box Camera or a complete
Professional Viewing Camera.
eras designed
vlfwlNc for use only with e
itCAIf EPAS. tripod are calledView- i, t
ing Cameras and are almost q
always employed by professional
photographers. Although they
do no better work than a good
Folding Hand Camera, they are
nnore strongly and substantially
constructed, convenience in op-
erating, together with strengthwww.orphancameras.comA VIEWING CAMERA,View original page 11Page 12 · Read text
Seens. Roepuct< &, Co. (tnc.), Gnlce@. I
,ia
and durabilitY, being the Points kept most Prominentl-vin view bY
the manufacturers, rather than mere eleganceof finish or com-
pactness.
The best exarnple of a thoroughly well made, substantial ser-
viceable viewing camera is the Empire State, shown in our illustra-
tion. A camera lik: the Ernpire state can be used for any kind
of work which either an amateur or professional photographer would
ever have occasion tc do.
Portraits can be made with eiither ^ regular Viewing POPTPAIT
Camera or Folding Hand Camera, and in a limited wa1l, CA'IEPA$.
even with a simple box camera, but the camera designed
especially for the .purpose, l"r points of superiority for this particu-
l a r w o r k , a f f i i ' i " s t u d i o s o r g a 1 l e r i e s r e g u l a r P o r t r a i t
cameras are usually employed. As these cameras are designed
only to be used in studios, no attempt at reducing them in size or
weight is rnade:,so they are always large and heavy, and must be
supported on what is known as a camera stand, a device so arranged
that the camera may be quickly raised, lowered, or tilted to any
desired angle, and for convenience in rnoving the instrument about
the gallery, the stand is usually furnished with small wheels or castors.
As before stated, however, just as good portraits can be made with
a viewing camera as with a portrait cam era. It is merely a ques-
tion of convenience in working and many professional photographers
who do both portrait work and outside work and who do not care to
invest in two cameras use a Vierving Camera f.or both purposes.
While the Viewing Camera readily aciapts itself to either line of
work, the portrait c"*"ra, owing to its size and weight, iS suitable
'.he for use only in studio.
IView original page 12Page 13 · Read text
r
{li:
if
cltAP l-EP lt.
TENSES ANTDSHUTTEPS.
As previously explained, the lens is the piece of glass ln the
tront of the camera and is the most expensive and the most import-
ant part of the outfit. The quality of work done with a camera de-
pends entirely upon the lens, anC therefore, in selecting your outfit
cere shcrilC be exercised to secure one containing a good lens. As
the qualityof the lens cannot be judged in anyway by its appearance,
and as a in photography is entirely incapable of judging a Egtnner
lens, even by an actual trial, it is usually necessary to take the
dealer's word regarding this point and thus tlre advisability of dealing
with a house who.se goods are known to be exactiy as represented is
apparent.
Photographic lenses may be divided into four different kinds,
,,single lenses," " double or rapid rectilinear lenses," '' wide angle
lenses," and " portrait lenses".
cheapest photographic lens made is e
NON-ACnPOIIATIC L' .t1" single convex lens, just like a common magni-
SINGTE IENSES. fying glass or the lenses in spectacles, such as
very old people wear. Such a lens is tsed only in the very cheapest
cemeras and owing to its being poorly ground and not properly cor-
rected, it distorts the picture, and as it is not achroma'cicit separates
the rays of light into colors, thus blurring th" picture.l,
AC]rPOllATIC lenses are connposed of
SINOLEIENSES. two sirnple lenses, one
double convex, the other, plano convex
cemented together, thus apparently forming
e lens does not sepa-
"t rate the rays of light into colors and wiil there-
fore form a sharp clear picture. Such SINGLE ACHROMATIC
cameres as the Perfection Sr., or the Mag- LENS WITH REVOLVING
azine' Cyclone ere provided with single DI APH RAGMS,
achromatic Jenses
1 0 - www.orphancameras.comView original page 13Page 14 · Read text
Seens, P.oEBucK& Co. (Ittc.), Cnrcaco ll
A Rapid Rectilinear Lens, usually PAPIIDPECTILINEAPspokenof as a double lens, consistsof two .....LENSfEsingleachromaticlensesmountedin opposite
ends of a brass tube. They are called
" rectilinear " because they render the
straight lines of e picture without
distortion, the word rectilinear being
derived from the Latin words for
straight and line.
