Film cameras
ROLLEIFLEX 3.5 User manual
User manual for ROLLEIFLEX 3.5. 58 pages in English. Read the original PDF, download or print a copy without registration.
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Document details
- Brand
- Rollei
- Model / document
- ROLLEIFLEX 3.5
- Document type
- User manual
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 58
- File size
- 6.8 MB
- Category
- Film cameras
- Document date
- Not specified in catalog
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Page 4 · Read text
bh. Auro^otic Rolleiflex is o precision comero
of lhe mosl odvonced rnodern design. Equipped
wilh lenses of superior opticol quolily, Schneider
Xenor3.5 orZeissfessor3.5, il offers superb per'
f o rm a n ce. Even m ore oslon ish in g lo fi rsf-fim e-users
is Rollei's exlreme hondling eose, due |nlirely lo
lhe mony exclusive, oulomolic feolures i ncorporat'
ed in its design.
fhe correcl methods of holding ond hondling the
comero should be leorned f rom lhe very stort. The
following poges conloin o fully detoiled descrip'
lion, wilh illusfrofions, of the conslruclion ond
funclioning of lhe comero . Helpful rules ond hinfs,
fundomenlollo lhe proclice of Rollei-ph olog ra phy,
ore olso included.
We hope thot this book will help eoch new
Rolleiflex owner lo ochieve lhe mosf complefe
success with the comero ond, of course, in fhe
shorlesl possible time.
FRANKE & HEIDECKE
BRAUNSCHWEIGView original page 4Page 7 · Read text
www.butkus.usFocuslng Hood qnd Focu"ing Mognilier
(reploces poges 1.-*-17l'
To open the focusing hood: lift reor edge of hood ond roise cover.
To close: fold in both sides (l).
To roise mognifier: press direct viewfinder ponel inword, following
this simple method: grip upper edge of hood with iwo fingers, pushing
the ponel gently inword with the fingertip (2). Alwoys hold mognifier
(3).close to the eye. - To close: push mognifier support down
Changing Magnifiier to correc] Jor Faulty Vision
Upper Mognifier: with the direct view finder
open, grosp lens from obove ond below, pull
it bock ond then lift it up ond out (4). To insert:
push mognif ier forword ogoinst retoining
spring ond let snop into ploce. For convenient
cleoning: fold down mognifier with the direct
view finder open.
Reor Mognifier: remove ond open focusing
hood. Use both thumbs to grosp, from ihe
inside of the reor woll, the two retoining clips
on eilher side of the reor peep window ond
pull bock retoining lever (5). After chonging
mognifier, push retoining spring forword until
it snops into ploce. Cleon mognifier with soft
cloth.View original page 7Page 8 · Read text
Inserting fhe Roffeikin Focusing Screen llosk
To remove lhe hood: press the spring cotches on either side of the
hood ond slide hood iowords reor (5). To reploce: press hood -down on trock ond slide forword until it locks.
To lift lhe focusing screen: toke hold of the two sides of the frome,
pull bockwords slightly ond lift (7). Close by pushing downword. -Inserting lhe focusing screen mosk: drop into ploce so thot the notch
ond punched holes fit over the studs provided (8). The Rolleikin mosk
is now coupled to the outomotic porollox correction of the comero.
Cleaning ihe opticcrt parls
Lenses, mognifier, reflex mirror ond focusing
screen: Remove moior dust porticles first with
soft comel's hoirbrush, ihen cleon the surfoces
by wiping with soft chomois or cloth. Focusing
screen: cleon the contoured under surfoce with
soft comel's hoirbrush only, do not touch with
fingers. To ovoid dust-collecting elecirostotic
chorge: breothe onto eoch side before ond
ofter cleoning ond let moisture evoporote.
