Sears PART 2 Product booklet

c$ApTtP  xv.

     INTINSIfTCATION ANTDPET}UCTION.

        Evcn the expertphotographer,with his years of experien:edoes
     not producea perfect negative every time, so the amateuror be-
     ginner must expectto make many negativeswhich will require doc-
     toring irr some way beforethey will yield goodprints
       A weak, thin negative,lacking in contrastmay be improvedby
      ,,intensification," and e negative 'vhich has been over-developed,
     thus making it so densethat the detail in the high-lightsis lost, may
    be correctedbY " reduction."
lN  I rNStFlcATloN                      ,oon         are fixed and thoroughlywashed,
                               "*",hey,     or aI any subsequenttime, at the discretionor convenienceof the
     oper4tor.  It is, however, extremeiy impor:tantthat the washing of
     the. negative before intensificationbe very thorough, as the least
     trace of hypo left in the film will cause stainswhen the intensifieris
     used.
         Freparethe followingsolutions:
                    SOLUTIONNo. l.
                 Bichlorideof Mercury,                -  60 grains
               Water,                        8 ounces
                    SOLUTIONNo. 2.
                     Sulphite of Sodium, crystals,     -           i   400 grains
                   Water,                                 8 ounces
   '
                 tf these solutions are not perfectly clear and.clean they should
     be filtered beforeuse.
        The operationof intensifyingmay be done in daylight, as light
     has no effect on the plate during this process.  If the negativetras
      blen allowed to dry put  it to soak in clean water for ten or fifteei,

Se1ns, Roeeucn & Co. (!sc.i.  Curceco        n
                                                                                                                                                                     '
.minutesurrtil the film  is thoroughlysoftened. Piace the plate In a
clean tray and pour over  it enough of solution No.  I to thoroughly
cover it, then rock the tray as in developing. The plate will com-
mence to turn white, and as soon as  it is well bleachedor whitened;
remove it from the tray and wash it throughthree or four changesof
water.           ,           ,
   Now place the negative in another perfectly clean tray, pour a
sufficientamount of solutionNo. 2'over  it to thoroughlycover it and
rock as before.  In solution No. ?, the negative will quickly turn
black again and soon gain the desired density, after which  it  is
washedfor about one-halfhour, changingthe water severaltimes.
    Good results dependprincipally upori leaving the negative in
solution No.   I the correct length of time, and this can only be
learnedby practical experience.  If the negative comes out too
black it was in solutionNo.  I too long, and, on the other hand, if  it
ls not denseenoughit was not left in solutionNo.  I long enough.
        If  the' trays used for  intensifying have been previouslyused
for other purposes,they must first be very thoroughlywashed.  Fail-
ure to observe this rule carefully will almost invariably result in
stains.   If there is a yellow stain formed on the plate.duringintensi-
fication, it is due to the fact that the hypo was not entirely washed
out of the film beforecommencingthe operation.
    Caution.-Solution No.   I  is a deadly poison and must be
handledwith great care.  All intensifiersare deadlypoison, as there
are no non-poisonous(:hemicalswhich can be used for intensifying.
    The operationof reducing an over-denseplate is             ,
usually attendedwith more satisfactory results than  pEDUCTION
the processof intensifyinga weak negative,
    Make up the followingsolution:
                 HYPO SOLUTION.
           Water               -       -              8 ounces
          Hypo                             2 ounces
              RED PRUSSIATE SOLUTION.
          Red Prussiate of Potash                                    i  ounce
           Watel                                   -    o  Eourr€                         www.orphancameras.com                                                        #,'/

78        Col'rplrrg lxsrnucrroNs lN PnorocnapHy.
        It will be noted that the hypo solution Is just the same as an
ordinaryfixing bath, but it shouldbe freshly preparedat the time of
usingand shouldnot have been previouslyused for any other our.
pose. Red prussiateof potash is also known as ferri-cyanide o{
potash and must be handled carefully as i'c is a deadly poison.
Keep the red prussiatesolution in the dark room when not in use,
or v/rapthe bottle with opaquepaper, as the solution is sensitive to
light.
    Negativesmay be r;duced as soon as they are fixed, even be-
fore they are washed, or they may be reduced at any subsequent
time after they have dried.  In the latter case, however,they should
be put to soak for ten tc fifteen minutes to thoroughlysoftenthe film.
   When the negativeis ready to be reduced,add about one{uar-
ter ounce of the red prussiate solution to eight ouncesof the hypo
solution,stir or shake it well and pour over the negativein a per-
fectly clean tray;. Reductionwill take place more or less rapidly
accordingto the amount of prussiatesolutionaddedto the hypo solu-
tion. We adviserather a small amount,so that the process can be
more                               ate frequently by holding it
     "aup to the light, and just as soonas it is sufficientlyreduced,stop the
action by placingit in clean water.
    The negative should now be thoroughly washed for one hour,
changingthe water about one dozentimes in order to thoroughlyre,
move all traces of hypo.