Rapid Rectiiinear Lenses possess
greater depth of focus than any other
RAPID RECTILIN EAR LENS.
lenses, ere more rapid than single
achrom atic lenses, give a truer perspective and are much faster
than wide angle lenses; in short, they are for general all around pur-
poses, the best lenses made
t)
Wide Angle Lenses are much the same as recti- r^ WIDE ANCLTlinear lenses in general construction, but the i;.
achromatic lenses which form the combination ere ""'IENSEE
mounted more closely together and for this rbason a wide angle lens
is capable of including a much wider extent of view, hence the name
"Wide Angle. "
These lensesare not very suitablefor land-
scapeor outsideview work, although in certain
cases,such as the photographingof buildings
where it is impossibleto get far enoughaway to
include the whole of the building with a recti-
linear lens, the wide angle lens becomes a
neceSsity.
Wide Angle Lensesare especiallydesirable
for photographir.ginteriors; in f,act, they are
practi call; indispensablefor this work, as a
WIDE ANGLE LENS.
singleachromaticor rapid rectilinearlens doe.
not include a sufficiently wide angle of view tn rnaLe a good interior.View original page 14Page 15 · Read text
12 Gourlere lNsrnuctloNs tN PnoroonnpnY.
Portrait. Lenses are also very. similar in constructionpOD-TPAIT to rectilinear lenses,but@areso made that they are very
LENSES"' rapid, that is, they requirevery short exposures. Portralt
lenses urufii!-have a long length of. focus in proportion to the
size of the plate and the great rapidity with which they work
- makes them especiallysuitablefor making portraits
. Portrait lensesare not to be recornmendedfor anythingexcept'
crua-portrait work indoors. As beforestated,all other good quali-
ties are sacrificed in order to obtain great speed and they are not
very rectilinear and do not possessmuch depth of focus. Good
, portraits can be made with rapid rectilinear or even with single
achromaticlenses,the only disadvantagebeing thata slightly longer
exposur-emust be given than would be necessarywith a regular
portrait lens.
The focal length of a lens is the distance from
FOCAT LENGTI| the ground glass to the lens when focusedon some
OE tEN$85"' distant object. The greater the focal length,the
narrowerbecomesthe angle of view, hence the single lens,which
usually embracesa narrowangle of view, has a long focal length,
and the wide angle lens, which embracesa large extent of view, has
a very short focal length.
Diaphragmor Stop is the means.of regulating
DlApnpAOilS 'the amount of light which passesthrough the lens
OD $TOpS... during an expos{.rre. Usually in single lensesor wide
angle lenses,there is a round piece of metal with a numberof holes
of different sizes in it, so placed that any one of these holes or open-
ings may be revolvedto the center of the lens and the size of the
opening regulates the amount of light admitted. Such" stops ere
known as "revolving diaphragms," because they are revolved to
bring the desired opening into position.
Rectilinear lenses are usually providedwith a set of loosedia-
phragmsor stops,that is, separatepiecesof metal, each with a hole
in the center, which are inserted in a slot in the lens tube. Tho
loosediaphragmsare knownwww.orphancameras.comas Waterbous- diaphragms.View original page 15Page 16 · Read text
Seens, Roegucr & cb. (lnc), CHtcrco
' Another style, known as the lris diaphragm, ls an lngenlu
cleviceof thin metal or hard rubber leaves, inside the lens firbe' sO \
arrangedthat a round opening is left in the cent.qf,the size cl whlcb
crn b. varied as desired, by turning a lever on the outside. The
lris diaphragm ts, Of course, the most convenient and satisfactory
style, as there are no loose pieces to lose or mislay, and it can bo
tnstantly adjusted to any desired size. The effects produced by the
different styles of diaphragms,Revolving,waterhouse or lris, are,
of course, identical, and the only differencesare matters of conven-
lence ln operating or eleganceof design and finish'
fhe use of diaphragmscan bestbe illustratedby
€xpo(iment.set the cameraup andwiththe"rn o'$ii15^?$5 largeststop, or none at all, in the lens, fccus sharply
upon ro*e'object about twenty or twenty-five feet away. upon
carefully observing the image upon the ground glass, you will
notethat cbjects quite close to the camera, an! Rlobably,also,objects
at a considerabt@rred, that is, not sharply
6ur"a--.w, put a taih-"t st"all stop in the lens and probably
the first thing you .vill observe is that the image is not nearly as
bright as it was. There is less light coming through the lens. ' But
661Tlot.r and you will find another change, those portions of the
view that were before out of focus or fuzzf are now sharp and
distinct.