Reflex mirror: the reflecting surfoce, cooted
with on extremely hord scrotch ond corrosion-
resistont protective loyer, should of course be
cleoned with core ond only when necessory.View original page 8Page 9 · Read text
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TO LOCATE THE MOST IMPORTANTPARAGRAPHSQUICKLY\
Poget P o g e : l Poge:
6 l. A Brief Rolleiflex-Anolomy 3 0 lll. L o o d in g o n d Film 50 Reflecting Surfoces
l0 The Automotic Film Tronsporf Tro nsport 5l Plonts
Mechonism 30 Bock 5l Color Pictures
12 ll. Rolleiflex in Operotion 32 Inserting the Film Spool 52 Micro Photogrophy
12 Ever Reody Cose 34 Threoding the Film 52 Core of Comero
12 Lens Cop 34 Film Tronsport 52 In Cose of Domoge to ih.":
14 H o ldin g t h e C o m e r o Comero
16 Fo c u s in gH o o d 37 lV. Floshlighl Technique
16 F o c u s in gM o g n i f i e r 40 Flosh Photogro,phyTips Tobles:17 Direct View Finder
18 Focusing 42 V. Tips on Piclure-Toking 21 Depth of Field
l8 Diophro g m 42 Londscopes 23 Speed of Movipg Obiects
19 Depth of Field 44 Portroits ond Shutter Speeds
24 Shutter Speed 45 Children 28 Exposure24 Lig h t V o l u e 4 5 A n imo ls 38 Flosh-Contoctond Shutter24 Shutter Tensioning 46 Snopshots Speeds25 R e leos in g 47 Sports
26 Self-Timer 48 Theotre ond Music-Holl 53 Procticol Accessories
26 Exposure ond Light Volue 4 8 Nish t 54 Rollei F ilter s
29 F ilm R e m i n d e r 49 Copying 55 Rolleinor s
lmporlont: Before ottempting to use or hqndle lhe comero we urge'you lo reod corefully
poges 12, 16, 24 ond 30.View original page 9Page 10 · Read text
I. A BRIEFROLLEIFLEX.ANATOMY The Automotic Rolleiflex is o comero chorocterized obove oll by two speciol design feofures: the rigid construction of the fwin lens reflex ond the outomotic film lronsport mechonism. These technicol odvonloges do nol form merely o bosis for very high performonce but ot lhe some time contribule moleriolly to the simplicity ond eose of use for which the Rollei is iustly fomous. Consfrucfion of the fwin lens Reflex ln the Rolleiflex two seporote comeros ore ioined in o twin-comero with o common sturdy die-cost body: the bottom holf is the loking-comero, in which the film is exposed, ond the upper holf is the viewing-comero, which is designed on lhe mirror-reflex principle. lts speciol tosk is lo moke the focusing visible on lhe ground gloss ond to supply o conlrol imoge essentiolly similor to thot of the prospeclive piclure.View original page 10
Page 11 · Read text
www.butkus.us The imoge forming roys oro lronsmitted by the fully open viewing lens, projected on to the ground gloss screen vio the mirror qnd the resuh is o right-side-up ground gloss imoge, in the full size of lhe originol picture. This viewing imoge is visible ot oll times ond every detoil of composition ond froming moy be wotched even during exposure. The ground gloss screen is ruled with o number of verticol ond horizontol lines moking it possible to detecl errors, such os lines which converge but should be porollel or o slonting horizon, in time to notice ond correct them. lt is eosy to stroighten or level lhe comero by meons of the lines on the ground gloss screen. Above oll, the ground gloss screen provides the meons for focusing lhe comero. This is occomplished by rototing the focusing knob. Both lenses, which ore inflexibly coupled lo eoch other by meons of o sturdy common front ploie, ore thereby odiusted simultoneously: o shorp viewing imoge, therefore, guorontees on equolly shorp picture. Since the Rollei- flex is equipped with o fost viewing lens ond on opticolly prepored ground gloss screen, the viewing imoge is extremely bright ond cleor ond focusing con be done very criticolly.View original page 11
Page 12 · Read text
