on the Pentax 1% - 21% Spotmeter User manual

The 10l21o Meter is extremely simple to use. Nevertheless,you should read the in-
structions beforehand.For those in a hurry, a good start can be made by examining
the illustrationsidentifyingthe external parts, and by following the ABC's of opera-
tion. A more thorough reading of this booklet shourd foilow later.

                 A short ABC  of Exposure Readings

A.  Set the ASA scale to the correct film speed rating of the f ilm you'r" ,"ing.
B.  Hold the meter in your right hand (with viewing ocular close to your eye) and
     direct meter toward photographic subject.
    Center the small circle on area of prime picture inGrest. Observe on the H scale
     of the viewing screen the light level (L.L.) number at which the needle comes to
     rest. lf the level is less than 10 on the H scale and/or the needle is not de-
     flected, then pressthe "L" button down and observethe L.L. on the low range*
    indicated by L scale.
D. Set this observed number below the silver index mark on the meter calculator
    by turning the knurled outer ring.
E.  Selectthe shutterspeed and f/stop combinatibndesired(from the two top
    scalesof the metercalculator)and transferthis datato your camera..

      xlmportant-Refer                            to Low Light phenomena-section  Sb
@ 1966Honeywell,Inc., Printed in U.S.A.www.orphancameras.com

basic    concept       of   light     lrlclasilJl'c!-
section   rnG!nt   fon   phcttclgFaphic       expctsiLrl'c!
    1
             a . H i s t o r i c a l  o u t l i n e  o f   l i g h t     of historical interest, was actinom-
         m e a s u r e m e n t - S i n c e      t h e d i s -    eters, which are rarely, if ever, used
               c o v e r y o f p h o t o g r a p h y ,p h o t o g r a -   today.They determinedthe "actinic
            phers have searched for efficient    v a l u e " o f  t h e  l i g h t b y d e t e r m i n i n g
           ways in which to measure the re-    the time requiredfor a piece of pho-
              flected light they are recording on        t o g r a p h i c p r i n t i n g - o u t p a p e r t o
                          f i l m . I n  t h e b e g i n n i n g ,f i l m s w e r e   darken to a standard tone. These
              slow, latitude was great, and expo-   actinometerswere the forerunners
            sures were long. Volumes of printed    of today's incidenttype light meters.
            exposuretables were carriedwhich    Unfortunately,the printing-out pa-                         I
               listed many types of camera sub-    pers were insensitiveto the yellow,
               jects, sky conditions, variationsof   orangeand red portionsof the spec-
            exposuredue to change of lig ht dur-   trum and were very slow in opera-
              ing the day at different latitudes for        t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l yu n d e r l o w   l i g h t
              different months. These were re-    c o n d i t i o n s .
            duced in size as a step toward prog-    The actinometer was followed bY
                       r e s s a n d c a n s t i l l b e  f o u n d    i n    the developmentof the visual-type
               circularslide rule form. The next de-   exposure meter. These are of three
            velopment,which is now PrimarilY  types: 1) wedge-extinctiontYPe,in     2


                                                                                                                                               -'  .;-.   ..-*:.       i',  -11                 - -^-.:,-r:*;:-,    *..sr,                            ;.,,":  1::i*rr   : ;;*;We!

w h ich t h e e xp o sure is determined
 b y v a r y i n g a g r a d u a t e d n e u t r a l -
 density wedge un til shadow detail
 disappears; 2) stepped-wedgede-
 vices, whose steps are lettered or
 n u m b e r e d , t h e d i m m e s t s y m b o l
 which can be read being taken as an
 indicationof the integratedlight in-
 tensityof the scene; and B) the pho-
 t o m e t e r , w h i c h c o n t a i n s i t s o w n                     1
 c omp a riso n la mp which is set to
 i l lu min a t e a n in t ernal comparison
surface at a predeterminedbright-
ness level. These meters measure
reflectedrather than incident light.
S ome o f  t h e p roblems in herent in
these instrumentsare that they are
subjectivein operation,which intro-
d u c e s h u m a n e r r o r s ; t h e ya r e f a i r l y
slow in reading, particularlyat low
light levels, because the eye must
                                                                       3Pfate    I   r  Problem: to produce good shin tone in  the shadow area of a back and sid,e lighted subject.a  golution:
selectioereading uith  the 10/21o meter of the darh side ol the face. (gec. id
                     www.orphancameras.com