C]IAPTEP XVL
      OUTDOOtr DNOTOCPADIIY.

      The success of a landscapephotograph,depends                                         LAND$CAptS   very largely on the judgment with which the subject
    is chosen.  It is not always the view which at first sight appearsthe
  most beautiful to the eye that makes the best photograph.  The
  moving clouds,in their backgroundof bright blue, contrastedwith the
    brilliant green grass, and the darker colors of the foliage may lose   their charm, Whenrenderedin the indiscriminating black and white     i
   of the photographicnegative. The beginnerin photographyrequires
   e  little educaticn by  practical experience before he can see iusit
  what will make a good picture.
        Let  it be remembered,first, that a photographis merely llght
  and shade.  Brilliant and contrasting colors, however beautiful tO
    ifr"     *ay make a poor showingwhen depicted in plain black and
       "ye,   white.   It must not be imagined,however,that grandand impressive
                                     'pictorial   scenery is necessary to get           results;  frequently the best
   pictures,are the simple subjects right at hand; a clump of trees,
   with cattle grazingpeacefully by, a rustic bridge,  r a glimpse of the
    river with a fisherman watching his line.
       Get into the habit of studying the effect of  light and shade.
   Notice the different aspectswhich the same view presentsunder the
   changinglight of morning, noon and evening.
             If there are straight llnes in the picture, such as a.hedge,a
   road, a row of trees or the horizon line, select a point of view from
   which this line will not run parallel with the edge of your picture.
t      The foregr                                                   e,
   and a flat, monotonousforeground,l"?h  as a broad, unbroken ex-                                                                                                                                                         ''   panse of water, or a levelwww.orphancameras.commeadow, must be ar-t{d   A  clt''    of                                                          -  - f 9 -

80       Covrlnte  lNstnucrroNs rN pnorooR^epny.
          , bushes or a boat may rerieve a monotonousforeground     *"k,
      a view picturesque,that would otherwisebe far from artistic."nd                 '         Choo.                                                                  n""  the
      tlatness of foreground,by the introductionof human figuresor any-
         , thing else that will break up and lend variety to the picture.
         There is a mistaken idea prevalent:among many photographers
       that the sun must arwaysbe at one's back when making   .*po.ur".
      Nothing could be further from correct, as, with the sun"nshiningai-
       rectly behind the camera, the lighted side only of the subiect is
     shown,thus giving no shadows,and consequentlyno contrasts of light
     and shade. A picture with no shadows is flat, entirely lacking in
      vigor and life.  The best results are obtained when the sun is at
      one's side, so that the subjects in the view present both a brightly
      lightedand a shadedside.   If the sun is so faiin front of the camera
      that it shinesdirectly into the tens,shadethe lenswith the slide from
     your plate holder or your hat.    If this is not done, the direct rays of
       light shintng into the lens will fog the plate.
                   'Photographs
                         may actuaily be taken at night byIIOONLIG'T
                    -oonlight, the necessary exposure varying from oneV.EWS...
                     to three hours, but such pictures look veiy little dif-
     ferent from photographsmade by daylight, and are of inierest only
     as showing that  it  is possible to make a negatirre by nroonlight.
     The. so-calied moonlight views, however, which look like aciual
     night scenes are always taken, strange as it may seem, in th@
     ti"r-Views   on lakes or rivers with the light coming frorn behind
     the clouds and a glimmering reflection on the water, are the most
    popularsubjects.
        Such views are usualry made elther early in the morning or late
      in the afternoon;and the carnera is pointed directry towardsih" ,un,
     the exposurebeing made while the sun is hidden by the clouds. A
    very short exposureis made, if necessarywith a small diaphragm,in
     order to obtain a slightlyundertimednegative. The result is d plcture   '
    which has every appearanceof having b""n made in the evening by
     moonlight,and some very artistic views may be made in this *"Jn"r.