The focuring hood, whidr is designed for one-hqnd operolion, is kept in both open ond closed positions by spring tension. lt is equipped with o mognifier offering opproximolely 2.5 times mognificotion for criticol focusing. The rectongulor mognifier flop olso octs os o shield for the focusing hood ond prevents exlroneous light from obove reoching the viewing imoge. lf the front ponel of lhe focusing hood is pushed inword, it is tronsformed into o direct view finder through which lhe subiect moy be seen in nolurol size moking it porticulorly eosy to follow fost oction. In this cose it is still possible ot oll times to moinloin control over focus: this is mode possible by meons of o second mognifier in the bock of the focusing hood, ond o diogonolly mounted mirror. A slight roising or lowering of the Rolleiflex is oll thot is required lo olternote between the right-side-up open view in the direct finder, ond the reversed cenler portion of the ground gloss focusing imoge. The foct thot the two finder openings ore locoled so close fogether, enobles quick froming of the subiect ofter focusing. The usefulness of the open direct view finder is thereby enhonced for sports pictures. Focusing the front lens ponel throughoul lhe ronge from o (infinily) - 35th inches (distonces meosuredView original page 12
Page 13 · Read text
www.butkus.us from the focol or film plone to lhe subiect) is oc- complished by one full turn of the focusing knob. The speciol design of the focusing mechonism (o com-drive bosed on the principle of the orchi- medic spirol) insures uniform movement of lhe lens ponel in both directions without ploy or bocklosh. Tied in with the movemenl of the lenses is o simple sliding mechonism, locoted beneoth the ground gloss, providing completely outomotic porollox compenso- lion. Consequently,the finol picture is olwoys fromed exoctly os originolly viewed on the ground gloss screen. Similorly complete control con be hod even when using supplementoryRolleinor lensesfor close-up work merely by odding the Rolleipor. Shutter speeds ond diophrogm openings ore regu- loted by the smoll knurled wheels on the front ponel while observing the scoles in the single peep window ot the top. light volue scole ond shuller speed-dio- phrogm coupling simplifies correct exposure setting ond permiis quick chonges of speed-diophrogm com- bin o t ion. Since the two lenses ore of identiol focol length (f =75 mm, picture ongle locross diogonol], 560) it follows thot the imoge in both sections of the comero will olwoys be criticolly focused on the some portion of the subiect simultoneously.View original page 13
Page 14 · Read text
II. THE ROLLEIFLEXIN OPERATION
The Ever Reody Cose Putting lhe Comers in the Cose: pull up the clips
ond spreod the cose oport; then slip the cronk
deserves mention here since it is so often used with through the lorge opening from the inside ond lower
lhe comero. the comero bockwords into'the cose. Push the clips
down through the chrome ploted strop holder slots.
The cose moy olso be used with the Rolleikin 2
oltochment merely by removing the leother inserf to For Cqmerqs with Rolleikin 2: stroighten out the
permit possoge of the lorger counter knob. In order five metol tobs of lhe leother insert on the inside
t: ossure solid contoct when working with o tripod of the cose wilh o knife @ ond then push out the
now superfluous disc.
poge 31), do not use lhe ever reody cose.
fo Open: lift the top by grosping the snop cotch fhe lens Cop
butions ot the reor qnd fold forword ond down @. is foldoble. The upper port is ottoched in front of
the viewing lens by boyonet mounting ond the lower
To Close: pull fhe top over the comero ond push port through friction fit.
down to engoge the snops. (Simultoneous folding
of the focusing hood is olso possible with this move- Removol of lens Cop: lift lhe lower port by the
ment.) Alwoys return focusing knob to infinity posi- fob ot the lower edge ond fold it ogoinst ihe upper
port @. Remove cop from ihp boyonet by turning lion since the extended front moy otherwise interfere
it counter-clochvise la ol o turn @. with closing the cose.