becomeaccommodatedto the light;
     and,in sometypes,theyareimprop-
      erly calibrated.
       Photoelectrictype exposureme-   meter.Unfortunately,the most effi-
      ters were for many years the most    cient meterstend to be fragileand
     precisetype availablein their price   sensitiveto shock,so a designcom-
     range.They varyin size proportion-  p r o m i s eu s u a l l yr e s u l t s T. h i s s e -
      ately to their sensitivityand may   verelylimits the use of the photo-
     havea simple direct readingscale   electrictype metersfor measuring
      or a dual rangescaleand complex  low light intensity.The largeangle
     computer.The operationof these    of acceptancerequired,which is
     meters is based on the use of a   necessaryfor any degreeof sensi-
      photoelectriccell, generallyseleni-    tivity,can also be a sourceof mis-
     u m , w h i c h g e n e r a t e sa n e l e c t r i c   leadingreadingsin manysituations,
     currentin minuteamounts,propor-  such as the effectsof brightsky or
     tionateto the amountof lightfalling  backlight.
     on the cell surface,usinga grid to    The most recentdevelopmentin
      controlthe light acceptanceangle   light measurementis a by-product
      of the cell.The currentis measured  of the currenttechnologicalboom
     by a sensitivegalvanometer,cou-    in electronicsand semiconductors.
     pledto an indicatingneedle.Sensi-   This revolutionaryconceptresulted
       tivityis dependentuponthe sizeof    in the photo-conductiveor photo-
      the cell and the efficiencyof the    resistormeter.The highlysensitive
4
                                                                 .*

c a d miu m su lf id e ce ll , several hun-
 d red times more sensitivethan that
 of the selenium photo-cell,is battery
 p o w ere d , p ro d u cin g no current of
 i t s o w n. Ca d miu m su l fideis a semi-
conductivematerial,which changes
 its resistancelevelwith the intensity
of the lig ht it receives.lt has excel-
lent qualities of moisture and heat
resistance and has a near perma-
nent life. A  relatively hig h voltage
battery generates the current, the
flow of which is in turn regulatedby
the cell. The meter's light reading
sensitivity,therefore, can be quite
h i gh a n d a  f a irly la rge and more
rugged galvanometercan be incor-
porated within the meter case. Be-
cause no lig ht is neededto generate
c urre n t ,sma ll a mo u n t s of light may
be measu red precisely.
                                                                                      5Pfate    2'     '   Problen:    to detetmine   the proper                                                   erposure  for  a bock  lighte-d,_subiect with  the light  source in  the area  o! ezposureanrlsomedetailrequiredinthesubiect-a                                               solution:selectiaeread,insofthebriohtestareaoiherthqnthesourceoltight.This
method  will  produce  the semi-szlhouette  effectwww.orphancameras.comuilh  some d,etcdl in  the struchre.   (Sec. 5f)

Pros*The  advantage of meters
                                    making this type of measurementis
                                             that consistent readings can be
      Today'sphotographershaveavail-  made for objects of average bright-
     able to them, in films (color and   ness and contrast. Actually, cali-
     blackandwhite)anddevelopers,the    bration is b4sed on average subject
     largest choice ever known, Faced   reflectance of approximately 1801.
     with this wide rangeof materialand   (The reflectance of subject matter
     the extremevarietyof conditionsun-   varies from approximately 4ft  for
     d e r w h i c h p h o t o g r a p h sm u s t b e   dark materials to 81ft lor snow. Ex-
    made, the photographerwill find   posures are calculated on a dou-
     that a sensitiveand selectivelight   b l i n g s c a l e ,i . e . ,1, 2 , 4 , 8 , e t c . ;t h e r e -
     meteris an indispensabletool rather   fore, the center of average reflec-
     than a luxury.                     tance between4 and 81 is 18, since
                                          4 x 81 :324,  of which the square      b. Methodsof Light Measurement                                            root is 18.This also explainswhy we     -Pros-Co n s-Precaution s                                      use a gray card oI 18% reflectance
         l. Incident light measurement-     to represent the average subject.)
      refersto measuringthe intensityof     Cons-Meters which measure in-
     the totalof allthe lightfallingon the    cident light do not take into account
      s u b j e c tf r o m e v e r ys o u r c e ,i . e . ,   differencesof color, surfacetexture,
    measurementof illuminationrather   or reflectanceof the subject, or the                      .l'l                            i
     than brightness.                  angle of the light hittingthe surface.
E
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  IItI
                                                                                                                                                                 ::::::,:1,"-,  =J