Snens, RoeeucK & Co. (lNc'), dHtceco'      B I
    Clouds improve the artistic quality of 2                                      PnoTOliPApnINcandscapevery greatly, and yet the sky in most
.liotographsis perfectly blank.  This is due to           "'.C!-OUID'$
                        the fact that the light from the blue sky
                     producesquite at much effect on the plate
                     as the light f rom the white or light colored
                        clouds,resultingin a completeloss of the
                       cloudsthenrselves. Therefore-if we wish
                           to have the clouds show in the legative,
                  we must find some way of cutting out the
                     power of the blue light from the sky, and
                            this is accomgrlishedby slipping over the
        A RAY  FILTER.       hood of the lens during exposurea  little
device known as a Ray Filter, which is simply a piece of very perfect
,:ptical glass of,a light yellow color.    It has the effect of holding back
the blue rays of light, but admits the white rays from the clouds, and
the result is a negative in which the clouds ere shown as distinctly
as the rest of the picture.                                                n
     At  first thought the photographing of e      'pIIOTOGPAPnING      irlashof lightningmay appearto u""l  ;;                                  LIGflTNING  FLAsn tifficult operation,but in realitynothingis
 :asier. Select a windowf rom which you can commanda view of that
,:ortionof the sky in which the lightning is appeiaring,focus the cam-
 :ra for objects IOOfeet or farther away, put the plate-holderin, draut
:he slide, open.the shutter,and wait f,ora flash. As soonas itcomes,
,:losethe shutter,for a secondflash on the same plate wouldprobably
spoil the effect.  Use'the largest diaphragffi, and if possible avoid
having eny street lamps or other lights within the field of view.
        If you are using a simple hand camera it will, of course,require
 'ro focusing,and if you have a regular view' camera without a focus
scale, it would be a good idea to focus the camera beforehandon
some distant object, say 2OOor 300 feet awey, marking on ttie
-camera bed the place to which the bellows is extended,then when
 the storm comes,you can easilyrun the beilowsout to this point and       ''.;
 the ligbtning rvill be sharplywww.orphancameras.comfocused'

82        CoMplete  INs-rRucrloNS rN pnorocnepnv.
 Gooups"o,",I"X"#i:l'#y:"'li:Tilff                         ::*l,T'Ti';-"1'J
       shade,as direct sunlight gives e very harsh light to the face and an
       unnatural expressionto the eyes.  In the shade,a scfter and more
       pleasingeffect is obtained. The north side of a housefrequently
      makese very satisfactoryplace for photographinga group, and i,
       possible,a spot shouldbe selectedwhere a clump of small trees, a
       hedge,a wall coveredwith vines,or somesimilar natural background
      can be utilized.                                                                .
         Do not place the camera so close to the subject that the group
         '    will occupy the entire plate, as'a much better effect is obtained if
       there is some margin left. ,Careful attentionshouldbe,given to the
       generalarrangementof the group,placingthem.neithertoo closeto.
       gether nor too f.ar apart.  Give-the foremost place to the smaller
     membersof the group,placing the larger members in the rear.   If
       the group is a large one, so that some of the.imembersare likbly to
      be hiddenby others,it is a goodidea to have a bench or somechairs,
      so that those in the rear can be raisedabovethose in the front, thus
       bringingthem all into view. A more artistic appearanceis obtained
            if each member of the group is allowed to. select'the point towards
 .     which he will direct his eyes during the exposure,as in this way the
     membersof the group are not all lookingin exactly the same direc-
        tion and the general effect is much better.
         Use the largest diaphragm in your lens and make the exposure
      as short as possiblewithout undertimingthe plate.. As a generalrule
      about one-half or one second exposure is correct when making a
 .     group on a bright day in the shadeof the north side of a house.   It
        is well,of course,to caution the membersof the groupto remain quiet
      during the exposure,although there is not much danger of blurring
       the negative in exposuresof one secondor less.
                A good negativecannot be made unlessthe plate,is
 tENGTn  OF  exposedthe correct length of time, and the beginnerin fXpOSUpE                photographyusually finds this a rather difficult problem.'
       wtth the subject brightly lighted by sunlight, the largest diaphragm
        in your lens, and a fast plate, a quick instanianeou$ exposure will

Seens, Roeeucr & Co. (lNc.), Cntceco.      83
always producea properly timed plate.  Just as soon, however,as
any of the aboveconditionsare lacking, it becomesnecessaryto use
judgmentin determiningthe correct exposure,which, for out-of-door
views, may vary from a fraction of a secondto possibly,under very
unusualcircumstances,severalminutes.
   We  will take it for granted that a rapid plate is used,as slow
platesare very seldom used nowadays,in fact, very few dealerseven
carry them in stock, and the time of exposurewill then dependupon
two factors, the brightnessof the light and the size of diaphragm.
Of ccurse, the duller the light or the smaller the diaphragm, the
longer the exposuremust be.   It  is impossibleto give definite in-
structionsupon this point, and each one of us must find by practica
experiencehow to judge the light accuratelyenoughto determine the
correct exposure.
    There is e  little book published, called The Photo Beacon
pp_g"J3!!g!.      which  is of great assistance i@
-mportant point.  These tables give the exact exposurea't any time
of day, for any day in th.e year, with any size of diaphragm or any
brand of plates.
        It will, of course,be readily understoodthat the time of day or
the iime of the year has a great deal to do with the length of expos-
ure.   It is, fbr example,much brighter at twelve o'clock than at five,
and rhuch brighter in June than ln November.