Atloching Lens Cop: fit the folded cop into the
To Remove Cqmero From Cose: pull up the metol boyonet of the viewing lens - hinge pointing to ..ii& clips locoted ot the top of the sides of the cose @. the right (focusing knob) - ond fosten it with o .:s lift the cronk o little woy from the cose, spreod the th turn clockwise. Fold down lhe lower port ond
sides ond lift the comero forword ond out@. snop into ploce.
,I':View original page 14Page 16 · Read text
Holding the Comero
Bo s ic rule : c o m e r o h o n g i n g o ro u n d th e n e ck with The Corrying Strop is odiusted to o comfortoble
loul strop ond fhe comero held firmly by both honds. length, so thot the comero moy be corried on the
The right hond grosps lhe comero ot the bottom, shoulder when not in use. In order thot the shutter
lhe index finger on the shulter releose, the thumb moy be releosed with tout strop to ovoid comero
movement, loop the strop oround the right hond,
supporting the uplifted cronk (quick hondling of the
ihus shortening ii to ochieve normol viewing
film lronsport: p.36). The left hond does the focus- distonce @. Further shortening of the strop when
in g O . I n t h i s p o s i t i o n d i o p h ro g m o n d sh u tte r co n - using the mognifier con eosily be effected by moking
trols moy be operoted comfortobly with two fingers. use of the left hond in the some woy @.View original page 16Page 17 · Read text
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Coulion: o wrong or uncomfortoble "griP" moy Woist-level or eye-level positions for the comero ore
couse you to lift inodvertently the honging top of considered normol for most pictures. The extremely
lhe ever reody cose. flexible Rollei, however, reodily permits exposures
In order to be oble to corry the comero slung from of or neor floor level, overheod, shooting stroight
the neck without on ever reody cose, o speciol block up or down, ond occosionolly, surprise snops "oround
the it, hook How to foslenleother is ovoiloble. strop
fhe corner" @-@. Thus the viewpoint moy b. I holder strop on thi stropmetol loop the leother of
button (iid), pull locking slide up ond push it into oftered ot will, in order to obtoin o vorielY ol f
the strop holder slot os for os it goes (6). picture effects from difierent ongles. /View original page 17Page 19 · Read text
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Direcf View Finder the hood permit ottochment of the Rolleikin direct
view finder mosk.
To Open (ofter roising the mognifier) : push the direct
v iew f ind e r f l o p i n w o r d s u n til it sn o p s in to p lo ce @ . Chonging Mognifier (if eyesisht demonds)
To Close: depress mognifier flop slightly - the To Remove: pull bock ring mount ogoinst retoining
direct view finder ponel immediotely returns to nor- spring ond lift out. To insert: put into position (bock
mol position @. first), pull bock ogoinst spring ond snop down.'The
subiect is viewed ot eye-level through the direct Reor Mognifier: lo remove: push in slightly ot top
view finder ond focusing moy be checked by meons ond lift out. To insert: slip mognifier (white dol
of the second (olso interchongeoble) mognifier. uppermost) between retoining springs - push down
The two pin sockeis ond smoll knob on the front of until it snops into ploce.View original page 19Page 21 · Read text
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Depth of Field
Most picture subiects require thot occeptoble
shorpness exlend. somewhot before ond behind the
exoct distonce focused on. Londscopes, for instonce,
tequhe consideroble "deplh of field". Two foctors
influence lhe exlent of the shorp zone: distonce
octuolly focused on ond diophrogm opening.
In controst to close-up focusing the shorp zone is
Jnony limes greoter when the lens is focused on
l o n g d i s t o n c e :
l. The depth of field increoses with the
toking dislonce.
In ony cose, however, fhe shorp zone of the picture
moy be i n c r e o s e d c o n s i d e ro b ly b y sto p p in g
d ow n ihe diophrogm: Depfh of Field Scofe
2. The depth of field increoses when On ond next to the focusing knob two scoles ore
stopping down. visible: the movoble focusing scole with figures
indicoting feet ond the fixed depth of field scole with
As o procticol rule lhe second ohernolive is pre- the diophrogm volues. The diophrogm stops L-22 ore
feroble ond only in emergency coses should the orronged in poirs symmetricolly on both sides of the
loking distonce be increosed becouse of loss in cenlrol focusing point !. The 5.6 positions ore in-
imoge size. dicoted by dots.