A little experimentinghere will show you that the smaller the
stop is, the sharper, clearer and more distinct the picture is, and this
may lead you to ask, why not use the smallest stop all the time? In
reply, we will call your attention to the fact that the image, although
sharp, grows correspondinglydarker and dimmer as the stop is mad€
smaller,and.as it requres a certain invariableamount of action.by
light, in order to produce the pictu;e, you can readily understandthat
i-hesmaller the stop is, the longer the exposure must be. It there-
.foreTe-com-espractically imlo'srible, excep$under very unusual con-
ditions, to make a snap-shot or instantaneousexposurewith a small
stop 3r diaphragm.View original page 16Page 17 · Read text
14 , CoMFLETElrsrnucrpns m puorocnagry.
The size or diarneter of the stop is usuallydeslg.
prolrs eomIZEpnOF j;; ;#iljd,J:'il':1"',".Jli :"lil: [lJi: #?il inches and the diameter of the largest stop is one inch, the focal
length,dividedby the diameter qf the stop; gives us eight and the
stop is called F-8, F standingfor focal length. In a lens havingthe
largeststop, F-8, the next size is F- 1 l , that is, equarin diameterto
one-eleventhof the focal length,and the next size is F-16, etc.
There is another system of designating the stops known as the
u. s. system, in which a stop equal in value to F-B is called No. 4.
F-l I equalsNo. B, etc.
The followingtable gives the comparaflve sizes of the F system
and the U. S. system:
. F-4 equals - No. I F-22 equals No. g2
F-5.6equals - - - No. 2 F-32 equals - No. &
F-B equals - No. 4 F-45 equals - No. t2B
F-11 equals - No. 8 F-64 equals
F-16 equals - No. 16
The size of each successivestop is such that it will requirejust
twice as long an exposureas the oneprecedingit, for example:If for
the No. 4 stop the correct exposureis 2 seconds,the No. B will
require4 secondsiNo. 16, B secondsiNo.32, 16 secondsiNo,
64,32 seconds;No. l2B, 64 seconds,etc.
A knowledgeof the values of the different stops,and their rela-
tion to each other,is necessaryin determining correct exposures,
and shouldbe-carefullystudied by any one using e camera.
The experiment of focusing on a certain object,
--ntff"*"""""ror.r"'io'FoCUs... other ri'r"1ri.rt'i:"H "oj"d, the cemere, out of focus, will also illustrateanother qualification
of lenses,known as " depth of focus," or the extent to which both
near and far objects can be brought into focus sharply at the same
time.
Depth1 of focus is possessedto varying degrees by different 'onr"srtEE6--'i.nportant
qualirication. The greater the depth of www.orphancameras.comView original page 17Page 18 · Read text
$r*rs, Roccrrcx dz Co. (tNc.), CHrcaoo. fg
&
b,c::is,the larger tqq stop whlch can b-eused and still obtain a shary
picture, anci the larger the stop the shorter will be the exposure
required.
Depth,of focus can be obtained with almost any lens by using a
small stop. but this means a long exposure,and snap-shotsor instant-
aneous exposurescannot be made at all with a small ston, ThE
'ectiliiieargreatest depth of focus is possessedby double or rani.
lenses,although,good single achromatic lenses po' ,,s,ssufficle!:L
depthfor practical purposes.