The readingof the lightreachingthe
     subjectwill be the same whether
     the subjectto be photographedis   ods, i,e.,those with a flat disc or
     black or white, rough or smooth,  ribbedplatewill givea readingonly
     shiny or dull. lf the subjectis not   comparableto the lightfallingon a
     accessible,you cannotalwayscor-      f l a t s u r f a c ei n t h e s a m e r e l a t i v e
      rectly measurethe exposure.The   p o s i t i o n A,  h e m i s p h e r oe r d o m e
      light fallingon a distantmountain  shaped diffuserapproximatesthe
     top may not be the same as that  camerasideof a threedimensional
      fallingon the photographerand his   s u b j e c t ,c o l l e c t i n gl i g h t f r o m a l l
     meter.Indoors,the readingmust   angles.This designis logicalfor
     also be takencloseto the subject,  p o r t r a i tp h o t o g r a p h yb u t n o t f o r
      particularlyif spot lightsare being  photographyof a f latsurfaceor copy
     used,or if the room illuminationis   work.
     u neven,                                                                  l n c i d e n tl i g h t m e a s u r e m e nf ot r
      Sinceall the light fallingon the   photographyon the wateris gener-
     subjectaffectsthe exposurefor that    ally a poor methodbecauseof the
     subject,it is obviouslydesirableto   extremecontrastof light.
   m e a s u r ei n c i d e n tl i gh t f r o m t h e     This methodcannotbe usedwith
     widestpossibleangle.A narrowac-   the zone systemof exposurebe-
     ceptanceangleis the pitfallof many  causeyou cannotmeasurethe tone
     meterswhicharedesignedfor meas-   v a l u e s o f s p e c i f i c a r e a s i n t h e
     uring incident light by both meth-   subject.
E|

2. Reflected light measurenlent
 re f e rs t o me a suring the light re-
 flected from the subject,i.e.,meas-
 u re me n t o f b rightness rather than
  i l l u m i n a t i o n .
  P ro s-Th e a d vantageof usingthis
me t h o d o f me a surementis that it
 d e t e rmin e s t h e brightness of the
 l i g h t w h i c h w i l l b e f o c u s e d b y t h e
 c ame rale n s t o f o r m an image on the
 f i lm. B e ca u se o f the variations in
reflectanceof variousspecificareas
of a subject and the fact that bright-
n e ss d e p e n d s o n both reflectance
o f  t h e su b je ct a nd the intensityof
t h e l i g h t f a l l i n go n t h e s u b j e c t m, e a s -
u r i n g t h i s i n t e n s i t ya l o n e o b v i o u s l y
w i l l n o t g i v e u s a l l t h e n e c e s s a r yi n -
f o r m a t i o n f o r c r e a t i v e a e s t h e t i c
p h o t o g r a p h i cd e c i s i o n s .
 Co n s-Th e d isadvantageof most
reflected light meters has been the
                                                                                                                                                                 IPlate   4'    I   l'ntltl.n'to     dininrtfu   xA'y lty uxtrrg rL ktrti   lctt:  tttul erlto*t  correcily   trt  sptt( oJ t(Ja  trr;un, tj*r*,rt,,n.,",ui,,tu,iIo,".o;;,';,i;.'';',,;:;;;,i;,,:.':k":;i;;:".;;:::i,i,i'i,,|i,ii,",iiii")i,iiI,
                     www.orphancameras.com