The extent of the depth of field ot ony distonce moy The cenler of eoch footoge figure indicotes the correcl
be reod off on the focusing knob. setting for thqt distonce.
l9View original page 21Page 22 · Read text
ln Proctice
After focusing, lhe neor ond for limits of the depth of
field moy be reod oft directly below the poir of
figures indicoting the diophrogm opening chosen.
Shorp focus extends throughout the oreo
brocketed by the morks representing
the selected diophrogm opening.
l. Exomple: focusing to 15ft with diophrogm open.
ing ll gives o depth of field l0ft to 30ft opprox. Fo-
cusing fo l5 fl with diophrogm opening f : 22 gives on
the other hond o depth of field from 8 ft to rc.
(Stopping down improves the depth of field!)
Consideroble siopping down necessitotes greotly
increosed exposure time. To obtoin depth of field
with the lorgesl possible diophrogm opening, o
different method of focusing must be employed:
2. Exomple: the subiect requires shorpness from
7 ft to 10 ft. (Other distonces, if unknown, con be
reod direcily off the scole ofter focusing seporolely
to the limits required.) Procedure' the focusing knob
is lurned until both footoge volues ore locoted
o p p o s i t e i d e n t i c o l d i o p h r o g m o p e n i n g s , o n d i n
t h i s w o y t h e m o s t f o v o r o b l e d i o p h r o g m
opening is obloined, in this cose f ' 8.View original page 22Page 24 · Read text
fhe Depth of Field Toble In order,|0" to obtoin o correct perspective idrpression
ot (o comfortoble viewing distonce) o whole
Since the shorp zone in the picture does not end Rollei negotive would hove to be enlorged 3.3Xto
obruptly, but groduolly chonges to something less 71/2X71/2".Enlorgements of this size, viewed o! 10",
shorp, it is generolly sufficient to reod the depth deiermine the bosis for the minimum occepfoble
of field in round figures. With this in mind the scole shorpness. Wirh ihis in mind the size of the circle
on lhe focusing knob hos been colibroted for quick of confusion is compulbd ond the limits of the
ond prociicol use. depth of field oscerfoined. Negotives mode in this
woy will permit enlorgements olso to lorger sizes,
lf exoct figures ore desired, ihese moy be found in while still retoining the some impression of shorpness.
the toble on poge 21. This is becouse the viewing distonce is olwoys cor-
respondingly increosed.
For normol use the u p p e r- of the double row of
With enlo13ementsfrom portions of Rollei negofives diophrogm figures is used os in the cose when on
or from Rolleikin negotives, the requirements with enlorgement is to be mode loter from the entire
regord to shorpness ore more criticol. In this cose 21/+X21/qnegotive. (These diophrogm openings ore
depth of field is colculoted using o smoller circle of bcised on o circle of confusion of l/1400 of the
confusion. In procticol use the required depth is focol length.)
obtoined through the use of o smoller diophrogm
o p e n in g .
On the other hond if enlorgements ore to be mode
from o smoll portion of the negotive (or Rolleikin The effectiveness of the scole on the comero itself
n e g o t iv es ) ,i t i s o d v i s o b l e t o g o b y th e lo we r ro w moy be extended in the some monner merely by
of diophrogm openings (circle of confusion : f/2000). u sin g th e n ext sm oller diophr ogm opening thon the
one indicoted for the desired zone.
Explonotion: the degree of shorpness required from
o negotive is exclusively dependent on the mognifi- lf enlorgements of very greot size ore to be mode
cotion of the prospective enlorgement ond its subse- use o diophrogm opening two stops smoller thon
quent viewing distonce. the one indicoted.