                           www.orphancameras.com

GNAPTEP  XVII.
           INDOOP PIIOTOCPADJIY.
   rNr-Eprop          prour*t.1X"JT:l'#;:"':lTffiilT::ffi_i:'l;J    YIEWS                    ,rrong contrasts  rtgit-""a J;;,;"      confined situation,                                                      "i         and the difficulty of judging the correct lengthof exposure.
                       . Any kind of a cemere may be used, although better results are
          obtainedwith a folding camere,as the picture can be so much more
             .   accuratelyfocusedand carefullyarranged on' the ground glass.  If
         you have a wide angle lens, so much the better, as a much larger
            field of view is included'inthe picture than can possiblybe included
           with a single achromaticor rapid rectilinearlens.
              Set the camera up at the point from which the most interesting
         view of the room is obtained,and if possible,select a position from
         which no window is includedin the picture. The light from a win-
        dow has a tendencyto spreadout on every side, thus obliteratingthe
           details all around it, giving the picture"a foggedappearanceand fre-
          quentlyentirely ruining it.
             Focus very carefully upon some object about midway between
          the immediate foregroundand the farthest point, awey. Focus with
          the largest diaphragm,but when the exposureis ma.Jeuse one of the
          smaller diaphragms. We advise the use of a small diaphragm in
             all cases for interior work, as  it  is praciically impossible to get
          everythingsharplydefinedwith'a large diaphragm
            The length of exposurefor an interior view is very long as com-
                      ' paredwith an outdoorexposure,owing to the great differencein the
        amount of light.   It is difficult at first to appreciatethe immense
          differencebetweenthe intensity of light, indoors and out.  our eyes
        accomodatethemselvesto the brilliant light outsideor the dim lightI

T            Seans, Roesucr & Co. (h.rc.), Curceco.       85
   Inside,but the camera has no such power of accomodation,and the
   length of exposuremust be regulatedaccordingto the actual amount
   of light.
      The brtlliancy of the light iri a room dependsupon the bright-
  ness of the light outside, the number and size of the windows,and the
   color of the walls, all of which must be taken into consideration in
  determining how long an exposure to give.
      The followtng table will aid the beginner in deciding the correct
   iength of exposure, although it cannot be relied on in all cases,as
  experienceis ttre best teacher.
       Whlte walls and more than one wlndov.
               Bright sun outside                -    2 seconds
            Cloudybutbright       -     -     -  Sseconds
            Cloudy and dull               -     -   20 soconds
       White walls and only one windov.
              Bright sun outside              3 seconds
            Cloudybut bright                    -  12 secondg
             Cloudy and dull                     .      -   24 seconds
      Medium  colored walls and more than one wlndow;'
             Brightsunoutside                  -'   4seconds
              Cloudy but bright                       t6 seoondc
              Gloudy and dull                        -   32 secondg
      Medium  cdlored walls and only one vlndow.
                  tsright sun outside                    -     l0 seconds
              Cloudy but bright    -       ;         4O seconds
              Gloudy and dull                                       I mtnute 20 seconds
       Dark  colored walls and more than one wlndow.
                Bright sun outside                      l0 seconds
             Cloudy but brlght               4O seconds
             Cloudy and dull                    -       lmlnutolseconds
       Dark colored walls and only one wtndow.
                Bright sun outside            D seconds
                                   ' Gloudy but bright                        -      I minute 20 seconds
             Cloudy and dull                   2 mtnutes 4oseconds
'       The exposures glven In thts table are for stop  'i No.  4,"  (F  8).
  As a smallerstop ls almost always *4,  the actualexposuremust
                           www.orphancameras.com