numericalratingsgivento eachspe-
                                               cific film by the manufacturerand
                                     areestablishedfollowingthe stand-
      large acceptanceangle requiredbe-                                     a r d p r o c e d u r e so f t h e A m e r i c a n
     cause of the low sensitivitY of the                                  StandardsAssociation.Then u mber
     seleniumtype photo cell'This meant   servesas a basisfor comPutingex-
      that an integrated reading resulted,   posure.The film sPeednumberaP-
     which, like the incident meters,gave   pearsin the datasheetPackedwith
     an averagevalue of the total amount                                      the film and is generallYbasedon
       of light. Obviously,the narrowerthe   an averageemulsionused under
     acceptanceangle,the more suitable                                  averageconditions.With somepro-
      a meter would be for measuring re-                                      fessionalcolorfilms supplementary
      flected light. The Honeywell Pentax                                    datais includedwhich givesa cor-
     10 121"Meter solves the Problem bY   rected speed applyingspecifically
      using a cadmium sulfide cell with                                                                           t o t h e f i t m b e a r i n gt h e e m u l s i o n
      the great sensitivity necessary to                               numbergiven.
      allow a very narrow accePtance     Film speeds maY be designated
     angle.The narrowacceptanceangle                                   underone or both of the following
      provides the selectivity necessary                                      n u m e r i c a sl e r i e s :a n a r i t h m e t i c
            f o r  i n t e l l i g e n t a n a l y s i s o f s u b j e c t                                         series-3, 6,12,25,50,100,200,400,
      brightness.This permits the statis-                                  800and 1600;or the newerlogarith-
       tical analysisto be made by the pho-                         m i c s e r i e sb, a s e2 - 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,
      tographer rather than the meter'                                            7, 8 and 9. The log seriesis called
        c. Film Speeds-Film  sPeeds are   Film Speed Values to distinguish
'10                                                                                                     i*t

For any film, these numbers are
                                                          primarilyguides to ascertainingthe
                                    it from the arithmetic Film Speeds.   proper exposure, or indications of
                 The degree notation (o) is also used   expectedperformance.They i n cl ude
                     with the log series, The two series   a safety factor to insure a photo_
                   should not be confused, however,  graph when a standard exposure is
                      s i n c et h e i r n u m b e r sd o n o t c o i n c i d e  made and the film receives stand_
                       for any commonly used films. lt may   ard processingas providedby drug
                  be noted that these systems can    s t o r e s o r c o m m e r c i a l c o n c e r n s .
                   never correspond exacfly; however,  M o s t p h o t o g r a p h e r s d e t e r m i n e a
                    the conversion is sufficienflyaccu_   film speed basedon their own equip-
;                    rate for the intended use of the film   mentand systemof custom develop-
                  products in question.              mentfor each film. This number mayl                   Black and White Film Speeds   be more than twice the manufactu-
                    -For panchromaticfilms generally,   er's recommendation in some in-
                   only one speed is given for all light   stances. Once a normal system of
                  sourcesbecausethe f ilm is sensitive  development is established {or a
                      to light of all colors. With blue-sen-   given film, if negativesare consist_
                       sitive and orthochromatic material   ently thin, exposures should be in-
                   a s e c o n d  f i l m s p e e d n u m b e r  i s   creased by lowering the film speed
                   usually indicated,because a lower   number; if negativesare too dense,
                speed number is requiredfor tung_   reduce exposure by using a higher
                   sten illumination.                   n u mber.
                                                                              11
                              www.orphancameras.com

c r e a s e t h e e x P o s u r e b Y u s i n g a
       Golor Film SPeed Numbers-     h i g h e r n u m b e r ; i f t o o d a r k ( u n d e r -
     Coler films are, for the most Part'   exposed),increasethe exPosurebY
     p r o c e s s e d b Y t h e m a n u { a c t u r e r   u s i n g a l o w e rf i l m s P e e dn u m b e r '
     under close control and therefore    For negative color film, the ex-
       will generallygive most satisfactory  posure latitude is much larger and
      results when the sPeed is used ex-    followin g the man ufacturer's reco m-
      actly as indicated.Some color {ilms   mendations,as well as giving ade-
     which can be ProcessedbY the Pho-   quateexposureto the shadow areas'
     tographer do offer a variable film   w i l l g e n e r a l l Ya s s u r e s u c c e s s f u l
     speed through modification of the    res u lts.
     developingprocess,at the sacrifice     Polaroid blackand white Positive,
       of changes in color balance, con-    positive/negative,and color films
       trast, and grain structure.          have their own technical character-
       For positive color transparencies   istics with regard to film speed and
          ( r e v e r s a cl o l o r f i l m s ) ,o p t i m u m f i l m       t h e d a t a s h e e t e n c l o s e d w i t h  t h e
     speed should be establishedbY the    specific Product should be care-
     photograPherbased on Producing   fully read.
       tilm which is extremelytransparent    ObviouslY,it is Possibleto obtain
        in the lightest areas of importance   a picture{rom anY one of a wide
        in the subject, while still retaining  rangeof exPosures.To obtainthe
      e s s e n t i a l d e t a i l o r c o l o r  i n s u c h   verybestpicture,the exposuremust
      areas.lf the transparenciesare con-   be adjustedto fit the natureof the
       sistentlytoo lig ht (overexposed)de-    subject and the quality of the light'
12