22View original page 24Page 25 · Read text
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Specd of llovlng Sublccrr ond Shufier Speedr
Moving Obiects require s h o rt shutler speeds in it is often possible in ocluol photogrophy to use
order lo be reproduced shorply. For this purpose longer shutter speeds. This is becouse lhe eye inler'
t h e t o b l e c o n t o i n sc o m p u t e dm i n i m u m v o l u e s , prets slight unshorpness os giving on odded impres-
depending on lhe foctors: speed, distonce ond di' sion of speed.
rection,
Long orrow : direction movemeni.Toking distonce: the yord-column on the I e f t
stonds for sufficient shorpness (f/1400), the yord- A short orrow : toking direction (J up Io 10o, y' up
co lumn on t h e r i g h t f o r in cre o se d sh o rp n e ss to 30o ond f up lo 90o to the direction of move-
(f/2000). ln spite of these normolly correct figures, me n t).
BView original page 25Page 26 · Read text
Hond-Held Pictures: Tripod Piciures:
Fost Speeds Slow Speeds I Time Exposure
l /500 11250 | l12s l/60 I /30 l / 1 5 ] / 8 1 1 4 1 1 2 I s e c
fhe Shufter Speed Setting the light volue: depress locking button on the
diophrogm wheel ond turn shutier speed wheel (iD
The Synchro-Compur shutter is o between-the-lens or diophrogm wheel @.
shutfer operofing ot ihe obove designoted speeds. ln-
between 'speeds ore not possible. .l/60th sec. re- Shutter speed-diophrogm opening chonge, while
retoining some light volue: lurn shutter speed wheelpresents o most commonly used inslonloneousshutter only (i?).speed which minimizes risk cf comero movement.
Shutter speeds longer thon 1/30lh sec. ore generolly Shuffer lensioningsofe only with o iripod. To ovoid unshorpness due
to subiect movement, see loble poge 23. Shutter Tensioning together with film odvqnce is oulomotic
speed volues oppeor in the peep window os red through cronk ociion (poge 34). Tensioning without
figures - reod them os denominolors of the froction film odvonce - possible only with roll-film looded
volues, i. e. 30:l/30th sec. Selected scole volues comero for intentionol double or multiple
will resist occidentol displocement through click stops' exposures:
Setting lhe shutter speed: depress locking button on Move releose ring ot bose of cronk in direction of
the diophrogm wheel ond turn shutterspeed wheel(i-o). orrow qnd fhen turn. cronk through one complete
b o c k w o r d r e v o l u t i o nu n t i l i t s t o p s @ .
Tensioning wifh Rolleikin: oulomotic through cronk
Ihe lighf value oction. Double exposures nol possible.
is set on the oppropriote scole, locoted on lhe Tensioning with Plote Adopler: swing cronk normolly,
shutte.;rspeed control wheel. See poge 26 for infor- through 180", ond bock to stop. Repeoted tensioning
motion on use of lighr volues. for multiple exposures possible.View original page 26Page 27 · Read text
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Refeosing Shuffer Inslonloneous expo3urei: with releose guord in
lowered position, press releose bulton genily uniil
The body shuller releose is locked when the sofety it stops (D.
guord is in the upper position ond unlocked when Time erposures: set shutter lo'B', unlock releose
it is swung down (1800)to the lower position. When bulton, press ond hold for durotion of exposure.
the releose button is pressed, o slight but distinct To reduce possibility of comero movement, use coble
resistonce is felt ond then the shutler is immediotely releose.
octuoled. - The depressed releose button moy olso long Time exposures: set shutter to'B', depress
be locked in this position for long time exposures.- releose slightly (not enough to open shutter) ond
A coble releqse moy be screwed into the releose swing guord to lock it in this position (5D Exposure:
bulton ond con be operoted whether button is locked press releose completely (fi) ond terminote by swing-
or nol. ing releose guord downword GD.