Wide angle lenses have very little depth of foctrs, b'ur as
snap-shotsare seldom made with wiqe angle lenses, it is nearly
alwayspossibleto use a small diaphragm, which produces suffi.'ient ildepth of focus.
rnE$DEEro","Jllffi;",rtr:l' ;}":#T"?ff OF IEN$E$opening.inthe lens as cornparedwith the focal ,."*;:
and this naturally brings us to the considerationof one of the most
importantqualificationsof a lens, viz.: Its speed or rapidity. It will
be readily understoodthat the lens wit@ in pro-
portion to its focal lengthwill be the most rapid, that is, will make
pictureswith the shortest exposures,and speed is a very desirable
feature. The largestopening,sometimes called the aperture,of I
single achromatic lens is usuallyfrom F-12 to F-15, while a good
doubleor rectiilnear lens usually has its largest opening about F-8,
so it is very apparent that a rectilinear lens is much faster, that is,
requires much shorter exposure than a Single lens. To put it into
plain figures, a lens working at F-8 will require less than one-third as
long an exposureas one working at F- 15, all other conditionsbeing
equal. This of course applies only when working with the largest
stop. If both lensesare "stoppeddown'oto the same size opening,
say F-32, for example,then the sameexposureis requiredwith each.
The largestopeningof a wide angle lens is usuallyabout F-lS,
and sometimes as small as F-22, sc wida anglr lenses?re [rac€l";
sarily slow"View original page 18Page 19 · Read text
to CourlETE lNsf,trucrroNs tN FHorocnc.ril,
Portrait lensesare the lastest of all lenses,all other quatities
being sacrificedfor the,sakeof speedand usualtywork at.fronr F-3!
to F-5$, which is fnm two to six tirnes as fast as rectiliniar lenses.
from ten to fifteen times as fast as single achromatic lenses,and
fully twenty times as rapid as th.qaveragewide angle lens.
speed in a lens is especiallyimportant when making snap-shot
or instantaneousexposures,as the extreme shortnessof the exposure
must be made up or compensatedfor by an ability to admit a large
volume of li-ght,owing to the,shorttime in which the light is allowed
to act upon the plate.
Bearing in mind the. extremely short time in which light is
allowed to act upon the plate in an instantaneousor snap-shot ex-
posure,(only a small fraction of a second)and remembering that a
certain amount of actionly_]rglt is absolutelynecessaryin order to
impress the picture upon the plate,'the necessityof using a rapid
lens,that is, cne with a large openir,g,thus admitting lots of light,
will be apparent. The fact that a shorter exposure is necessary
with a lens which admits a large volume of light may be illustrated
iu a crude way by the operationof filling a vessel with water through
a pipe. The vesselcan be filled entirelyfull with a small pipe, but
it will take a much longer time to do it than would be required with
a large pipe. In other words, the pressurecif the water heing the
same, the larger pipe will fill the vessel much more qui,-.-..rthan
the smaller pipe. In the same wey, a picture can be made in a
very much shorter time with a lens having a large aperture,than it
can with a. lens having a smaller aperture.
single achromatic lenses are rapid enough for ordinary snap-
shot work, when the light is brilliant, but a double or rectilinear lenp
ls of coursebetter, and there are many occasionswhen the light is
not quite bright to make a good snap-shotwith an achromatic iens
and ye.t bright enough to make a good negativewith a rectilinear
lens.
r with a wide angle lers snap-shotscan onry be made under the
most favorablecircumstances. In spite of the fact that the wide
angle lens is slow, it is a very vatuabh addffi,rrr i: an outfir being www.orphancameras.comView original page 19Page 20 · Read text
i>eAre, Roneucr & Co' ttlc")' UtsEAacL 17
oryeclallysuttedtophotographing|nteriors.Astlmee,rposures
must be made *"y, when photograOhinglnteriors, the slowness
"nyof the wide angl" t.nt it lo disadvantage,and the wide extent of
the view embraced_11a grAn advantageas slngle.achromatic and
rectilinear lenses d-o-not embrace a wide enough angle to show all
that is usually.desiredin an interior view. owing, however,to th:
wide angle embraced, these lenses, "to a Certain extent' dtstort ard
spoil the PersPectiveof a view.
It ls an excellent plan to have more than one
lens,butif youarelimitedtoone,letit bea sgod $|i|.its[,Hflrapid rectilinear,or if sucha lensis moreexpensive
ifra-nyou-c"nattord,afirstclasssingleachromaticshouldbeselected.