                                                                           e

Whether this is done by varyingthe
 film speed or by interpreting the
                                      plicationsof photography,it cannot meter reading,the result will be the
 same.Which method is used should   be neglected when extremelylong
 be based on the consistencyof your   exposures are given. The practical
 results. Consistent over or under-   e f f e c t s w i t h b l a c k a n d w h i t e f i l m
exposure can be most easily cor-   occur principallyat low light levels
 rected by changing the basic film    o r u n d e r o t h e r c o n d i t i o n sw h e n t h e
speednumber used.Randomresults   time of exposure indicated by the
indicatea problem in abilityto make        l i g h t m e t e r e x c e e d s o n e s e c o n d .
and/or interpretthe readingswhich    Variations occur between brands
may be improved by practice,and by   and sizes of films and exact correc-
reviewingthe section on how to use    tions can only be determinedexper-
the meter.                           imentallyor by writing to the man-
                                       ufacturer.The degree of compensa-
d. Reciprocity  Effects-The   reci-    tion for a typical sheet film might be
procity law is a basic corollary of     to increasethe exposure time by a
photography which states that the        f a c t o r o I 1 / ,  f o r a n  i n d i c a t e d e x -
exposureis the prod uct of the length   posure of 1 second, a factor of 1s/
of time of exposureand the intensity    for 2 seconds (3/, seconds), afac-
of the light falling on the film. This     tor ol2/rfor 4 secon ds(g% seconds)
assumption is not exactlytrue, how-   and 3/, for 8 seconds (28 seconds).
ever,and while the failure of the law       lf you do not take this factor into
is usually insignificantfor most ap-    considerationin making a long ex-
                                                          13

                www.orphancameras.com

posure, not enough light will get to
                                                                                                  t h e  f i l m a n d y o u r P i c t u r e w i l l b e
                                                 u n d e r e x p o s e d . * O t h e r e f f e c t s o f
                                                   reciprocityfailure which may occur
                                                 are not pertinent to the use of the
                                                       1" 121"meter and may be further ex-
                                                 plored in the references cited.
                                                    Reciprocity failure of most color
                                                        film is more severe,and comPensa-
                                                        tion more complex,becausechanges
                                                            in color balance occur with varia-
                                                    tions in the time of exPosure.Each
                                                          film is manufactured with the color
                                                  b a l a n c e d f o r a s P e c i f i c e x P o s u r e
                                                   time, which is usuallYstated in the
                                                data sheet accomPanYingthe film.
                                            Extreme deviation from this sPeed
                                                              will causea changein color balance.

                                                                               *ln a general sense with panchromatic films'
                                                            exposures longer than 8 seconds times the
                                                           compensating factor are not recommended
                                                         because of the nature of film, which tends to
                                                               degradation of the image beyond this point.
14            pfate   5   |  problem:    to  obtain  an  accurate   reailing    in  the  presence   o!  brilliant    reflections.     f   Solution:    selectiue
             ,riding    with  the 1" /p1o  of a  miititle  aalue  (Ioliage)   to rend.er  the scene accurately,   aaoidinT  undue  influence   of strong
            hishlishts.  (Sec. 6c and  I)

Because of this shift, adjustments
 must be made in filtrationas well as
 exposuretime. Informationfor com-
 pensation in exacting work may be
 obtained by writing to the film man-
 ufacturer; however,for very critical
 work, careful testing, with film of
 t he s ame e mu lsio n n u mber,is nec-
 es sa ry.
 e. Eguipment Variations-Si  n ce
 the originationof photoelectricex-
 posure metersabout 1928,reputable
exposure meters intentionalfydif-
fered by as much as one f-stop.
From 1938 to date, the A merican
Standards Association has estab-
 l i s he d ,re vise da n d p e riodicallyim-
p r o v e d s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n . I n t e r n a -
tional standardizationis also pro-
g re s s i ng .Min o r va ria t ionsexist and
e v e n m o r e m i s l e a d i n g v a r i a t i o n s
c a n b e d e m o n s t r a t e d w h e n o n e
meter readin g is co m pared with the
                                                                            15Plate       6  I             Problen:  to                          obtain                                    certdin                                                           ile?il,                                                         in                                             shactow                                                       areas                                                                         of                                                         a                                                                     wbiect uith @treme  contrast, I  sol,ution:  1" /pl"   reaiting                    qreao!   the nost           important                                in which                                           detail,                                                     (Sec.                                                       is                                                d,esired.                                                     6c                                                                         inct                                                                      h)
                         www.orphancameras.com