86        Corvrplere InsrnucrroNs tN PnotOcmnr,                           i
   ,   be increasedaccording to the size of the stop, for instance,with stop
     No. 8, multiply the aboyefigures by two, with stop No. 16, multiply
     by four, with stop No  32, multiplX by eight, with stop No. 64,
      multiply by sixteen
                 If you are using a box camerewithout stops, the exposuregiven
      n tfre table shouldbe multiplied by two.
           In making an interior view which you will not have an opportu-
      nity to make over again, we should advise two or three exposures,
      giving different lengths of time to each, in order to make sure of
      getting one correct.   After a  little experience you will be able to
     judge the correct exposurevery accurately by noting therbrilliancy of
     the image on the ground glass.
         There will be of course, many interior views in which no point
      of view can be selectedfrom which no window will be included, ano
       in such cases a special plate, known as a non-halation plate, must
     be used.  These plates are especially prepared with reference to
     overcomingthe spreadingof high-lights, and if properly'exposedthe
    windowwill appear sharp and distinct, while the detail all around it
      will come out with perfect clearness.
                              It is frequently desirableto make a photographtccopy ofCOpylNCevr      ' ''.--            a painting,an engravingor anotherphotograph. When any'                     .
     Iarge amount of such work is to be done, a cemera made especially
      {or the purpose is mbre satisfactory, but the occasional copying
      that the ordinary photographerdoes may be accomplished with any
     view camera, or r folding hand camera of the long focus style  The   .
     Iong bellows is necessaryif the copy is to be;ffirg"       nearly as
     Iarge as the original, as  it  is impossibleto focus a short"r   bellows
    camera when close enough to the subject to'make it large. A receint
     invention,'however,known as a "copying and enlarging lens" which
       is used in connection with the regular lens of a folding camera,
    makes it possibleto do copying even with a short bellowscamera. &
        The picture to be copied should be attached to a vertical board
     placedas near as possibleto a north windowthroughwhich a strong
 .    diffusedlight shinesupon it.  The camera is placeddirectly opposite
     rhepicture and at the same height.   It will probablybe.found neces-

\
                                                                                          f           SEAns,RoeeucK & Co. (lNc.), CHrcrco.      87                                                                                                  'ff
sary to do considerablemaireuveringin order to get the picture into
the desiredpositionon the groundglass,and of the right size and in
sharp focus. When the camera is arrangedin a satisfactorymanner"                                       iiglve a rather long exposurewith the smallest stop.





                              #





                        www.orphancameras.com

cltAprto   xvlil.
       HOW't0 mArE poPrpAtrs.

         The making of portraits is one of the most fascinatirrgbranches
     ;   of photography,and at the same time the one in which the beginner
     meetswith the greatestdisappointmentq. The difficulties met with
       in portraiture,however,are almost invariablydue simply to a lack qf
      the necessary knowledge of proper lighting and the use of back-
      grounds,reflectorsand other accessories. We hope to make these   \
      points so clear in this chapter that portrait making at home will
     becomeone of the easiestinsteadof the hard'estparts of photography,
    .   and the pictures that you will make of your family or friends will
       really bqbetter likenessesthan those in the famiiy album.  Their
      features,unawedby the soletnn preparations incidental to !:aving a
      picture taken in a professional'sstudio,will retain that natural and          '      unrestrainedexpressionso essentialto a good likeness.
                          Any kind of a cemera may be used forCAlf tpAS   FOp...
                              portrait *:1k,,but         camere or viewpOpTpAf               miiiffO                         l^folding                       camera with Iong bellowsis the best adapted
       for this purpose,as it is necessary to place the camera rather close
      to the subject in order to make the face as large as desirableand
      without a long bellows it  is inrpossibleto focus when close to the
      subject.  If a simple hand camera is used it must be placedat Ieast
      six to eight feet from the sitter in order to make sure that the
      picture will be sharp,that is, in focus. This has the effect of mak-
      ing the face rather small, but with this kind of a camera there is no
    w4y of avoidingthiffia     short bellows camera such as the per-,
      fection cycle Folding or any of the Premos (except the long focus
       rtyles) is used, the faces will be e  little larger than when a box
                                             _ 8 8 _

s
                                                                                                              f           Ssens, Roeeucr & Co. (lnc.), Crmrca        E9                u
 camera is used, but sttll not as large as ls desirabte.  ln thls caseo
 however,there is a remedy in the shape of an auxiliary lens, which
 can be used in connection with the regular lens of the camera and
 by the aid of which, the faces can be made as largb as wanted.
 These portrait lensesare fully describedin our catalogueand consti-
 tute a very valuableaddition to an outfit.
      Portraits can, of course, be made out of doors, and the sugges-'                   t
 tions regarding the making of groups as outlined in the preceding
 chapter,will applyjust as well to portraits. Out of door portraits,
 however,are not nearly so satisfactoryas those made in the housen
 owing to the fact, that the operator has practically no control what-
 ever of the light, and it is therefore impossibleto get the natural and
 life-like expressions,which can be obtainedindoorswhere the light is
 under perf6ct control.
                         Goodresults                                         LIGIITINO   Il\                                    in the making                                                        .,    POPTPA TTUPI                                      oI porrralrsare                               *
                                       entirely dependent upon  the
                                        lighting, that  is,  the way in
                               which the light falls upon the
                                 subjector sitter. There should
                             be but one source of light, and
                                                            if  possible, this should be e
                                  north windownot shadedby trees
                                   or buildings.  If there are other
                            windowsin the room,they should
                             be darkenedby opaquecurtains,                            and the lower half of the win-       tr
                          dow arlmitting the light to the
                           room should be darkened by
                                covering it over with e
                                     cloth.  \l/ith this arrangen
                Frc. 8.                                     the light comes from one sc
bnly, and that from above the head, thus striking rthe sitter   l
angle of about 45  degrees. We can best explainthe proper
                          www.orphancameras.com                                            s