A wtie anglelens makesa very valuableadditionto an outfit, but ls,
of course,suitablefor only certain classesof work, and, althoughtt .
will enableyou to make many plctures which your regular lers
wouldnot make in a satisfactorymanner, lt could notbe depended
uponfor all aroundwork.
Portrait lenses,betngsuttableonly for portatt work, are seldOm
usedby anybutprofessionalphotographers,ald then only tn the sMlo
The shutteris the mechanlsmor devlce,by meansof
snui*p....TllE:l':l$;;lHi,::'il':l;1i"3:.,+li[i",':fiffi: varietyof strutterson the market,almostevery manufacturerhavlng
a diff"r"nt style, but the object attained in all casests the same;
stmply a devlce for admitting light through the lens to make tho
GXpOSUre.
The shutters on stmple hand cameras are usually operated by
iushtng a Lutton, and on the folding hand cameras the same result
is obtained by the more convenient method of squeezinga rubber
bulb. A shutter operated by a bulb is saic to have pneumatic
release and this method of operating tho shutter ts not only very
convenient in all cases' but ts partiarlarly desirable when maktng
ttme exposures, as the danger cil sn{tng tho picture bV lantng thl
Gegtera ts avolded.View original page 20Page 21 · Read text
iE CoMPLETE lNstnr.rcrpxs E{ PHqTDGRu'lrr.
The untqrm snutterwtricrrns strour ;
m of r Iilustrafion ts one of the latest and
most complete shutters now made, being
providedwith lris diaphragmsan,Cgiving,
with one pressureof the burb, automatic
exposuresof from I - I00th of a secondto
a full second,or, by two pressures,time
exposures of eny desired length. The
shutter of an ordinery hand ^ir^should
be as simple in construction" as possible,
UNICUM SHUTTER, SHOWTNO to avoid the danger of becoming out of
tRts blApnRlcu. order, and shouldbe arrangedto grve either
time or instantaneousexposures,and, if possible.shouldbe automattc
to the extent of resettlng ftself after each exposure, so that lt wip ahrays be ready for business s
t
t
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RView original page 21Page 22 · Read text
- CNAPTEP III.
AIDJUST}IEI\TS OF CA}IEPAS ANID ' llow usftD.
Box cameras are providedwith no adjustments whatever,aside
from the shutter, so this chapter will be of interest only to those
having folding or view cameras, or to those who contemplate
'spurchasingsuch can^ later. i
The adjustments most commonly in use, are the ,, vertical
swing,"the " side swing," the '. rising and falling front," the ., sliding
front," the " rack and pinion focus movement" and the ,. reversible
back."
The most important adjustmentof a camera is TNE VEPTTCAIthe vertical swing, or "swing back," as it is fre- ....$wlNGquentlycalled.
In Fig. l, we illustratea cam-
era ttlted upwardas is frequently
necessarywhen phoiographing
buildings,and it will be noted
that the back of the camera
has'been swung forward, so
that it is still in a perfectly
vertical position,that is,
straight up and down.
In Fig.2,we showthecam- Fra, l.
era pointed downward,with the
vertical swing again brought into play, so that the back is still per-
iectly straight up and down.
- l e -View original page 22Page 23 · Read text
When e cemerc is provided with vertical swing ong, ancinot
the side swing, it is said to be ,,singleswing."
Sometimes in photograph-
ing a building, it is necessaryto
tilt the front of the camera up,
in orderto get all the buildingon
the plate, and if the camera is
not providedwith a swing back,
you get a distoited picture, as
shownin Fig.3; the sidesof the
building converging toward the
top. If provided with a swing Fro.2.
back, this difficulty may be
entirelyavoided,as no matter how the camera is tilted, the back can
be adjusted until it is perfectly straight up and down, that is. paral..
lel with the building, and the picture will then be without distortion.
$JDEIIrF *0":l;;5;":x'l*"fi""ff1i:1ffT,$,,H,SWING"' on" side or the other, brought closerto the lens.