readingfrom anothermeter,unless
     thesecomparisontestsare madebY
     rigorousobjectivetests under lab-
     oratoryconditions.Makingcom-
      parativereadingswith variousme-
      ters pointed uP at the skY,etc.,
      particularlyif one tries to compare
     metershavingdifferentacceptance   f. Other Variations-Not onlyis the
     angles,obviouslydoes not consti-  numberof variablesin photography
      tute an objectivetest.                great,but frequentlyvariationsoc-
      Evencomparingmetersmanufac-  cur withinthe variables.ln spiteof
     tured by the samecomPanYcan Pro-   qualitycontrolin the manufacture
     duce variations.To compensatefor   o f p h o t o g r a p h i pc r o d u c t s ,m a n Y
      variationsamong cadmiumsulfide  technical characteristicsaccepted
      cells and the electroniccircuitof    as constantsvary unavoidablY,or
     eachHoneywell1" 121"meter,a care-  changewith normalwear,and when
       ful calibrationtest is madeafterthe   s u b j e c t e dt o a b n o r m a le n v i r o n -
     meteris assembledto insurecom-   mentalconditions.Shutterspeeds
      plete accuracyof the readingsob-   are one of the most variable"con-
      tainedwith your meter.             stants" and true shuttersPeedis
1A                                                                                                                                               llI*t

often elusive.Periodic inspection of
                  your camera shutter is vital for criti_
                    cal work. The true film speed and
                    sensitivityor color balancewill vary
                     slightly among different emulsion
               numbers of the same type of film.
               Age of the film, storage conditions,
                and the length of time between ex-    Some variations may cancel out
                 posure and processingare also im-   and be insignificantin end result.
                  portant variables. Lighting quality  Some may be additive and cause
                can change during a shooting ses-   severe changes in the final picture.
                   sion, e.9,, the movement of clouds    Variationscan be minimizedby care-
                can quickly modify the light. Non-       f u l l y f o l l o w i n g t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s
                 standardprocessingconditionscan   recommendationsfor specificprod-
                cause variationsin all types of pho-    ucts, and by testing equipmentfre-
                 tography.                           q uently.
                   Analysis of the finished slide or   W h e n a s y s t e m  i s d e v i s e d t h a t
                     print  is  subject  to  variations in    g i v e s c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s , w h i c h ,
                    v i e w i n g c o n d i t i o n s ,s u c h a s n o n -   however, are sti ll unsatisfactory,
                standardilluminationand light qual-    the 1" 121"meter can be used to solve
                        ity. Last, but not least in importance,   the problem by selectingan artificial
                 are the differencesin personaljudg-  ASA rating which willyield consist-
               ment in evaluatinga slide or print.    ently good results.
                                                                          17
                               www.orphancameras.com
)                                                                                                                                                                                                    ,..;;*-;;-!L,,*-

{
 t i


  i          HonGlyrrvell  pentax   1'lelo  cds
 li  s e c ti o n   expo=iLr    l'c!  rn c!tc!   l'
    2
                 a. Design-The  1o 121"meter is a
               rugged, portablb,practicalexposure
              meter for on-location or in-studio
               use.The meter is light in weight and     An L.L. (Light Level) scale is lo-
                    is designedfor raPid,one-hand oP-    cated beneath the viewing screen
                eration.The changeoverfrom read-   below the circle in large black num-
                ing high to low levelsof light inten-    bers which can be easilYread, even
                  sity is instantaneousand requires   under low levelsof brightnessof the
              no change of Positionwhen holding    o b j e c t b e i n g v i e w e d o r P h o t o -
                the meter. The meter is essentially   graphed. The scale is essentiallY
               a single-lens reflex optical system,    self-illuminatedand will prove ad-
               consistingof an objectivelens and a    vantageous to PhotograPherswith
                   reflex viewing system with a 1.5x eye-    a vision problem as well as to the
               piece or ocular.The viewing screen    a v e r a g e p h o t o g r a P h e rw o r k i n g i n
               covers a viewing angle o121"and in    dark locations.
                the center of the screen is a circle     The scales located on the meter
                defining the 1o angle of acceptance   calculatorare engraved in three col-
                  of the cadmium sulfide light sensi-    ors for good visibilitYand ease of
                   tive element.                        reading.     1A