a
      90       Couplere  hqsrRucrroNstN pH6rocnaprry.
       Ing and the proper use of the background and reflectlng screen Dy
       the aio of a diagram.  (See Fig. B.)   In  this diagram, we
      have illustratedin a generalway, the relativepositionof the camera,
       the sitter, the background, the reflecting screen and the window,
      from which the light is admitted to the sitter.
       r        \l/hile  it is, of course,not necessarythat the exact relative posi-
       tions of the camera, the sitter, reflector,etc.,-bemaintainedexactly
      as shownin the diagram, still this arrangementgives the best results
      as a general rule.  As you gain experieincein the $/ork,you can
      modify this arrangement as may be required, to suit special oc-
      casions. ,ln  this diagram, the  sitter  is two and one-half feet               'window,
      from the       and the front of the chair is just even with the
       tarther side of the window. The background is three feet behind
      the sitter, and the reflector is three and one-half feet from the sitter.
                      A good backgroundin portraitwork is quite BACI(C*OUNIDS                          essential,as it gives a more elegant or finished AND pEFtECiOpS                      appearanceand eliminates all unsightlyobjects,
     which wouldotherwisedetractfrom the portrait. Backgroundsshould
      '     be paintedin oil. on heavy canvas,and a shadowyor cloudeddesign.
        is usuallythe most suitable. For bust pictures,a head ground4x4
      feet is large enough,but for full figure portraits we recommend a*
     ground measuring 5x7 feet.
        The object"ofthe reflecting screen is to illuminate the sidb of
      the face eweyfrom the window,which would otherwisebe very much
      too dark.  By careful manipulation,the reflecting screen may be
    made to produce the soft reflected lighting,which gives light and
     beautyto the portrait. A turn of the screentowardor from the light.
     and you have the difference between a  flat, untruthful portrait, and
     one that is natural and consequentlyartistic.
 pOSINC- vv-'  rv         , . 4  great deal dependsupon the care taken in posing a             subject,and any positionwhich is stiff, unnatural or difficult
       for the subjectto maintain should be avoided. In many instances,,
      the sitter will naturallytake some positionwhich will be satisfactory,      '\
     and in such casesthe photographerwill do well to make.theexposure
   -    'riithout further delay. Spend as little time as possiblein posing,

!e*r*    Rrot.cr   o  Co. (lta.),  CPCeco.            9l

especiallywhen photographingc ildren or very old people,as the fuss
and worry soon makes them nervousand ill at ease,and a successful
portrait is almost impossible, Always have the camera ready, the
plate-holdejrsloaded,the background,etc.,  all arranged before you
attempt to pose a sitter, as a delay after the subiect is once ready is
sure to undo all your efforts.
     Try  to pose your subjects in a manner thar is in some w2f r
characteristic;for instance.grandmothermaybe seated in her favor-
 ite rocking,chair, busy with her knittingi or grandfatherwill undoubt-
edly appear thoroughly himself  if photographedwith his spectacles
and eveningpaper. The baby in his high chair, with a bowl of bread
and milk in front of him, will pleasehis proud parents,and the small
boy of the family will look as natural as life, if pictured with his big
straw hat and bare feet.
     Ther proper length of exposure depends entirely                                     LENCT]I OF    iupon ihe brightness of the light, which, of course,
                               EXPOSUPE. varies according to the time of day, the size of the
 window, the color of .the walls in the room, etc.     lt  is naturally
 Cesirablethat the exposures be as short as possible, and for this .easonthe largest diaphragm in the lens should always be used.   lf                                        i[',flr
 'he    u,indowfs a brge one, the exposureon a bright day with a rapid
 bns, may be as short ai one or two seconds. With a smaller win-
 :ow, dark colored walls in the room, or a cloudv ta!,   it may be
 j)ecessary to expose much  longer, but long exposures should be
 avoided if possible, as the sitter is almost certain to move and
  it is impossibleto maintain a natural expressionso long.
   We suggestthat a number of exposuresbe made in each case'
 as you cannot always be certain that you have secured just the results
 desired,but from three or four or one-half dozen exposures,you will
 undoubtedlybe able to select one which will be entirely satisfactory.          '    Do not become discouragedif your first attempts in portraiture
 are not successful, but keep at  it.   Practice makes perfect and
 experience is the best teacher.  Good portrait making ls really
 difficult work and for this reason you will take all tho more satis.
 factian in your portraits when you have becomo proficienL        'A
                         www.orphancameras.com-'tif  <                                                       -*.*t