Fig. 4 is a top view of a
cemera, showing the back
swungto one side, thus tllus-
trating the movement known r:-t-l
as "side swing." .@ E Sometimes in photograph- iI
ing a landscape, or more Itrtr
especially when photograph- lI Ht!ilI! ing street scenes,one side of EE trB
the picture will be very much
closer to the camere than the
other. In such cases, it be- Fro.3.
comes difficult to focus the .entireview sharply,as when the near part
is sharplyfocused,the distant part will be out of focus and vice versa.
The side swing enables us to focus the entire view sharply,.as
we can bring that side of the ground glass containingthe distant pari
www.orphancameras.comView original page 23Page 24 · Read text
Srnns, RoeBucr & Co' (luc')' CHtcA(n 2l
of the view a little closer to the lens. The side swing is frequently
valuablewhen photographinginteriors, as one side of the view is very
apt to be closer to the camera than the other'
When a cameri is p-ovidedwith only one swing, TnE DOUBL1
It is always the vertical swing and the carnete is ..".$WINO
spoken of ap " single swing." lf it has both the
vertical swing and the side swing
it is called "double su/ing."
The vertical swing is verY
much more frequentlYused than
the side swing, and manY Photo-
graphers consider the vertical
swing sufficient for all ordinary
purposes. A double swing cam-
Fro. 4. era, however, is verY conven-
ient at times, particularly in architectural work, interiors, and the
photographingof small articles, such as merchandise,etc., whero
considerable manuevering is sometimes necessary in order to get
the subject exactly true on the plate.
,. rising and falling front," ls an adjust- TnE PIS|NC ANI0 The
rhent which permits the front of the cameracafty- FAtttNG FPON|
ing the lens, to be moved up and down,as shown
by the dotted lines in Fig. 5.
When the front of the camera
ls raised or lowered in this
manner, the picture on the
ground glass moves with lt,
and as the camera itself re'
mains level, the Picture is not li
distorted,and the arrangement
Frc. 5. of the camera, which mzy rl
have been carefullyleveled up, is not disturbed. The rising and
falling front also enablesthe operatorto regulate the relative amount
of and foreground, upon which the artistic appearanceof a ,sky
picture frequentlYdePends.View original page 24Page 25 · Read text
n Couruere lurnr-cnoms tN pnoqrocnenrr. \
Thls movem6nt of the camera front, while not a :I THf $tlDINO
FpONf.." very important one, is at times very convenient. i , It enablesthe operator to move the front from side to
r.riile,and just as with the rising and falling front, the picture on the
ground glass moves with it. In this way, objects on either one sido
or the other of the view may be includedor excluded,without dis
camera.
turbingpAcr{therHE Affi ;r\roN Jl",,"lno:ll""o'il'1,,1?!"'"-ll
FOGUS tltOVENlENT... venient means of focusing,the opera-
tion being accomplished by turning a milled head screw, instead of
sltding the front or back of the camera by hand. Focusing by rack
and pinion is much more convenientand accurate,than by the slide-
hg movement,although the results obtainedare of course, no better.
cameras which are focused by moving the back are called
"back focus" and those in which ttre front is moved are called ,.front
focus." The perfection viewing Qe,nnerais a back focus camera,
with sliding to ire State is a fnont focns
camena,with rack and pinion focus mffi6i]-
rrfEprvEpsr-BIE BAcff"' tTii"t "")T'jf.TJ:'H]f;I-;Jffii;LTcameras are provided. Nearry alr camems take
plctures whictr are longer one way than the other- the most cdmmon
sizes being 4xE, sxz, 6$xg{, and Bxlo. As ordinarily used, the
picture is taken the long way of the piate. For example, In the sx?
size, the picture is seven inches wide and five inches hlgh.
It is frequentrydesirable, however,to make the pictuie the other
way of the plate; that is (again taking the Sxz as an example), five
Inches wide and seven inches high, and it is in making thii
from horlzontal to vertical views, that the reversible Uact<is "h"rrg",bro,ught
Into use. The " back " of a camera, is that part of the camera into
whtch the plate holder is inserted, and a reversible back is one
ryhlch is detachablefrom the camera and,so made that it will fit in
g.tthera vFrti,ffiThorizogt?l posrtion. This enabresthe operator to
coange quigklyfrom verrical to horizontal pictures, or vice versa,
qrlthout disturbing the adiustment of the camera www.orphancameras.comView original page 25Related documents and language editions
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