The external design of the 10 l21o
 meter is clean, contemporary, and
 functional.The hand grips its pistol
 shape in a manner that affords com-
 fortable ease of use. Eye-levelview-     The internal design characteris-
  i n g m a k e s s u b j e c t  l o c a t i o n a n d     tics assure long life through rugged
 metering of a fast-moving subject a    construction.The basic chassis is
 simple task. The high range of the   made from cast aluminum covered
 meter will function with removat of    with a molded impact-resistantma-
 t h e  l e n s c a p . T h e  i n d e x f i n g e r i s     terial. The brackgts supporting the
automatically led to the ,,L" button    e l e c t r o n i c c o m p o n e n t s a r e t h i c k
where low range readings can be    brass or steel fixed in position with
made quicklyand without fumbling.   brass screws. Both battery cases
R a i s i n g t h e  i n d e x f i n g e r a p p r o x i -   are spring f oaded and of extra heavy
matefy/rinch will bring it to the ,,B"    construction which will preventcon_
button which is used to check the    tact failure. Positive and negative
battery.All this can be acco m plished    terminals of both compartments are
w i t h o u t m o v i n g t h e e y e f r o m  t h e     clearly marked to prevent improper
viewing screen.                    replacementof the batteries.
  At the base of the meter is a tripod     A l l e l e c t r o n i c c o m p o n e n t s , i . e . ,
socket which is also used for a neck    g a l v a n o m e t e r ,c a d m i u m - s u l p h i d e
or wrist strap providing a secure and     cell, and resistors, are of selected
easy method of carrying the meter.    quality elements.
                                                           19
               www.orphancameras.com
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   t.--4                   ,                  :,,       I                            *r4;:;;

identification      of extennal   pants





       1) Objectivelens                     10) ASA scale
       2) Zero adjustmentscrew             11)Indexfor ASA scate
       3) Battery checker button             12) Light-levelscale        'L'switch
      4)         buttonfor low light       13) Indexfor light level
      5) Adjustableeyepiece               14) Batteryhousing cover
      6) Shutter speed scale               15) Outer ring for matchinglight level
      7) Diaphragmscate                  16) Film-speedsetting plate
      8) DIN scale                                        17)Nipplefor turninginner disk
      9) Indexfor DIN scale

                                                                      21
                       www.orphancameras.com
                                                                         -i-l!*-.:      -.--  -.---  ..;     ---:r-':

carriesvaluesfrom 3 to 10,and the
                                     high levelrange(H),abovethe line,
                                        carriesvaluesfrom 10to 18.In sub-
                                 dued light the (L) Low rangeof the
                                     scale is used.(lmPortant: This
                                    scale should not be confused
       b. The Scales-The  10 121"scales    with the EV or ExPosure value
      are designed with ranges of shutter   system used on some cameras
       s p e e d s , f / s t o p s a n d A S A   f i l m   and shutters.)The numberson the
     speeds above and below the limits    L. L. scalearea convenientseriesof
       of today's cameras,which is built-in   numbersexpressinglight intensity
      insurance that your meter will re-    or "f ight level" for the 1" 121"meter
    m a i n a h e a d o f o u r e v e r - g r o w i n g   only and cannotbe transPoseddi-
      technology.                           rectly to camerasor shutters with
       T h e e x p o s u r e c a l c u l a t o r o f  t h e    the EVSor LVS systems.TheremaY
      meter includes two movable rings.   be instanceswhen the values,be-
     The first scale located on the outer   cause of a certaincombinationof
       ring at the bottom of the calculator   the variablesof lightandfilm speed
       (12) is the L.L. (Light Level), scale    of the film you are using,would re-
      and is marked in numbers from 3 to     sult in the L. L. number being the
       1 8 . T h e s e c o r r e s P o n d t o  t h e L . L .   sameas the EVS number;however
       scale on the viewing screen. The    this would be purely coincidental.                                                                                                                                  Il
      low level range (L), below the line,
22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             I4II