cltAPTtP  XtX.
       Ft-ASn.LtGnTpnorooPApJlY.

           Foi-indoor work, especiallyat night, flash-right offers many op
      portunitiesfor picture making, and  it  is a branch of photographl
     which is frequently neglectedby those who do not realize its possi-
       bilities.  For many purposes,flash-lightis even better than natural
       light, as it can always be dependedupon and can be so placecias to
      get just the effect desired; in other words, the operator has perfect
      controlof the illumination, which is not always the case with oay-
       light.  Interior views, groupsar"rdportraitsarounCthe family fireside
      or at eveninggatheringsand parties, are all easy with the aid of the
      flash-light.
        Many interior views which are so dimly lighted, or  in which
      certainparts are in such deep shadowthat an exposurein the ordi-
     nary way is a failure, may be successfullyphotographedby using
      flash-light.
                          Any camera may be used for makingAppApATUS    FOp...                            picturesby frash-light,no special apparatusfLASn-LrcnT      Wii[f                          being required exceptingthe flash powder
       itself, and a lamp in which to burn it.  Even the ramp may be
     dispensedwith if desired.
    '
          Flash-lightpowderis simply an explosivecompoundcontaining
     a large proportionof powderedmagneslum,and when ignited it burns
      rrith explosive violence, the same as so much gunpowder. The
      ti'ghtproducedby the burning magnesiumis exceedinglybrilliant, in             ' t c t , a l m o s t e q u a l t o s u n l i g h t i n i t s e f f e c t @ n i c
     plate. owing to its explosivenature,it shourdof course,be handied
     with great care,althoughwith due caution,there is little or no danger
  ,    of an accident. Flash-light powder..maybe purchasedin bulk, usually

' :                                           (nc*r          SBans' taotgEUUK&  Corc.;,
in one-ouncepackages,or  it may be chasettheform of cart-
ridges, which       ,i.ply    little box€ullof rder with a fuse
                   "."attached.                                                                                    f
     Flash-light lamps are simply devi for ing flash Powder'
There are a greal many.different stylelade' it would be hard          iv
to say which is the best, in fact, it isrgely rater of Personal         IF
ofiinion,as almost any of the lamps cthe nBt will give good
results'
     In using the cartridges no lamis necerlithe  cartridgo
being sirnply placed on something whi will noe,niured by the
heat, and the fuse lighted with a matc
   When making a flash right expure,   pE.NGEy1ENT  Of
the flash-light should be placed onorlre                                            fntffnD    CA14EPA
support,a little above the level oJ thdam-
era and about two feet to one side. he light shddwer be placed
far enough in front of the camera so:hat it canhinento the lens
and should always be a little to one se anclS!95
   When   it  is necessary to  errloy flash-ligi' it   1=OCUS;NC
usually too dark to focus in the ordiarymanner' oing -
the dimness of the image seen on;he ground g'ss'd the most
convenient method of focusing in lch  J"'"'    is  r pla a ligtrted
lamp at that point in the pictureupon which ya.dee to focus
sharply. The image of the lamp i easily seen onthe lund glal
and, therefore, readily focused.   lr ordei to make;ure getting all
 parts of the picture sharp, the lanp may be carrbd {roorrepoint
 to another. When focusing upot a'group, it is a pod  ft t{'Y",:
a light of sorne kind (a candle ota burning mateh will awer; n*"--,
by those members of tne grpup d  each'side' in orler toake sure
 that every member of the group is included within the {it of i-'-
The members of the grouf shculd also be cautiored nsL' lork "'.
 tlre flash-light when it  is ignited, as the intensely vhir ghd
 flash is sure to give an u:rnaiural, staring expressionto theyei
 is sometimesrecommend,qdthat the lamps or gas iets lnt tf
 turned drwn or extinguishedduring the expcsure'but thttlt\     \
 wrong; the mor" tt*ii  *u  o"n Lu"   in the room the tet                          www.orphancameras.com                                                                                                        t -