EView original page 27Page 28 · Read text
Self-Timer Exposure ond Lighf Yalue
lf the photogropher himself wonts to oppeor in the Correct exposure is dependent upon existing illuminq-
pict ure , t h e s e l f - t i m e r i s e m p l o ye d in ste o d o f th e tion (more exoctly: subiect brightness).The light volue
shutter releose button. lt is cocked ouiomoticolly by indicoles the correct exposure. A reoding is token
cronk oclion (ond is olwoys reody for use). With the from the exposure toble or o phoio-electric exposure
exceplion of B oll shutter speeds from I fo l/500 sec. meter set for the proper film speed ond then irons-
moy be used. The oction of the self-timer ollows fhe posed lo the lighf volue scole of the comero. The
photogropher opproximotely 10 seconds before ihe shutter speed ond diophrogm opening relotionship
shutter opens for the previously selecfed exposure ore thus odiusted of once for the correcl exposure.
lime .
This correct relotionship between ihe shutter speed
ff the shutter hos iust been releosed by hond it is o n d d io p h ro gm opening is outom oticolly m ointoined
perhops needlessto soy thot fhe cronk must be wound by the coupling mechonism even when onother speed-
before either o self-timed or ony other kind of piciure diophrogm combinotion is sought to obtoin o certoin
con be token. depth of field (see toble). In this cose use the shutter
speed control wheel only. Thus it is possible to quickly
To Releose the Self-Timer: push the selfJimer releose choose the most suitoble of the possible combinotions,
button in the direction of the orrow. wifhout colculolions ond withouf chonging the bosic
required exposure.
The light volues 13 to 9 permit q choice from six
The shutter ond self-timer moy be left cocked shulter speed ond diophrogm opening combinotions,
even when the comerq is loid owoy for short ronging from f : 4 'to tt22, tor exomple, light volue l3:
periods of time without weokening lhe power '1115
of the springs. Shutter Speeds l/500 11250 11125 1160 l/30
DiophrogmOpenings4 5.6 l l 16 22
26View original page 28Page 29 · Read text
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Shutter Speed e SubiectMotion (Poge23)
Biightness -+ Light volue
Diophrogm Opening e Depth of Field (Posel9) t
lf lhe "B" seiting oppeors when choosing the shutter to moke use of o photo-electric exposure meter. lf the
speed-diophrogm combinotion it will indicote thot meter is not colibroted for light volues, shutter speed
double lhe next previous setiing is required, or 2 secs. ond diophrogm scoles ore set seporotely. Thus the
Exposure time is doubled for eoch smoller diophrogm correct light volue will be indirectly oscertoined ond
o p e n ing. F o r e x o m p l e , l i g h t v o lu e 6 : chonges to other combinolions moy be eosily ond
'll2 1 (21 (4) (8) quickly mode in the previously described monner.Shuiter speed 114
Piophrogm opening 4 5.6 8 ll 16 22 Generol Exposure Rule: lt is not olwoys possible to
poir o sufficiently fost shutter speed (to minimize effect
Inlermediqte volues moy be used on the lighf volue of subiect motion) with o smoll diophrogm opening
scole. In such coses between-figure diophrogm posi-
(for greoter depth of field). Obviously o compromise
tions will result, ohhough outomotic coupling in the
proper relotionship will still be mointoined- f :3.5 is is required ond it would be well to remember thot
itself on exomple of on intermediote stop, positioned under-exposure results in hopelessly lost shodow
between f ' 2.8 ond f :4 of the internotionol diophrogm detoil, whereos over-exposure moy be compensoted
scole. for lo o greot extent by proper processing. Therefore:
o good generol rule for exposure:
The exposure toble with its light volues hos been
designed for use with most often met with lighting Alwoys expose for the shcdows,
conditions ond serves lo prevent serious errors. In rother o bit more thon too little!
difficult coses or for greotest occurocy, it is odvisoble
27
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