Sgmg,  r(orcrruuK & Co. (h.rc..,, Cnneco         13                        \

 in one-ouncepackages,or  it may be purchasedin the form of cart-
 ridges, which  are simply little boxes full of powder with a fuse
 attached.
      Flash-light lamps are simply devices for igniting flash powder.f
 There are a great many different styles made, and it would be hard
 to say which is the best, in fact, it  is largely a-matter of personal
 ofiinion,as almost any of the lamps on the market will give good
 results.
      In using the cartridges no lamp is necessary,the cartridgo
 beingsirnply placed on something which will not be, injured by the'
 heat,and the fuse lighted with a match.
   .  When making a flash-rightexposure,
                                  iloi'iA'DANG-I'ENTaiDbipmnrOf :[,:';:Tllrl:;l;;:',,1J,"1:1":l;:::::
 era and abouttwo feet to one side.  The light shouldneverbe placed
 far enoughin front of the camera so that  it can shine into the lens
 and shouldalwaysbe a little to @
    When   it  is necessary to employ flash-light, it  is                                           'OCUSINC
 usuallytoodarktofocusintheordinarymanner'owingto
 the dimnessof the image seen on the ground glass, and the most
 convenientmethod of focusing in such cases is to place a lighted
 lamp at that point in the picture upon which you desire to focus
 sharply. The image of the lamp is easily seen on the ground glass
 and, therefore, readily focused.  In order to make sure of getting all
 parts of the picture sharp, the lamp, may be carried from orrepoiftt
 to another. When fOcusingupon a group, it is a good plan to have
 a light of some kind (a        or a burning mateh ,will answeil iiem                          ""nJl" by thosemembers of the grpup at each side, in order to make sure
                                                                                                              /t\ that every member of the group is included within the field of view.
 The members of the goup should also be cautioned not to look at
  tfie flash-light when it  is ignited, as the intensely white, blinding -                                                                                                                   \
 flash is sure to give an u;matural,staring expressionto the eyes    il,
  is sometimesrecommendqdthat the lamps or gas iets in a room h' \H
 turned drwn or extinguishedduring the expcsure,but this is entirely
 wrong: the more ligbt tou  o":_.Xl"   in the room the better, And

'.          corn-ere   lnstnucuoNs  rN t'HoTocRAplty.

           therefore,all lamps and gas jets should be burningbrightly.  This        '          not only makes it easierfor the photographerto see rvhathe is about,
          but gives a more natural and easy expression to  the subject
         photographed.
                    Care shouldbe taken not to ignite the flash powderclose
     itAl'NOrlrE,          :?:3I'iil":hHHi;:1ilo"l,',?J,i,ff;'i,    fXpOSUPt E                           ;T::l                    without a l"ip,  a small wisp of it beingspread'coitor,out loosely
        and the powdersprinkledupon it.  A small piece-of        is drawn
          out to act as a fuse and when ready for. the exposure, this piece is
           lighted, the operatorthus having abundanttime to withdraw to a safe
    .       distancebefore the flame reachesand explodesthe powder.
            The exact method of making a flash-light exposureof any kind,
         whether it be an interior, group or portrait,'-is as follows:  The
        camera is first sharplyfocused,the plate-holder inserted, the slide
         drawn and then, when everlrfling is ready, the shutter is opened,
           after which th,r flash is lighted.  As- soon affi
        made, the shritter is olosed. This,  it  will be noticed, allows the
          shutter to t'ernain op€rr4 few seconds,both before and after the flash
            is made,br:cowing to the dim light in the room, no impressionwhat-
         ever is ma'le'on the plate except during the actual time occupied by
          the flash onwCerin burning, and this is practically instantaneous.
  AirorrNr          gf..:.^   pOWDfD              * n*n,S""3,Ti::r:*::i::T:T:':lT:i3:L                 T{} USE                             to-be lighted and the colors of the walls.  In a
            srrrall roonarvitlt'rrvhite or light coloredwalls, a small size cartridge
            is sutfi<;:lei'i;or, if the powderis usedin bulk and burnedon cotton
          or with a [amp,-{romi5 to 25 grains will be required.  If the walls
 -t\
      :.     are dark s:lored, a large cartridge, or as much as 30 or 40 grains,            '
            will be reqiiired; and in a very large room, such as a hall or church,
  ,,\      with dark coloredwalls, it may be necessaryto burn as,much as a
          tralf-ounce,or even more.  The exact amount depends,of coursd,I K  -        upn the circumstances,and a little experiencein this w9rk, just as.I'           lh judgingthe correct length of exposure,is necessary. Negatives          ":       made by flash-light may te over-exposedor under-exposed,just the \                              www.orphancameras.come { -